Sustainability Analysis of Coastal Eco-tourism Management of

Bawean Island, East Java

Haryo Dwito Armono

, Zainul Hidayah

and Nike Ika Nuzula

Department of Marine Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia

Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, Trunojoyo University of Madura, Bangkalan, Indonesia

Keywords: The Sustainability, Coastal, Eco-tourism Management.

Abstract: Bawean island is a small island located around 80 miles north of Gresik, East Java Province. In recent years,

the island is famous as a new destination of marine and coastal eco-tourism. Sustainable eco-tourism

management in a small island is a very important concept not only for increasing income of local people but

also protecting the island itself from environmental degradation due to natural and anthropogenic factors. This

research is intended to study the marine environment of Bawean Island; secondly, to analyze the suitability

of the island and finally to formulate strategies towards sustainable management of Bawean Island as a coastal

eco-tourism destination. Based on the evaluation, Bawean Island is highly recommended for coastal eco-

tourism development. However, limitation on the number of visitors should be taken into account to prevent

ecological disturbances. Three main approaches namely ecological, economic and social-cultural aspects

should be taken into account to ensure the sustainability of coastal ecotourism in Bawean Island.

1 INTRODUCTION

Your Marine-based tourism/marine-ecotourism is

defined as travel to relatively undisturbed marine and

coastal areas with the specific objective of admiring,

studying and enjoying the scenery. Other common

activities that can be done in relation to marine-

ecotourism including marine-based activities such as

diving, snorkelling, fishing and many others (Farrel

and Marion, 2001). The common landscapes offered

by marine eco-tourism destination are sandy beaches,

pristine coral reef ecosystem or unique marine species

(Romadhon, et.al, 2014; Pamungkas, et.al, 2014).

Marine-ecotourism may provide specific

opportunities for learning and discovery, and in some

definitions, includes social and environmental ethics.

Furthermore, well-managed ecotourism provides

revenue for coastal communities and jobs for local

residents. The government of Indonesia has

prioritized marine-based tourism as one of the leading

sectors in national maritime development. Therefore,

discovery and assessment of new and potential small

islands as a tourist destination are needed.

According to the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries

(2014), the small island is an island with an area

smaller or equal to 2,000 km2 along with the unity of

its ecosystem. On a small island with its limited

resources, social and economic activities tend to be

concentrated on the coastal zone (Twining-Ward and

Butler, 2002). Furthermore, interconnectivity

between economic, environmental, social and

cultural is strong and extensive When uncontrolled

tourism development occurs in small island

destinations with limited environmental carrying

capacity, environmental degradation is most likely to

happen (Charlie, 2014). Thereby reducing destination

attractiveness (Weaver, 2005; Williams and

Ponsford, 2015). This pattern is particularly prevalent

in small island destinations in developing countries,

where local government capacity is often lacking,

resident populations have limited education and

environmental awareness is poor (Apostolopoulos

and Gayle, 2001). In such conditions, effective

environmental conservation and sustainable

management strategies are likely to be initiated and it

requires collaboration between relevant stakeholders.

Sustainable island management is a very

important approach not only for increasing income

from tourism but also protecting the island itself from

environmental degradation due to natural and

anthropogenic factors (Hidayah, et.al, 2016). Eco-

tourism is related to small-scale tourism where the

number of tourist and type of activities is limited. On

176

Armono, H., Hidayah, Z. and Nuzula, N.

Sustainability Analysis of Coastal Eco-tourism Management of Bawean Island, East Java.

DOI: 10.5220/0008653801760183

In Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2018), pages 176-183

ISBN: 978-989-758-455-8

the contrary, mass tourism development in the small

island has been avoided in many counties. There a are

a lot of evidence show that the practice of mass

tourism development in small islands has sacrificed

environmental stability and disrupted the natural pace

of island life (Briguglio, 2003). The placement of

large-scale beach resorts, marinas, and infrastructure

along delicate coastlines has altered shorelines and

depleted endemic species and archeological artefacts.

Moreover, sand mining dredging and cruise ship and

yacht anchoring can damage coral reefs ecosystems.

Therefore, in order to develop marine tourism in a

small island, it is imperative not only to study the

potential natural attraction but also the island’s

carrying capacity and sustainability.

Bawean Island is located approximately 80

nautical miles north from the city of Gresik, East Java

province. The total area of the island is around 196,27

km2 with a population according to the 2015 census

was approximately 70.000 people. Compare to the

mainland of East Java, this island is relatively

unknown for its ecology and economic potential.

