The Morphological Growth Response of Immature Oil Palm on

Single Fertilizer (N, P and K)

Zahrul Fuady and Halus Satriawan

Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Almuslim, Bireuen, Aceh, Indonesia

Keywords: Morphological, growth, response, single fertilizer, immature oil palm.

Abstract: One of the factors thattakes an important role in crop productivity is fertilization, especially in an immature

plant (TBM). The goal of this research is to study the morphological response of immature oil palm plants

as result ofthe single fertilizer N, P and K. Treatment designuses RandomizedCompletely Block Design

(RCBD). The applied treatment consists of 4 treatments, controltreatment (basic fertilizer) and

threetreatments of single fertilizer combination. Each treatment is repeated three times so that the total unit

tests are 12 plants. The observation of plant morphology includes: plant height, stem circumference, the

number of leaf midrib, the ninth midrib leaf length, and the ninth stem leaf width . The results show that the

single fertilizer treatment does not have a significant effect on plant height, stem circumference, the number

of leaf midrib, the ninth midrib leaf length, the ninth stem leaf width on the palm in 1-3 Months After

Treatment (MAT).Nevertheless, the effect of the treatment shows that the higher single dosage package of

fertilizer (PT1, PT2 and PT3) is applied,the more increasing the plant height is. The highest growth increase

occurs on the stem circumference and the ninth leaf width, that is 31.51% and 26.32%; wider than the

control.

1 INTRODUCTION

Oil palm is a very important plantation crop

commodity in Indonesia because it has a long

economic life about 20-25 years (Kasno and

Subardja, 2010). In Indonesia, there are 18.2 million

hectares of potential land for the oil palm

cultivation. In 2010, it has been planted to reach 9

million hectares (Putra etal. 2012), and in 2016, has

been increased to 10 million hectares (Pirker etal.

2016).In Aceh Province, one of the areas with a

large oil palm cultivation area is Bireuen Regency

with 4,372 hectares, with immature plant (TBM)

1,772 hectares (BKPM, 2015).

One of the factors that take the important role on

the cultivation is fertilizers (Adam et al. 2005; Adam

et al. 2011; Wigena et al. 2009; Zuraidah et al. 2012)

primarily on the immature plant phase (TBM).

Fertilization is one aspect that must be considered,

because of its high cost. The fertilization costs about

40-60% of plant maintenance costs or about 30% of

total production costs (Goh and Hardter, 2003).

Plant nutrition as a limiting factor of plant

growth and production is highly dependent on the

area, mostlycausedby soil property factors

associated with nutrient availability (Woittiez et al.

2017).

The fertilization with optimum dosage aims to

provide sufficient and appropriate nutrients to

encourage the healthy vegetative plant growth and to

maximize the potential for production of fresh fruit

bunches (Tarmizi and Tayeb, 2006; Prasetyo and

Suriadikarta, 2006), to improve efficiency (Pulungan

et al. 2007) and also to replace the missing nutrients

from the soil by leaching, erosion and uptaking by

the plantitself (Law et al. 2012). The nutrients given

through fertilization should be considered to be the

principle of balanced fertilization which is to

provide nutrients according to the needs of plants.

The provision of fertilizers with lower doses of crop

need will not have an optimal effect on the growth

and production of both quality and quantity of crops,

whereas fertilizer exceeds crop requirements will

decrease the environmental quality and decrease the

growth and crop production (Safuan et al. 2013).

Soil fertility on permanent farming systems is

usually maintained through the applicationof organic

materials, inorganic fertilizers, lime and theaddition

Fuady, Z. and Satriawan, H.

The Morphological Growth Response of Immature Oil Palm on Single Fertilizer (N, P and K).

DOI: 10.5220/0008888402610267

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 261-267

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

261

of legumes in plant systems or these combinations.

