Growth and Physiology of Deli Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaacum)
Varieties of Deli-4 on Drought
Nurhayati, Dimas Fadhillah Akbar, Murni Sari Rahayu
Departement of Agroteknologi, Faculty of Abgriculture, University Islamic of North Sumatera, Karya Wisata street,
Medan 20144, Indonesia.
Keywords: Tobacco, Drought, Physiology.
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to find out the drought effect on growth and physiological effect on tobacco,
varieties of Deli-4. This study uses a non-factorial randomized design group with seven water levels (P)
such as P
0
(300 ml/polybag), P
1
(30ml/polybag), P
2
(60 ml/polybag), P
3
(90 ml/polybag), P
4
(120
ml/polybag), P
5
(150 ml/polybag), and P
6
(180 ml/polybag). The seeds used are varieties of Deli-4. The
research is done at Tobacco Plant Research Hall of Deli, Sampali, Deli serdang District, the Province of
North Sumatra. The results show that the seven water levels significantly effect the tobacco`s growth and
physiology , and the level of water from 300 ml/polybag to 30 ml/polybag can inhibit the growth of
tobacco plant, as well as increase the root length and levels of nicotine.
1 INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the limiting factors for growth and
production, affecting the appearance of the
morphology, anatomy and physiology of the plant
especially the leaves. A cigar wrapper tobacco of
Deli desired is broadleaf, thin and elastic, while the
lack of water causes the broad leaves to be narrower
and thicker. The character of general morphology to
infer the level of tolerance of crops against drought
can be found by observing the development of
rooting to identify plant resistance or sensitivity.
(Fadli, 2014).
Field capacity is the state of the soil moist to
show the amount of water to be held by the soil
against the withdraw of gravity style. In general the
plant requires the availability of soil water in a
roomy capacity, but in the presence of tobacco
cultivation, drought can increase the concentration
of alkaloid and nicotine levels of leaves, affecting
the profitable quality of the tobacco (Fadli, 2014).
Tobacco grows in dry land and the limited
availability of water becomes an obstacle. Therefore,
drought becomes a serious problem for the growth
of tobacco plant. These conditions cause the crop
productivity at locality to below (Djumali, 2013).
2 RESEARCH METHOD
This research is carried out atT obacco Plant
Research Hall Deli, PTPN II, Sampali, Deli Serdang
District at an elevation of approximately 25 mdpl.
using a non-factorial Randomized Design Group
with one factor, level of watering, and for the
treatments, the following materials are used:
P
0
: control (300 ml/plant/day)
P
1
: 10% water (30 ml/plant/day)
P
2
: 20% water (60 ml/plant/day)
P
3
: 30% water (90 ml/plant/day)
P
4
: 40% water (120 ml/plant/day)
P.
5
: 50% water (150 ml/plant/day)
P.
6
: 60% water (180 ml/plant/day)
Poly bags (50 x 50 cm) are used as the medium,
and each treatment is repeated three times.
The implementation is done by preparing an area
for research, media, tools, materials, and the
granting of substance N for tobacco seeds.
Fertilizing is done for 3 times; the first fertilization
is done before planting, pruning and both are done
by1 MST in conjunction with the first turn-up of the
soil, then the third fertilizing is conducted by 2 MST
simultaneously with the second turn-up of the soil.
212
Nurhayati, ., Akbar, D. and Rahayu, M.
Growth and Physiology of Deli Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaacum) Varieties of Deli-4 on Drought.
DOI: 10.5220/0008887602120215
In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 212-215
ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4
Copyright
c
2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
The whole fertilizing of NPK fertilizer is mixed
with a dose of 10 Gr./plant. Weeding is done
manually by unplugging the growing weeds in
polybag once a week. The turn-up of the soil is done
twice and in conjunction with fertilization.
Harvesting is done by way of citing the leaves on
several stages, namely at the age of 92, 94 and 96
days from planting.
Parameters of observation include, broad leaf
sand (cm
2
), walk 1 (cm
2
) and 2 (cm
2
), root length
(cm), wet weight (g), dry weight (g) and water
content (%), as well as the amount of chlorophyll
(mm/grain) and nicotine levels (%).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Leaf Breadth
The results show that there is an effect on the
treatment of degrees of water on the broad leaf sand,
leg 1 and leg 2 in Deli tobacco plants (Deli-4
varieties). The average breadth of leaves of the
tobacco plant of Deli is presented in table 1.
