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the target language is a responsibility. One of the
aspects that needs to be learned is Fuman Hyounei
(FH) in which the students must be able to express
dissatisfaction while maintaining tolerance.
Expression of dissatisfaction is different from the
expression of gratefulness in which the speaker might
give psychological burden to their speaking partner.
As a result, mastering the strategy in expressing
dissatisfaction is crucial to maintaining politeness.
Textual books that are used to learn Japanese
language at Japanese Department of Faculty of
Humanities at Andalas University shows that hairyo
is not separated from the conversation. As a result,
this research focus on the strategy of hairyo hyougen
which is implied in textual books. The purpose of this
study is to improve the cross-cultural communication
skill of the students. However, this research only
focuses on fuman hyoumei.
2 METHOD
This research is qualitative research drawing on a
descriptive method. Nida (1963) argues that
“Certain very fixed principles must guide the
descriptive analyst if he is to be objective in
describing accurately any language or part of any
language.”
Descriptive analysis is conducted base on four
principles. First, it should be based on spoken
statement; for this research, the statements are written
in the book. Second, the form of statement is
classified as the primary aspect while the function is
regarded as the secondary. Third, no language can be
explained without pointing out other references.
Fourth, language is always placed in the alteration
process (Sudaryanto, 2015).
Nida’s explanation is understood as the
descriptive analysis; the data should correspond the
source of the research object which is followed by
form and function analyses. In general, the principle
of the language is universal; as a result, the researcher
should have a reference of other languages. As
language is changing, the specific limitation is also
needed during the research.
The data of this research are taken from a textual
conversation that is found in Japanese learning books
used as the learning materials. Library approach is
applied in collecting fuman hyoumei statement
available in those books (Masaki, 2010). Non-
statistical analysis is done to explain the statement as
well as possible behavior caused by the statement.
3 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Statement from Yamaoka et.al (2010) and Makihara
(2008) regarding the definition of fuman hyoumei is
explained as,
不満表明》の定義を、「相手が自分にもた
らした
不利益に対する否定的評価を相手に伝える
発話機 能」とする
“Fuman hyoumei” no teigi wo, ‘aite ga jibun ni
motarashita furieki ni taisuru futeitekini hyouka wo
aiteni tsutaeru hatsuwa kinou’ to s uru.
“fuman hyoumei” is defined as the dissatisfaction
statement which caused disadvantage of the
speaking partner.’
There are several fuman hyoumei expression that can
be found in books. Most of them express complains
as follow:
Data 1
課 長:実は、「日本語能力試験」のことなん
ですが、先日結果が来まして……。だめでした
。
ミラ—:そう。残念でしたね。
ミラ—:今の私の仕事には、もう少し高いレベ
ルの日本
語が必要だと思うんです。できれば会
社の費用
でこの学校へ行かせていただきたいん
ですが、どうでしょうか。
課 長 :そうですね。え-と、週2回、1か月5
万円? ちょっと高いですね。
Data 1 shows a head supervisor who complains about
Japanese language tuition fee submitted by his
employee as it is shown in this sentence (そうですね
。え-と、週2回、1か月5万円?ちょっと高い
ですね) in English it is translated as: I see, twice a
week with monthly tuition around yang 50.000 yen,
it is quite expensive isn’t it?. the fuman hyoumei
strategy which corresponds to Yamaoka idea is using
the strategy of「 程度を下げる副詞を添えたりな
どする」that applies explanation to reduce
dissatisfaction/complain in a sentence. It is possible
by adding explanation words such as ちょっと
/chotto ‘ a little bit’.
ICED-QA 2018 - International Conference On Education Development And Quality Assurance
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