The need of palm nutrient in the time of the

immatureplant (TBM) varies greatly and depends on

the production target, the type of planted seeds, the

spacing, the soil type, the land cover conditions, and

the climatic factors. In Indonesia, in Aceh

especially, the palm is commonly grown on soils of

Alfisol, Ultisol and Oxisol soils, where the soil is a

land with low nutrient status.

The availability of nutrients for plants to be

productive and sustainable can be performed by

fertilization, liming and management of organic

materials. Unfortunately, until now, there is no

fertilizer recommendation that specifies the

location, according to the age of development of

plants that can be directly used by palm farmers.

The purpose of this research is to study the

morphological response of the immature oil palm

plant (TBM 0 year) caused by single fertilizer N, P

and K.

2 RESEARCH METHOD

The experiment is conducted in Village of Bukit

Sudan, Subdistrict of Peusangan Siblah Krueng,

Bireuen Aceh which is located on the altitude of 120

m above the sea level. The object of the study is

immature plant of oil palm (0 years). This research

is part of Ristekdikti Grant Research of Excellent

AppliedResearch Scheme.The materials used are the

oil palm seeds varieties of DP-9 ready for planting,

cow manure, urea fertilizer, SP-36, KCl, terusi

(CuSO4.5H2O), phosphate rock, and borat fertilizer.

The tools used are analytical scale, meter,

chlorophyll meter, microscope, oven, and preparat /

glass object.

2.1 Research Design

Treatment design usesthe single factor in

RandomizedCompleted Block Design (RCBD),

grouping based onthe land slope. The applied

treatment consists of 4 treatments, one from

controltreatment (basic fertilizer) and threefrom

treatments of the single fertilizer combination. Each

treatment is repeated three times and

eachexperimental unit consists of five palm crops so

that the total unit test is 12 plants.The type and

fertilization treatments tested are classified on TBM

palm, (Table 1).

The linear additive model of the plan used is:

ij  μ  αi  βj  εij

(1)

Description:

i = 1, 2, 3, 4; j = 1, 2, 3

= the observational response of the

experimental unit that receives the i-

fertilization treatment on the j-group

μ = general average

= the effect of the i-fertilization

= influence of the j-group

= random effects of the i-fertilization and the

j-group

The data that obtained are analyzed by variance

in the level α = 0.05; if there is a significant effect,

then it is followed by the test of Honest Real

Differences (HSD) for each treatment group.The

data analysis is performed with Microsoft Office

Excel program.

Table 1: Treatment of various levels of immature oil palm

fertilization.

Treatment

Fertilizer

Level (times

recommended

dosage)

Combination and Type

of Fertilizer (crop /

year)

Single

Fertilizer

Control (PT0) 60 kg cow dung + 500

gr rock phosphate +

500gr dolomite

½ (PT1) 300 gr urea + 375 gr

SP-36 + 350 gr KCl +

25 gr borat + 25 gr

CuSO4.5H2O

1 (PT2) 600 gr urea + 750 gr

SP-36 + 700 gr KCl +

25 gr borat + 25 gr

CuSO4.5H2O

2 (PT3) 900 gr urea + 1125 gr

SP-36 + 1050 gr KCl +

25 gr borat + 25 gr

CuSO4.5H2O

2.2 Implementation of Research

2.2.1 Fertilization

All previous palm plants have been fertilized with

organic fertilizer cow dung as much as 60 kg / hole,

Rock Phospate 500 gr / planting hole and dolomite

500 gr / planting hole (base fertilizer). The

application of treatment or giving fertilizer is

performed three times in every four month with

minimum rainfall 60 mm / month (in April, July and

December). The dose of each fertilization is one

third from the total treatment dose.

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

262

The application of urea fertilizer, SP-36 KCl,

NPK compound and organic fertilizer are perfomed

in the morning by sprinkling fertilizer on the run and

the disk of palm (Soon and Hoong, 2002) except the

application of borate fertilizer which is stocked on

leaf busted armpits (Goh and Hardter, 2003).