Objectives of this research are firstly, to study the

marine environment of Bawean Island; secondly, to

analyze the suitability of the island and finally to

formulate strategies towards sustainable management

of Bawean Island as a coastal eco-tourism

destination.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

This research was conducted in Bawean Island from

June to August 2018. A combination of spatial data

analysis using remote sensing, Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) and an extensive field

survey was applied in this study. A moderate

resolution satellite image ALOS-AVNIR was used to

map land cover and characteristic of the bottom

substrate of the island. Moreover, field data collection

was conducted using the standard method of

ecological survey, such as coastal vegetation

identification by quadratic transects, coral reefs and

benthic organism observation by LIT (Line Intercept

Transect), coral fish census, types of bottom

substrates, depth and other important data.

Radiometric and atmospheric corrections were

done to eliminate optical distortions due to

atmospheric factors, sensor damage, direction and

intensity of sunlight. Radiometric correction is done

to enhance visual quality and remove pixel values that

are not in accordance with the reflection value or

spectral emission of the actual object (Hidayah and

Wiyanto, 2017). Furthermore, the geometric

correction was done to transform remote sensing

image, hence the image has the properties of maps in

shape, scale, and projection. The most basic

geometric transformation is the re-positioning of the

pixel in such a way that the transformed digital image

can have a similar position to recorded objects on the

surface of the earth.

A standard supervised classification method using

maximum likelihood algorithm was applied to group

pixels with similar value into several classes. Satellite

image classification plays a major role in extracting

and interpretation of valuable information from

satellite images (Abburu and Golla, 2015). Bands

(wavelength channel) used in this study were band 1

and band 2 of ALOS-AVNIR image, which are in the

blue wavelength range (0.45 to 0.52 m) and the green

wavelength (0.52 to 0.60 m). These spectrums were

used due to their ability to penetrate the water column

to a depth of 20 meters in clear shallow water. To

determine the type of substrate, Lyzenga algorithm

was applied. The basic equation of this algorithm is

as follow:

𝑌ln



𝐿𝑖













𝑥ln𝐿𝑗 (1)





𝑎

√

𝑎



1 (2)

𝑎













(3)

Li : reflectance value band 1 (blue)

σ ii : variance band 1

Lj : reflectance value band 2 (green)

σ ii : variance band 2

ki/kj : attenuation ratio band 1 and 2

σ ij : covariance band 1 and 2

Satellite image analysis can only measure the area

of bottom substrates, therefore an underwater field

survey is needed to be done to obtain more

information regarding the coverage of each substrate

types. Line-intercept transect (LIT) is one of the most

common transect method, which measures the length

of corals which intercept a transect line and assess the

percent cover of the corals by their relative lengths

(Nakajima, et.al, 2010). Results of the observation

can be classified as follows (Hidayah, 2013): poor

condition (living coral cover 0 to 24,9%), moderate

(25-49,9%), good condition (50-74,9%) and excellent

condition (75-100%).

To quantify the potential of Bawean Island as a

coastal eco-tourism destination, suitability analysis

was performed using a coastal tourism suitability

matrix (Yulianda, 2007). This matrix consists of

several parameters with certain scores and weighting.

Sustainability Analysis of Coastal Eco-tourism Management of Bawean Island, East Java

177

The results of the field survey were then compared

with the values in the matrix to obtain the status of

suitability.

Table 1: Suitability Matrix for Beach Recreation

(Maximum Score x Weighting =54).

Parameters Weighting

Score

(score = 3)

(score = 2)

(score = 1)

(score = 0)

Water

depth (m)

3 0-3 >3-6 >6-10 >10

Beach type 3

White

Sand

White sand

with rubble

Black sand

with rubble

Muddy,

steep,

rocky

Beach

widht (m)

3 > 15 10-15 3-<10 < 3

Bottom

substrates

2 Sand

Coral with

sand

Muddy

Sand

Mud

Current

speed

(cm/s)

2 0-0.17 >0.17-0.34 >0.34-0.51 >0.51

Beach

slope (o)

2 <10 >25-100 >25-45 >45

Water

brightness

(%)

1 >100 >85-100 50-85 <50

Beach land

cover

Open,

coconut

trees

Low shrub High shrub

Mangrove,

settlement

Dangerous

biota

1 None Sea urchin

Sea urchin,

lionfish

Sea urchin,

lionfish,

shark

Fresh

water

availability

1 <0.5 0.5-1 >1-2 >2

Table 2: Suitability Matrix for Snorkeling (Maximum Score

x Weighting = 36).

