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of about 2.7% per year. The service coverage by
province ranged from 8000 to 52,000 people per
health centre. Seven provinces failed to meet the
standard target of a maximum of 30,000 people per
health centre. These were Riau, Banten, West Java,
Central Java, East Java, Bali and West Nusa
Tenggara. The area coverage per centre was 192 km
2
on average; however, in sparsely populated Papua,
Central Kalimantan and East Kalimantan area,
coverage was greater than 1000 km
2
.
The number of hospitals was 1319 in 2007,
which provided a total of 142,707 hospital beds.
Ownership of these hospitals was 49% private and
51% public and government operated. The overall
ratio of population to each hospital bed was 1581:1.
The Indonesian Ministry of Health (MoH) declared
the ideal ratio to be 1000 people per bed. The annual
increase in hospital beds is typically 1.1%. The total
number of people seeking hospital treatment was
about 30 million in 2005, with ~7.8% of them being
referred from lower levels of healthcare delivery,
including primary health centres.
The activities of the pharmaceutical industry
ensure the availability, accessibility and distribution
of drugs to the community. By 2005, according to
the Drug and Food Control Agency, there were 465
standard pharmaceutical companies and 1634 small,
traditional drug companies in the production sector.
According to the Indonesian MoH in 2007 there
was about half a million health personnel employed
in Indonesia. Nurses and midwives made up 54%
and 14%, respectively, of that number. Typically, for
every 100,000 people, there were 138 nurses and 35
midwives. Eight percent of these half a million
health personnel were licensed physicians, yielding a
service ratio of about 19 physicians per 100,000
people. Health personnel specializing in public
health made up two percent of this half a million,
with a service ratio of approximately four per
100,000 people. The distribution of health personnel
was 257,555 (45%) at hospitals and 184,445 (32%)
at healthcare Centre.
2 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Research on malaria in HindiBelandawas first
carried out by Allard van der Scheer in 1891. Van
der Scheer ended his tenure in 1899, however, it was
not long. Re-malaria-related research was conducted
a year later. A German doctor named Robert Koch
visited the HindiaBelandaion September `889 to
make series of research expeditions on malaria in the
tropics. His research report entitled "Professor
Koch's Investigations on Malaria" can be read in The
British Medical Journal (Vol. 1, No. 2041, 1900).
Political Ethics has its intended good effect as
the reciprocity from the Dutch to the Indonesian
people but it turned into a misery. There were three
policies of the ethical politics: education,
immigration and irrigation. But, The irrigation
programs were not maintained well so the malaria
outbreak became a serious problem in Java island.
The Cultivation system policy in Indonesia brought
enormous wealth and prosperity of the Netherlands.
The Dutch colonial system in Indonesia from 1870
to 1900 brought suffering to the local population.
The land law in 1870 gained the foreign investors
grabbing land from the kingdom. The Sugar Law, as
well as polices from the kingdom which encouraged
the growth of the Dutch East Indies economy, made
the Europeans and Chinese people richer and the
indigenous people poorer. As Furnivall said
(1983:326): “…under the Chinese liberalism who
benefited greatly from the freedom of the company,
and if the profits plummeted, the Europeans felt
more about the excess opportunity of their
competitors.”
The situation caused the criticisms of the
colonialism in the Netherlands and in the Dutch East
Indies colonies that only brought benefits to the
Dutch, while the local population lived in poverty.
(Robert Van Niel, 1984:19)
Besides in Batavia, Dr. Koch also conducted
research in Ambarawa. This region was chosen
because there were military hospitals with complete
facilities and had characteristics as malaria endemic
areas. The Ambarawa landscape with its rice field
and swamping area is very conducive to the
development of malaria.
In Ambarawa, Dr. Koch collected and examined
blood samples of hundreds of children in three
villages close to rice fields and swamps. As a
result,he concluded that children, especially
toddlers, were more susceptible to malaria.
However, immunity to malaria will increase with
age.
The Ethical Politics was supposed to be a
reciprocation but turned into disaster. Irrigation is
mismanaged, malaria brought disaster on the island
of Java.
The Section I and II infrastructure projects were
successfully constructed in the mid-1895. At that
time, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
had turned to Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck. The
Department of Public Works continued to develop
the Section III project which included the primary
canal on the bank to the right of the Ciranjang river.
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