Tabel1:Leaf Breadth of Tobacco Plant (cm
2
).
Treatment
Sand
Leaf
Leg 1
Leg 2
P
0
(control)
209,27 a
226,46 a
152,43 a
P
1
55,33 c
62,13 d
54,10 e
P
2
90,46 b
78,60 c
68,03 de
P
3
88,49 b
96,26 c
75,44 cde
P
4
97,18 b
120,29 b
87,57 bcd
P
5
106,22 b
135,66 b
118,30 b
P
6
110,02 b
138,50 b
107,37 bc
Explaination: The Figures followed a similar letter at
same coloumndid not differ in the
extent of 5%
Table 1 shows that the breadth of leaf, leaf leg 1
and leg 2 of the largest tobacco plant contain
treatment P
0
(300 ml water) and distinction against
the treatment of P
1
(30 ml), P
2
(60 ml water), P
3
(90
ml), P
4
(120 ml), P
5
(150 ml water) and P
6
(180 ml
water).
This is because the shortage of water received by
the plant cell or lengthening process obstructs the
growth of the plant so that the leaves
becomeabnormal. This is in accordance with the
opinion of Fadli (Fadli, 2014), that the decrease in
the level of the grant of the watermakes the plants
decline in growth including the leaves. This is also
in line with the research of Maryani (Maryani,
2012), that owing to shortage of water, turgor in
plant cells become less maximum in nutrient
absorption and consequently, cell division is
hampered. Conversely, if water needs can be
fulfilled optimally then there will be a maximum
plant growth enhancement due to the photosynthetic
production assigned to the organs of the plant.
3.2 Root Length
The results show that there is an effect on the
treatment of degrees of water on the plant root
length on Deli tobacco (deli-4 varieties. The average
length of the root of Deli tobacco plant is presented
in table 2
Tabel 2:Root Length of tobacco plant(cm).
Treatment
Average
P
0
(control)
61,30 a
P
1
43,76 ab
P
2
38,73 ab
P
3
34,53 ab
P
4
33,73 ab
P
5
31,93 ab
P
6
28,86 b
Explaination: The Figures following similar letters at
same coloumndo not differ in the extent
of 5%.
Table 2 shows that the longest length of the root
of tobacco plant contain treatment P
0
(300 ml water)
and distinction against the treatment of P
1
(30 ml),
P
2
(60 ml water), P
3
(90 ml), P
4
(120 ml), P
5
(150 ml
water) and P
6
(180 ml water).
This is because when the tobacco plants earn
very little moisture then the growth process of
tobacco plant organs is hampered primarily in the
root organs so that the roots become abnormal. This
is in accordance with the opinion of Maryani
(Maryani, 2012), that in the plant of a shortage of
water, turgor in plant cells become less maximum in
nutrient absorption and consequently, cell division is
hampered. Conversely, if water needs can be
fulfilled optimally then there will be a maximum
plant growth enhancement due to the photosynthetic
production assigned to the organs of the plant.
Growth and Physiology of Deli Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaacum) Varieties of Deli-4 on Drought
213
3.3 Wet Weight, Dry Weight and
Moisture
The results show that there is an effect on the
treatment of degrees of water on wet weight, dry
weight and moisture of tobacco plants on a Deli
(deli-4 varieties). The average of wet weight, dry
weight and moisture of Deli tobacco plants is
presented in table 3.
Tabel 3: wetweight, dry weight and moisture of tobacco
plant.
treatment
Dry
Weight
(g)
moisture
(%)
P
0
(control)
45,32 a
67,55 c
P
1
5,65 b
80,09 b
P
2
6,83 b
82,54 ab
P
3
7,68 b
83,44 ab
P
4
12,86 b
82,41 ab
P
5
10,53 b
84,17 a
P
6
10,72 b
84,62 a
Explanation: The Figures following a similar letter at
same coloumndo not differ in the extent
of 5%.
Table 3 shows that the weight of the wet and the
dry weight are found in the highest treatment of P
0
(300 ml water) real and distinctive on the treatment
of P
1
(30 ml water), P
2
(60 ml water), P
3
(90ml), P
4
(120 ml water), P
5
(150 ml water) and P
6
(180 ml
water).
