Factors Affecting the Implementation of Rice-Livestock Integrated

Farming System (RLIFS)

Linda Wati, Muhammad Asa’ad, Desi Novita and Muhammad Ilham Riyadh

Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, UISU, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Rice Livestock Integrated Farming System, internal labour, number of cows.

Abstract: The government's efforts to increase rice production are carried out in various ways. The one introduced in

2002 was SIPT (Sistem Integrasi Padi Ternak/Livestock Integration System). Integrated farming system is a

system that emphasizes linkages and synergism of farming units waste utilization to provide greater

benefits. The sustainability of the system was examined in this study by analyzing the factors that

influenced the Implementation of Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS). The results of the

study were that several factors significantly affected the number of cow cattle owned by farmers and the

outpouring of male and female labor in the family in the cow cattle farming. The greatest opportunity to

implement RLIFS was that the decision to implement RLIFS was influenced by internal (family) labor in

cow cattle farming and the number of cows. The number of cows has a chance of 1.35 times in the decision

to implement an integrated farming system of rice-livestock

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Issues

The government through various programs continues

to increase rice production which is the staple food

of most of Indonesia's population. This effort shows

a variety of achievements that are increasing,

sloping and descending. Data from BPS showed that

rice production had a rising trend, but it was

undeniable that there were years where production

sloped and even declined. During the last decade of

2000 - 2013 the rice production rate increased, but in

the period 2004 - 2006 rice production showed

slower and even declined during the period 2010 -

2011. Although the rate of decline in rice production

by 1.07 percent from 2010 to 2011 not too big

compared to the rate of increase of paddy production

per year in 2006 - 2010 and 2011 - 2013 period, the

government was trying to keep increasing rice

production because rice is the staple food for the

people of Indonesia.

Many factors cause the decline of rice

production in Indonesia including the limitation of

pproductive agricultural land and low productivity

of rice. Limited lands due to conversion are a

problem in increasing rice production. Data showed

that during the period 1998 - 2002 the rate of

conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural

land was about 110 thousands ha / year. Data from

the Ministry of Agriculture in 2002 - 2006 that the

conversion of agricultural land has reached 140

thousands ha / year for various purposes. The

decline in the number of agricultural households

from 31.17 million farm households in 2003 to

26.13 million farm households in 2013 is one

indicator that land conversion is continuing

massively

There is another factor besides the causes of

limited productive land i.e. the decrease

(degradation) of soil fertility. According to (Atmojo,

2006) one of the causes of degradation of

agricultural land is agrochemical pollution. The level

of pollution and environmental damage to

agriculture can be caused by the disproportionate use

of agrochemicals (fertilizers and chemicals). The

system of plant intensification with the addition of

fertilizers and chemical materials continuously and

without the right dosage is not only harmful to

humans but also to environmental sustainability and

sustainable agriculture (Sustainable Agriculture).

Related to land constraints, land degradation and

sustainable agriculture, the government through the

agriculture department established an integrated

farming program called Integrated Rice Productivity

Linda Wati, ., Asa’ad, M., Novita, D. and Riyadh, M.

Factors Affecting the Implementation of Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS).

DOI: 10.5220/0008883801770181

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 177-181

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

177

Improvement Program (P3T), which synergically

worked with the ultimate goal of increasing farmer

income. One integrated farming activity was

implemented in the form of Plant-Livestock

Integration System (SITT) known as the Rice-

Livestock Integration System (SIPT). Integrated

Farming System or a mixed farming system which

consists of at least two farming units managed in

such a way in one management, so there is a synergy

between farm units with each other. Waste farming

or by-product from one activity can be input for

other activities and become raw material for other

farming activities. According to Beattie et. al (1974)

by-products increase the production of other farms

in one household. Utilization of straw into animal

feed and animal waste into organic fertilizer for rice

crops not only benefit from the reduction of

production costs but also additional revenue from

products obtained from livestock that is in the form

of meat and milk. Sewage processing in principle

supports sustainability (sustainable agriculture)

because it attempts to minimize waste of farming

(zero waste) by a process that is ultimately reused in

other farming activities.

1.2 The Objective of the Study

This paper analyzed the continuity and the

implementation of the integrated farming system

after the government program ended by analyzing

the factors that influenced the implementation of

integrated farming in West Java.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Location and Time of Study

The study was conducted at West Java province as

one of the provinces that ever implemented the

program of Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming

System (RLIFS). Locations purposively selected

were Subang, Sumedang and Tasikmalaya.

2.2 Types of Data

The types of data were cross sectional and time

series data, while the data sources were primary and

secondary data. Primary data were obtained through

direct interviews with respondents, whereas

secondary data were obtained from the Bureau of

Statistics Center (BPS) in West Java, Department of

agriculture and animal husbandry, district or sub

district as well as the village, related studies and

references.

