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between 12-16 years old and in women, it is aged
11-15 years (Hurlock, 1980: p.185).
2.2 Data collection technique
The data collection techniques used in qualitative
research methods included in-depth interviews.
This type of interview is conducted openly by using
research instruments in the form of guidelines or
open questionnaires with 10 informants so then
detailed, broad, clear and profound answers can be
obtained. In this type of interview, the researcher
paid attention to the words and actions undertaken
by the informant.
Interviews are in the form of a dialogue
between the researchers and the research subjects
conducted with intimacy and in a relaxed setting.
The location of the interviews is as desired by the
informants, either at home or in other places such
as cafes, parks and so forth. This method is
expected to dig up as much information as possible
so as to get a clearer picture and it is a likely way to
get unique and honest info. The interview process
is not always fixed on the standard interview
guidelines but also follows the subject. It is this that
allows the researchers to develop further questions.
The researchers also give freedom to the informants
in relation to their opinion and do not cut off or
down the words of the informants.
2.3 Data analysis technique
This study used data analysis techniques through
the use of interview transcripts, data reduction and
data presentation, and then drewn out the
conclusions. The first stage was transcribing all of
the data obtained during the in-depth interviews,
literature studies and documentation or portraits
obtained during the research. Secondly, was the
data reduction or mapping. In this process, the
researchers make a summary, encode the data, find
any themes, and reduce the data that occurred
during the field research until the reporting is
complete. Third, was the data presentation. When
doing the data reduction, the data obtained was
analysed. Fourth, was taking the data conclusion as
the last part of processing the data that was
obtained (Iskandar, 2008: p.223).
3 DISCUSSION
Violence is a criminal behaviour caused by anger or
sense of habit used by actors to face their social life
(Ritzer & Goodman, 2004: p.552). Violence can
occur in physical form, mentally, and also attacks
can happen on the way that one thinks. Hard-to-
solve is the symbolic violence that comes through
discourse (Haryatmoko, 2010: p.127). Hendarti &
Purwoko (2008: p.51) mentioned that the act of
violence can be divided between 4 properties,
namely (1) Physical, (2) Symbolic, (3) Bureaucratic
and (4) Structural. To explain symbolic violence,
Bourdieu used the three concepts of habitus,
environment and the subjective world structure
(capital). The first, habitus, is i.e. the perpetrators’
cyberbullying through Facebook.
The definition of cyberbullying itself is “an
intentional, repeated, and aggressive act or
behaviour carried out by a group or individual
employing information and communication
technology (ICT) as the instrument. The acts is
against a victim who cannot easily defend him or
herself or terminate the bullying (von Marees &
Peterman, 2012: p.468).”
Every individual has different habits. Where
they get the habit can be through experience, their
history, or through their daily activities. In
cyberbullying, the individual more often encounters
the virtual world than the real world and its
environmental individuals can have anger. Habitus
is an action and behaviour created by the
individual’s social life.
Both environments are a place to interact with
individuals and groups to build togetherness.
According to Bourdieu, an environment is a place
of struggle and a place of collective force, a place
where there is individual conflict or inter-group
conflict that is used to gain a particular position.
The environment is also determined by capital. For
example, in cyberbullying, individuals who have
more knowledge about the internet and who have
the ability to hack use this to beat other individuals.
Individuals who lose out are intimidated by the lack
of struggle involved to maintain their social media
accounts.
The third capital is a kind of competitive market
that exists in the environment used to maintain
individual positions. According to Bourdieu, there
are 4 types of capital; economic capital, cultural
capital, social capital, and symbolic capital. These
four modalities affect the fate of the individual and
others. Capital is the supporting aspect of the
environment; if the individual has the power to
fight but does not have the capital to do so, then the
percentage of individuals is very small when it
comes to winning.
Cyberbullying in Junior High School Students in Surabaya
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