Parameters Weighting

Score

(score = 3)

(score = 2)

(score = 1)

(score = 0)

Coral

coverage (%)

3 >75 >50-75 25-50 <25

Number of

coral lifeform

2 >12 >7-12 4-7 <4

Number of

coral fish

species

2 >50 30-50 10-<30 <10

Water

brigthness

2 > 80 50-80 < 50 < 30

Current speed

(m/s)

2 0-15 >15-30 >30-50 >50

Coral reefs

depht (m)

1 1-3 >3-6 >6-10 >10

Table 3: Suitability Matrix for Diving (Maximum Score x

Weighting = 39).

Parameters Weighting

Score

(score = 3)

(score = 2)

(score = 1)

(score = 0)

Water

brightness

(%)

3 >80 60-80 30-60 <30

Coral

coverage

(%)

3 >75 50-75 25-50 <25

Number of

coral

lifeform

2 >12 7-12 4-7 <4

Number of

coral fish

species

2 >100 50-100 20-<50 <20

Current

speed (m/s)

2 0-15 >15-30 >30-50 <50

Coral reefs

depht (m)

1 6-15 3-6 >20-30 >30

Suitability Index (SI) level of each coastal eco-

tourism activities are divided into 4 different classes,

namely very suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2),

less suitable (S3) and not suitable (S4). Suitability

values for each category are obtained by multiplying

score and weighting then divided with maximum

value, the equation as follow :

𝑆𝐼 

∑







 𝑥 100% (4)

Ni: Value of each parameter (score x weighting)

Nmax: the maximum value of each category

Table 4: Category of Suitability Index (SI) for Coastal Eco-

Tourism Activities (Yulianda, 2007).

o Classification SI Value (%)

1Ver

suitable 80-100

2 Moderately suitable 50-<80

3 Less suitable 17-<50

ot suitable <17

Finally, to formulate strategies towards

sustainable management strategies for coastal eco-

tourism in Bawean Island AHP methods was applied.

Problems that can be approached using AHP methods

include those relating to planning, prioritizing and

alternative policies, resource allocation and solving

conflict problems. The priority is obtained based on

pairs of assessments using valuation or measurement

ratios using certain scales. Furthermore, ratio scales

which are then synthesized through their structure are

ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

178

used to choose the best alternative. The advantage of

the AHP method in decision making is its ability to

solve complex and unstructured problems. The

proposed sustainable strategy for coastal eco-tourism

management of Bawean Island was analyzed through

5 levels of hierarchy, namely the main goal of

optimization (level I), optimization component (level

II), optimization component criteria (level III), and

management priority (level IV).

Figure 1: AHP Structure to Formulate Sustainable

Management Strategies of Coastal Eco-Tourism of Bawean

Island.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Biophysical Condition of Bawean

Island

The climate of the island is tropical, rainy season

mostly begins from October to April while dry season

starts from May to September. The average

temperature of the island was 27-29oC, humidity was

quite high around 70-75% and wind speed fluctuated

depends on the season with a monthly average

approximately 26-28 knot. Oceanographic data

collection showed that the island has a diurnal tide

type. Monthly average wave height was 0.5-1.5

meters depends on the season as well as current speed

and direction. Measurements of bathymetry or depth

profile of the island were carried out using Furuno

echo-sounder equipped with GPS. The results

indicated that the depth profile of Bawean Island

tends to be shallow waters with a sandy substrate. The

depth of shallow water ranges from 0.7 - 3.5 meters,

with a slope of more than 10 meters in depth.

The extensive terrestrial and underwater survey

supported by satellite image analysis was conducted

to obtain complete information regarding coastal

environment condition of the island. According to the

survey, Bawean island has all three important

ecosystems in the coastal region, namely: mangroves,

coral reefs, and seagrass. The area of those

ecosystems was mapped and measured using satellite

image analysis, the results are presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Results of ALOS-AVNIR Satellite Image

Analysis.

The map showed that Bawean Island was

surrounded by shallow water dominated by sandy

substrates, followed by coral reefs and significant

area of seagrass on the west side of the island. Further

calculation explained that the total area of sandy

substrates was around 2791,70 km2, while the

calculated coral reefs area was 48,89 km2 and 3,51

km2 area of seagrass. Furthermore, satellite image

analysis for the terrestrial area was successfully

identified mangroves ecosystems which mostly

located on the south side of the island. The total area

of mangroves on the island was 17.82 km

, dominated

by Rhizophora and Sonneratia species.

Table 5: Location and Results of Underwater Survey.