2.3 Method of Samples Determination

The sample of the study were farmers of Rice-

Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS) and

non RLIFS. Determination of samples was done by

the method of purposive sampling. The number of

samples as many as 199 farmers consists of 134

RLIFS farmers and 65 non RLIFS farmers.

Household sample distribution is presented in Table

Table 1: Household Sample Distribution.

Village

Number of

Household

Sample

RLIFS

Farmers

Non

RLIFS

Farmers

Total

Cikawung

Sindanglaya

Cimanggu

Pakuhaji

Sukamukti

Kertamukti

Awilega

Kertaharja

Puteran

Tanjungkerta

Tanjungsari

Sukaresik

Total

199

134

199

2.4 Analysis Methods

The analysis method used the Econometric Model.

The Logit Model was used to answer the factors

influencing the farmers' decision to implement Rice-

Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS). The

Linear Regression Model could not be applied to

this condition because the response of the

independent variable influence can be outside the

range of 0 and 1. Based on the logit model, the

cumulative logistic opportunity functions (Pyndyck

and Rubenfeld 1998), are as follows:

=F(Y

)=F(





)

(1)

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

178

( )



+−

−

Pi : Opportunities of farmers to implement

(apply) integrated farming of rice-

livestock (grades 0 and 1)

i :

Independent variable

e : Natural numbers (



2.718);

α : Intercept

β : The expected parameter values

Transforming the above equation into a

logarithmic form obtained a linear logit model in the

form of the equation as follows:

P = β

+ β

(2)

Where:

P: Opportunities of farmers to implement RLIFS

(value 0 = Decision not to apply UTPT and

value 1 = Decision to implement UTPT)

X1: Formal education of respondents (years)

X2: Area of harvest of rice (ha)

X3: Number of cows (livestock units)

X4: Rice farming income (Rp / year / household)

X5: Cow Cattle farming income (Rp / year /

household)

X6: Outpouring of male domestic worker in cow

cattle farming (HOK / household / year)

X7: Output of female domestic worker in cow

cattle farming (HOK / household / year)

X8: Participation in farm organization

X9: Frequency of counseling (times)

Equation analysis was solved through logit

model estimation method and processed by using

Minitab Program computer.

3 RESULT

Overall result of logit model estimation was value G

= 26.146 with value p-Value = 0.002. This means

that the model was good enough in explaining and

identifying household characteristics and economic

factors that influence farmers' decision to implement

Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System. Based

on the total output obtained concordant value

reached 67.7% which meant that farmers'

opportunity to apply integrated farming was greater

than the opportunity of farmers that without

implementing the program.

Table 2: The Logit Model Estimation Results of

Implemented RLIFS.

Variable

Coefficients

Value P

Odd ratio

Constanta

-0.354625

0.688

EDUC

0.097092

0.371

1.10

LHAN

0.563005

0.657

1.76

JSAT

0.296943

0.192

1.35

PDUP

-0.0000047

0.921

1.00

PDUS

-0.0000259

0.295

1.00

TPDS

0.0000619

0.007

1.00

TWDS

0.0051865

0.15

1.01

KSOT

-0.301818

0.489

0.74

FRPY

0.275174

0.389

1.32

Log-Likelihood = -112.649

G = 26.146

DF = 9

P-Value = 0.002

Education of respondents tended not to have an

effect on decision to implement Rice-livestock

integrated farming system (RLIFS). Some peasants

who were educated at senior high school or above

did not implement RLIFS. Based on the interview

the topographic factors of rice fields were quite far

and hilly and farmers also lack of manpower to

transport manure to the fields. The use of manure

per large area of land compared to chemical

fertilizers was also another factor. The use of

chemical fertilizer 1 - 1.5 quintals / Ha was quite

low compared to 2 tons of manure. In relation to the

characteristics of farmers, it was agreed with

previous researchers i.e. Basit (1996) and Priyanti

(2007) that education did not affect farmers to apply

a technology. Topographic factors, the distance of

the cowshed with rice fields and labour became the

main obstacle in the implementation of RLIFS in

this study.

The variable of land area was not significant in

influencing farmer's decision to apply RLIFS.

However, the area of land gave a big enough

opportunity for farmers to apply integrated farming

of 1.76 times. In the research area farmers had an

average land area of 0.18 Ha / household so that

with a small enough / narrow area, farmers had

Factors Affecting the Implementation of Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS)

179

limited opportunities to increase income if they did

not diversify the business. One way to increase

farmers' income with narrow land in the village was

to implement RLIFS.

The number of cattle had a significant effect on

the decision to apply RLIFS. The number of cows

provided a substantial opportunity of 1.35 for

farmers in applying RLIFS. Increasing the number

of cow cattle could increase the amount of manure

that is the raw material for manure.

The decrease of income due to the decrease of

rice production has enabled farmers to have 1.0

times chance in implementing Rice-Livestock

Integrated Farming System (RLIFS). The Manure

that produced in RLIFS could improve soil fertility.