2.2.2 Observation

Observations of plant morphology are performed on

each unit plant trial in each month by observing:

1. Plant height. Plant height is measured from

the boundary of the stem which has been

marked until the youngest leaf that opens

perfectly established by using a modified fabric

meter.

2. Number of leaf midrib. The number of leaf

sheaths counted is the opening of the leaves.

3. Ring circumference. The circumference of the

stem is a collection of leaves which is still

wrapped in fibers. Measurements are made by

using a cloth meter and measured 5 cm from

the ground.

4. The length of the ninth leaf. Measurements

are made with a cloth meter, from the base of

the midrib to the top of the midrib.

5. Leaf

width. Leaf width measurements are

performed on ninth stem leaf, by measuring

several lengths and widths of leaflets and

calculated by the formula (Sudrajat et al 2015).

Leafwidth

kxnx

lxp





(2)

p = young leaf length (cm)

l = young leaf width

n = number of young leaf left or right

k = constant (0.57 for Immature Plant)

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The results show that the single fertilizer treatment

does not have a significant effect on plant height,

stem circumference, number of stem, ninth leaf

length, and ninth palm leaf

width on the palm plants

in 1-3 Month After Treatment (MAT) (Table 2 and

Figure 1). Nevertheless, the effect of the treatment

show that the higher single dosage package of

fertilizer (PT1, PT2 and PT3), the more increasing

the plant height is.

Table 2: The effect of the single fertilizer dosage on plant

height variables, stem circumference, number of ninth leaf

midrib,ninth leaf length.

Packageof the

single fertilizer

dosage

Plant Height (cm)

0 MAT 1 MAT 3 MAT

PT0 115,90 125,95 139,41

PT1 (1/2) 114,89 125,94 137,99

PT2 (1) 111,61 126,39 142,90

PT3 (2) 110,92 127,08 140,52

Response map

tn tn tn

Stem Circumference(cm)

PT0 20,06 22,76 33,56

PT1 (1/2) 20,01 23,06 32,21

PT2 (1) 20,08 23,58 34,08

PT3 (2) 19,98 23,60 34,46

Response map

tn tn tn

Number of ninth leaf midrib (sheet)

PT0

9,40 11,80 17,40

PT1 (1/2)

9,57 11,89 17,62

PT2 (1)

10,60 12,85 18,60

PT3 (2)

10,53 12,70 19,11

Response map

tn tn tn

Ninth leaf length

PT0

90,50 94,50 102,50

PT1 (1/2)

90,61 95,31 105,91

PT2 (1)

90,41 95,31 106,01

PT3 (2)

90,44 95,64 107,24

Response map

tn tn tn

Ninth leaf width

PT0

0,46 0,57 0,80

PT1 (1/2)

0,54 0,65 0,88

PT2 (1)

0,53 0,65 0,88

PT3 (2)

0,58 0,70 0,95

Response map

tn tn tn

Description: ¢: HSD Test; MAT (Month after treatment).

PT0: organic fertilizer 60 kg, Rock Phospate 500 and

dolomite 500 hole-1, PT1: 300 g urea + 350 g SP-36 + 350

g KCl + 25 g borate + 25 g CuSO4.5H2O, PT2: 600 g urea

+ 750 g SP-36 + 700 g KCl + 25 g borate +25 g

CuSO4.5H2O, PT3: 900 g urea + 1 125 g SP-36 + 1 050 g

KCl, PT1 - PT3 plus basic fertilizer (P0)

The Morphological Growth Response of Immature Oil Palm on Single Fertilizer (N, P and K)

263

Figure 1: Curve and regression equation of the single

fertilizer response to plant height in 1 and 3 MAT.

The highest increase of plant height on 1 BSP is

obtained in PT3 12.71% compared to other

treatments, while the highest increase in plant height

on 3 BSP is obtained in PT2 of 11.55%. Luz et al.