No Coordinate

% Living

Coral

Coverage

Status

05°44'33.60"S;

112°37'32.51"E

40,89 Moderate

05°50'23.44"S;

112°34'33.58"E

55,42 Good

05°44'11.22"S;

112°36'23.51"E

57,31 Good

05°47'59.63"S;

112°36'06.91"E

52,21 Good

To obtain information about coral coverage, the

underwater survey was conducted at 5-meter depth in

four locations (Table 5). According to the results,

coral reef ecosystems of Bawean Island can be

categorized under moderate and good condition.

Living coral coverage was above 40% with mortality

Sustainability Analysis of Coastal Eco-tourism Management of Bawean Island, East Java

179

index was less than 20%. These findings mean that

the coral reef ecosystem in Bawean Island was

relatively undisturbed by natural causes but

threatened by destructive fishing operations. Based

on information from the local people, in the last 10

years, the frequencies of destructive fishing activities

such as blasting and using cyanide to capture

ornamental coral fish were decline significantly. It

was caused by intensive socialization from the

government on the importance of coral reefs

ecosystem to support fisheries production and a

strong effort of law enforcement for those who

violated the regulations.

3.2 Suitability Analysis for Coastal

Eco-tourism

The assessment of suitability for potential coastal

eco-tourism in Bawean Island was conducted by

considering the limiting environmental parameters

consisting of water brightness, living coral coverage,

lifeform type, coral fish species, current speed, water

depth, and several other parameters. All limiting

parameters were given weights and scores based on

the importance level for certain activities.

Table 6: Suitability Analysis for Beach Recreation.

Parameter Weighting Field Survey Score

Weight x

Score

Water depth (m) 3 0-3 3 9

Beach type 3 White Sandy 3 9

Beach widht (m) 3 10-15 2 6

Bottom substrates 2 Sand 3 6

Current speed (cm/s) 2 0,2 3 6

Beach slope (o) 2 15 3 6

Water brightness (%) 1 80 2 2

Beach land cover 1

Open, coconut

trees

3 3

Dangerous biota 1 None 3 3

Fresh water

availability (km)

1 0,5 3 3

Total Weight x Score : 52

Suitability values (%) : 96,29

Status : Very Suitable

Table 7: Suitability Analysis for Snorkeling.

Parameter Weighting

Field

Survey Score

Weight

x Score

Coral

coverage (%)

3 51,45 3 9

Number of

coral lifeform

2 15 3 6

Number of

coral fish

species

2 51 2 4

Water

brightness

2 > 80 3 6

Current speed

(m/s)

2 0,2 3 6

Coral reefs

depht (m)

1 5-15 2 2

Total Weight x Score : 33

Suitability values (%) : 91,67

Status : Very Suitable

Table 8: Suitability Analysis for Diving.

Parameter Weighting

Field

Survey Score

Weight x

Score

Water

brightness (%)

3 > 80 3 9

Coral coverage

(%)

3 51,45 2 6

Number of coral

lifeform

2 10 2 4

Number of coral

fish species

2 35 1 2

Current speed

(m/s)

2 0,2 3 6

Coral reefs

depht (m)

1 5-15 3 3

Total Weight x Score 30

Suitability values (%) 76,92

Status Moderately Suitable

Results of the analysis showed that Bawean Island

was suitable as a location for various marine-based

activities; for example beach recreation, diving, and

snorkeling. Comparison between the results of field

survey and satellite data analysis against the assigned

value showed that most of the parameters were under

high scores categories. Therefore the suitability

values were quite high around 76-96% for each

category. Based on the above’s evaluation, Bawean

Island is highly recommended for coastal eco-tourism

development. However, limitation on the number of

visitors should be taken into account to prevent

ecological disturbances. Development should be

ISOCEEN 2018 - 6th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

180

conducted in an appropriate manner with respect to

minimizing development impact. Regarding the

recommendation, physical structures such as green

hotels, lodge, restaurants, and public convenience

facilities are needed to support ecotourism on the

island (Dwyer, 2018).

3.3 Formulating Sustainable

Eco-tourism Management

AHP analysis showed that the sustainable

management of eco-tourism in Bawean Island should

prioritize coastal environmental aspects through

conservation and rehabilitation. Management of eco-

tourism in a small island with priority in

environmental aspects is expected to create

improvement of the population’s economy (Miller,

et.al, 2017). Therefore, the second priority was

economic aspects by adding a number of jobs

provided for local people, increasing income for

households and creating locally owned small and

medium scale business through community

empowerment. The next priorities were social and

cultural aspects which support the development of

eco-tourism. Eco-tourism should be designed to

engage local tradition as one of the main attraction,

for that reason legal and capable social institution for

example NGO’s were also important as mutual

partners for the government to actively participate in

the development of eco-tourism.