The improvement of soil fertility by processing

manure was expected to increase the production and

income of farmers. The use of manure in study site

could increase farmers income. This was due to

higher selling prices due to the use of organic

fertilizer. In addition, the use of manure could

reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in stages.

Interviews with the head of the farmer group

revealed that the use of chemical fertilizers was

small enough where the use of urea, KCl and

Phonska ranges from 5 to 10 kg per 1400 m2. The

use of chemical fertilizers was small enough to raise

the bargaining position of farmers so that the price

of Harvest Dry Grain (Gabah Kering panen/GKP) in

this District was quite high (Rp 5300 - Rp 5500) per

kg. The increase in the price of GKP was able to

ultimately increase the income of farmers. However,

the income variable did not significantly influence

the farmer's decision in applying RLIFS. Likewise,

the decline in cow cattle farming income could

motivate farmers to conduct RLIFS activities. The

animal waste processing was expected to increase

the income of livestock farming.

Outpouring of male family labour for cow cattle

farming had significant effect on 1% level, while the

female labour force empowerment for cow cattle

farming had significant effect on <20% real level.

The outpouring of male and female labour force in

cow cattle farming had an opportunity to apply

RLIFS. This indicated that farmers understand that

the activities of rice and cow cattle farming had a

beneficial relationship with each other where the

straw could be the input of cattle feed and cattle

waste could be input for rice crops, so that the

outpouring of labour for cattle was a factor that

supports RLIFS adoption/implementation. In this

research, the outpouring of male and female family

labour was a factor which was quite good

opportunity in RLIFS implementation. This was

understandable because in the farm household, two

interconnected farms are also cultivated with labour

in the same family in each farm. By this the

limitations of the workforce can be overcome by

complementing and fulfilling the two farms.

However Lightfoot (1997) stated that the

implementation of IFS had constraints on aspects of

time, labour, government policies that were less

conducive. The introduction should consider the

ability of the farmers to absorb in terms of the

quantity of introduced components and their

consequences for the additional costs, labor and time

spent. (Sariubang and Qomariah 2008; Panjaitan et

al. 2009). So this research only agrees on only

several aspects that were time and government

policy that were not conducive to implement RLIFS.

Estimation results in the information technology

group showed that the participation of family

members in agricultural organizations as well as the

frequency of contact with agricultural extensions did

not significantly affect farmers in applying RLIFS.

However, the frequency of contact with the

agricultural extensions provided a great opportunity

that was equal to 1.32 times for farmers to apply

Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System (RLIFS).

Meeting with field extension officers (PPL) was able

to motivate farmers in applying RLIFS technology.

Extension ability by directly demonstrating the

processing of organic fertilizer containing many

nutrients and explaining the benefits of organic

fertilizer would attract farmers in implementing

integrated farming system. Panjaitan et al. 2009 said

the institutional introduction needed to consider the

existing institutional system and ran on the local

community. So this study did not fully agree that the

existing institutions were one of the factors that must

be considered when implementing RLIFS, but this

study agreed that the frequency of following the

counselling had the opportunity to farmers in

applying RLIFS

4 CONCLUSION

1. The implementation process of Integrated

Farming of Rice-Livestock in West Java

Province ran quite well. This was demonstrated

by the findings of farmers who did not conduct

RLIFS than those who conducted RLIFS. Of all

the farmers of the respondents, it was found

only ± 32.67 percent of farmers who did not

implement integrated farming, the rest did the

implementation of RLIFS. Some farmers were

motivated to implement RLIFS mainly because

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

180

there was government assistance, but some were

self-employed because of considerable benefits

for farming.

2. The main obstacle for farmers who did not use

organic fertilizer was the topography of the area

that most of the hills and roads in rice fields

were small enough to complicate the application

of organic fertilizer. The use of organic

fertilizers was more difficult because the use of

organic fertilizers in quantities was far greater

than the use of inorganic fertilizers (chemical).

3. The decision of farmers to implement RLIFS

tended to be more influenced by the number of

cow cattle, the allocation of outpouring of the

use of male and female labour in the family for

cow cattle farming. The number of cows owned

by farmers provided a great opportunity for

farmers to apply RLIFS

POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND

ADVANCED RESEARCH

1. The results showed that the production of

manure was carried out independently and has

not been managed properly and optimally.

Manure production was used to meet the needs

of fertilizer itself or was subsistence agriculture.

2. Rice-Livestock Integrated Farming System

(RLIFS) can be an alternative government

policy to be developed in the countryside but

needs a comprehensive attention related to the

influence of external factors that affect the

continuity of integrated farming system

3. A need for further research related to the

utilization of other crop wastes other than rice

and non cow livestock wastes that were

interrelated between each farming of rice / other

crops and cattle and non-cattle farming

4. A need for further research on integrated

farming which was carried out institutionally.

Initial observations indicated that the production

of manure was quite good and there were quite

a lot if managed in a farmer group.

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