When the tobacco crop gets shortage of water
then the process of photosynthesis, cell
multiplication and enlargement on the tobacco plant
is being obstructed so that the organs of the plants
have size and weight relatively small/abnormal. This
is in accordance with the results of the research of
Bayu et al (Bayu et al. 2014) in which it is found
that the excessive granting of water treatment on
tobacco plant makes the plants produce broad
leaves, and fresh weight of leaves with dry weight
and the leaves get high compared to those growing
on conditions of water shortage. Then the highest
water content on treatment of P
6
(180 ml water) is
real and distinctive on P
0
and P
1
, but there is no
significant mark on the treatment of P
2
, P
3,
P
4,
P
5.
This
is because when a plant obtains excessive water in
the body then the plant will compensate by way of
enlarging the stomata thus transpiration increases so
there is no succulence within the plant body. Instead
when the plant has no water then the plant will
directly show the response that is by rolling and
shrinking its leaves as well as minimizing the size of
the stomata so that the evaporation is excessive and
the moisture content in the body is not preserved.
This is in accordance with the opinion of the Fatkhur
and Ruly (Fatkhur and Ruly, 2017) stating that the
greater size of the stomata will increase the rate of
transpiration.
3.4 Chlorophyll Amount
The results show there is an effect of the treatment
of degrees of water on the amount of chlorophyll in
Deli tobacco plant of deli (deli-4 varieties). The
averagechlorophyll amount of the tobacco plant is
presented in table 4.
Tabel 4: ChlorophyllAmount of tobacco plant (mm/grain).
Treatment
Average
P
0
(control)
211,36 a
P
1
43,19 b
P
2
56,16 b
P
3
121,60 ab
P
4
125,69 ab
P
5
163,86 a
P
6
176,16 a
Explanation: The Figures following a similar letter at
same coloumndo notdiffer in the extent
of 5%.
Table 4 shows that the amount of chlorophyll
present in most treatment of P
0
(300 ml water) is real
and distinctive on the treatment of P
1
(30 ml water),
P
2
(60 ml water), but there is no difference from real
treatment of P
3
(90ml water), P
4
(120 ml water), P
5
(150 ml water) and P
6
(180 ml water). This is
because the tobacco plants have enough water to
launch the process of photosynthesis in the body so
that the physiological processes such as the
formation of the stomata and green leaves are not
hampered; in addition of the plants obtain enough
water so the growth process of the leaves is not
hampered as the larger the leaf is, the more light is
received and this can increase the amount of
chlorophyll. According to Kozlowski et al
(Kozlowski et al. 1991) the extents of the leaf is
associated with the increase of the chlorophyll,
giving impact to the increase of the products of
ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research
214
photosynthesis and the rate of growth and plant
production.
3.5 Nicotine Levels
The results show there is an effect of the treatment
of degrees of water on the levels of nicotine in Deli
tobacco plants (deli-4 varieties). The average levels
of nicotine of Deli tobacco plant is presented in table
5.
Tabel 5: Nicotine Levels of tobacco plant (%).
Treatment
Average
P
0
(control)
1,26 c
P
1
2,63 a
P
2
2,50 a
P
3
2,36 ab
P
4
2,23 ab
P
5
2,13 ab
P
6
1,96 b
Explanation: The Figures following a similar letter at
same coloumndo not differ in the extent
of 5%.
Table 5 shows that the highest levels of nicotine
found in the treatment of P
1
(30 ml water) are real
and distinctive against P
0
(300 ml water), p.
3
(90ml),
p.
4
(120 ml water), p.
5
(150 ml water) and P
6
(180 ml
water), but there is no difference from the real
treatment of P
2
(60 ml water). This is because when
the tobacco plant is experiencing a water shortage,
the tobacco plant would increase levels of nicotine
in order to keep the tobacco plants survive in
conditions of drought. This is agreed by
Arsyadmunir etal (Arsyadmunir etal. 2011) stating
that generally crops requires the availability of water
in the ground with airy capacity, but the presence of
tobacco cultivation in drought increases the
concentration of alkaloids and nicotinelevels of
leaves so profitable tobacco quality could be
improved.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study show that giving water to
some extent to Delitobacco plant (Deli-4 varieties)
influencesthe physiological process in the body of
the tobacco plant. This is apparent through the
treatment of P0 (300 ml water), thatthe physiological
process ofthe tobaccoplant is under normal
circumstances while on treatment of P
1
– P
6
the
physiology process is hampered.
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