Table 9: Management’s Priority for Sustainable Eco-

Tourism of Bawean Island.

Criteria

AHP

Weighting

Priority

Environment 0,6154 1

Economic 0,1925 2

Social 0,0921 3

Conservation 0,4763 1

Ecosystem rehabilitation 0,1391 2

Increasing local revenue 0,1023 1

Creating new jobs 0,0417 2

Community

empowerment

0,0485 3

Traditional culture

preservation

0,0715 1

Legal and capable social

institution

0,0206 2

Stakeholders priority assessment greatly

determines the formulation of eco-tourism

management and policies. It is important to notice

that the lack of cooperation and awareness towards

important issues between key stakeholders could

create an unnecessary conflict of interest. The

government can also create a partnership with private

parties and international NGO’s. In this case,

partnership means to provide the government with

technical assistance and advice to formulate policies

on how to establish sustainable and locally based eco-

tourism. In addition, the role of private sectors and

NGO’s can also be concentrated to improve the

quality of human resources through adequate training

in the aspect of entrepreneurial for the development

of eco-tourism (Burgoyne, et.al, 2017).

Priority of sustainable coastal eco-tourism

strategies in Bawean Island was also divided into

three aspects. The first recommended strategies in

environmental aspect were creating zonation of eco-

tourism area. Zonation is not only dividing areas

regarding its function but also an effort to plan and

control tourist activities in a certain area in order to

provide protection to the environment and

sustainability of the coastal and small island area.

Moreover, the development of the proper tourist area

should base on the suitability of the existing area.

Management of the area’s carrying capacity was the

next priority. Controlling a number of visitors in a

certain time was strongly advised to protect

vulnerable ecosystem such as coral reef from

damages caused by ignorant and less educated

visitors. It is important to notice that cautious

attention to the limited resources in a small island

combining with social responsibility towards the host

society and culture that are influenced by recreational

activities are among important factors in terms of

creating sustainable eco-tourism (Asadzadeh and

Mousavi, 2017). Waste management was also

important to address. Improving coastal communities

responsibility regarding waste handling and

management was important to reduce the impact of

tourism on the environment. Overall, when tourism

is managed in an appropriate way, the advantages of

economic and non-economic benefits, for instance,

the preservation of culture and the maintenance

environmental quality will be provided within

(Asadzadeh and Mousavi, 2017; Zahedi, 2009).

Furthermore, to gain better economic benefits

coastal eco-tourism in Bawean should be promoted in

many ways, particularly via online promotion. With

the rapid growth of social media users and the

availability of internet connection on the island, on-

line promotion should not be a major obstacle

Construction of infrastructure to support eco-tourism

was also an important strategy. It is important to note

Sustainability Analysis of Coastal Eco-tourism Management of Bawean Island, East Java

181

that all kind of infrastructure development on Bawean

Island should be studied carefully using principles of

environmental impact assessment to avoid

disturbance to the environment. In addition,

providing creative and resilient human resources was

also an important component to create sustainable and

beneficial eco-tourism in Bawean Island. A series of

intensive training or courses should be provided to

deliver ideas in creating products, attraction or

services for tourists who visit the island.

Conservation and environmental education are

strategies that can directly attract tourists and the

public to participate in protecting and maintaining the

sustainability of coastal resources. Education in

environmental conservation should be given as early

as possible, for example in elementary school. By

providing constant knowledge and examples of how

important conservation for the sustainability of

natural resources, people of Bawean Island could

have self-initiative and cooperate to protect the island

from damaging activities. Lastly, the development of

coastal eco-tourism in Bawen Island should consider

the existence of local traditions. Influence of non-

traditional habits that consider inappropriate by local

people should be avoided. Tourists who visit Bawean

Island should be given adequate information about

local customs and traditions, so they can make

necessary adjustments.

4 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Bawean Island of East Java Province

is potential to be developed as a tourist destination

area. It was supported by the fine condition of coral

reefs and the white sandy beaches surrounding the

island. The results of the analysis for potential coastal

eco-tourism in Bawean Island showed that the island

has quite high suitability values (76-96%) for 3 eco-

tourism activities namely beach recreation, diving

and snorkeling. AHP analysis showed that the

sustainable management of eco-tourism in Bawean

Island can be managed through the protection of

coastal natural resources, providing economical-

based income and education on environmental

conservation.

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