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the quality of life of PLWHA. Quality of life is a
perception of one's feelings of functional abilities
impaired caused by disease attacks (Fayers dan
Machin 2007). Physical problems experienced by
PLWHIV occur because the immune system
decreases progressively as a source of susceptibility
to disease infection. The social problems
experienced by HIV sufferers are related to the
negative stigma of the environment, affecting the
quality of life that leads to mental, social and
physical health. Quality of life is not only seen from
the function of a person in daily activities, but also a
person's perception of health that can affect his
attitude in the life or quality of a person (Bello dan
Bello 2013).
Quality of life refers to a picture of every person
about a life such as a purpose of life, interpersonal
relationships, self-esteem development, personal
control, intellectual capacity and material (Sarafino
2006). It is also included in the achievement of
individual success in obtaining certain conditions
Mc.Call (Oliver dan Huxley 1997). The more
prosperous and experienced, the easier someone
achieves the goal in certain circumstances, Lehman
(Diatmi dan Fridari 2014). The level of the simplest
quality of human life is the standard and the degree
of goodness and perfection of Schmandt and
Bloomberg (Oliver dan Huxley 1997). It becomes
the achievement of the ultimate goal for an
individual, whereby a person achieves a more
meaningful quality of life by exceeding a certain
purpose.
Kahneman, Diener, & Schwarz (1999) argue that
quality of life is a subjective process of life, which
makes it more varied. Koot & Wallander (2013)
mention there are three components to measure the
quality of life of a person, among others: objective,
subjective, and interests. The objective component is
closely related to the life of a person. The second
component is interconnected with the individual's
judgment on his or her life and circumstances, while
the latter component is seeing that how important an
aspect can affect the life and quality of life itself.
Quality of life is a person's perception of his life
which can be seen from the system of values in
society, the context of the culture, the purpose of
life, the hopes, and the things that become individual
judgments (WHO 2013). In addition Moons,
Marquet, Budst, & de Geest (Aminarista dan
Hadisaputro 2016), it is referred as a condition of a
person seen from several important aspects of his
life.
Based on the World Health Organization of Life
(Bilington 2004) quality of life has 6 domains i.e.
physical health, social relationships, psychological
well-being, independence, environment and spiritual
level. The measurement of quality of life has
suggested merging domain physical health and level
of independence, and merging domain psychological
and spirituality. World Health Organization Quality
of Life (WHOQOL) is then made into an instrument
of World Health Organization Quality of Life Bref
Version (WHOQOL-BREF) where 6 dimensions
can be made again into 4 domains of physical
health, social relationship, psychological well-being,
and environment.
Felce & Ferry (1995) reveals that the aspects of
quality of life are grouped into four major parts i.e.
physical well-being aspects which includes health,
fitness aspects, physical security and mobility. Then,
the next aspect is material well-being which consists
of environmental quality, security, transportation,
ownership, stability, opinions and privacy. The third
aspect refers to social well-being which consists of
one's involvement with society and interpersonal
relationships. The latter is development and activity,
emotional well-being which consists of satisfaction
in the fulfillment of life, affects and mood,
spirituality, the self-confidence and status of a
person.
Power, Lopez and Snyder (WHO 2004) stated
physical health (activities related to daily life such
as fatigue, drug dependence, pain, discomfort, less
sleep and rest and individual work capacity),
psychological aspects (such as self-esteem, personal
or spiritual beliefs, thinking patterns, learning
process, memory, concentration, body image and
appearance as well as positive and negative
feelings), social relation aspects (related to social
support, sexual activity, interpersonal relationships),
and environmental aspects that include safety and
security, freedom, finance, health, care, home
environment, skills, opportunity to participate, and
physical environment i.e. water, climate,
transportation and pollution.
One factor which would affect quality of life is
culture. Quality of life varies affected by cultures
that exist in certain areas (Fadda dan Giuletta 1999).
Another factor is gender. One aged under 40 years
has monthly income of more than 300 USD, having
an education beyond the secondary level, or being
employed has a positive correlation with quality of
life (Yang and Thai 2016), psychosocial and
sociodemographic factors predicted quality of life at
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on a
year treatment of ARV and financial dependence on
others was the only remaining predictor after
ICP-HESOS 2018 - International Conference on Psychology in Health, Educational, Social, and Organizational Settings
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