(Luz et al.2006) reports that the application of

nitrogen fertilizer increasesand accelerates the

growth of "lady palm" (Rhapis excels) and

phosphorus fertilizer significantly increases the

height of the palm seeds (Kasno et al. 2010).

The single fertilizer treatment effects linearly on

the variable of plant height in 1BSP, while

effectspolynomially in 3 BSP. The linear effect

indicates that the higher single dosage package of

fertilizer (PT1, PT2 and PT3) increases, the higher

the plant dose increases, that is900 g urea + 1125 g

SP-36 + 1050 g KCl + 25 g borate + 25 g

CuSO4.5H2O g plant

-1

(PT3). Tarmizi (Tarmizi,

2006) states that young palm plants require a high

amount of nutrients for maximum growth. Further

Goh and Hardter (Goh and Hardter, 2003) suggest

that nitrogen fertilization is the main driving force to

rapid vegetative growth of the palm.

The growth chart shows that the single fertilizer

treatment has no significant effect on the

circumference in 1 and 3 BSP palm stems (Table 2

and Figure 2), but the growth character follows the

pattern linearly. The stem rod variable increases

with increasing dose of single fertilizer package up

to the highest dose (P3). Stem circumference

increases to highest dose (P3) 15.3% in 1 BSP and

31.51% in 3 BSP compared to the control and the

other treatment. Uwumarongie-Ilori et al.

(Uwumarongie-Ilori et al.2012) states that the

application of N, P, K fertilizers is capable of

producing the largest diameter of the palm seeds

compared to the organic fertilizers only and able to

increase the circumference of the palm stems in two

afdeling of the palm plantations (Poleuleng et al.

2013).

The single fertilizer treatmenthas no significant

effect to the number of leaf midlib (Table 2 and

Figure 3), but the trend of influence is linear. Linear

influence shows that single packet fertilizer

increases the number of leaf midlib to highest doses

(P3). However, the number of leaf midrib cannot be

used as a reference for determining the optimum

dosage because it is more influenced by the genetic

factors than the environmental factor (Adam et al.

2011), so in this study, the optimum dosage of the

single fertilizer package cannot be determined. The

results of this study is different from the study

obtained by Jannah et al. (Jannah et al.2012), that

NPK fertilization has a significant effect and

increases the number of the palm leaves in the main

breeding.

The results show that the production of midribs

ranges from 8 sheets in the first three-months and

the average 2.6 sheets per month (Table 2). This

amount is slightly more than normal production of

midribs, which is about 2 pieces per month (Corley

and Tinker, 2008). Then the production of midrib

will reach its maximum in the second year (Adam et

al., 2011).

The growth trend of leaf

width

in the single

fertilizer treatment shows a linear pattern on ninth

leaf

width

in 1 and 3 MAT. The midrib leaf

width

increases with the increase of the single fertilizer

dosage package up to the highest dose of P3

fertilizer. The increase of ninth midrib leaf

width

the treatment of P3 fertilizer reaches 17.1% in 1 BSP

and 26.32% in 3 BSP, greater than other treatment

(Table 2). This result is in line with the finding of

Halim (Halim, 2012), that the application of nitrogen

fertilizer can increase the leaf

width

of the fourth

seed of the palm. In addition, Corley and Tinker

(Corley and Tinker, 2008) also states that the leaf

width

and length of midrib is influenced by

fertilization, but it is not too sensitive to the other

factors. The size of the canopy is associated with the

leaf

width

, the length of the midrib, and the number

of young leaf with varied growth patterns. Edge size

variation is an adaptation mechanism for regulating

transpiration rates as responsive on changing in plant

water balance (Yahya and Manurung, 2002).

Provision of the single fertilizer treatment in

general can increase vegetative growth of the palm

plants better than the control. This is because of the

fulfillment of nutrient need N, P and K crops by the

provision of urea, SP-36 and KCl fertilizers so that

the palm plant can grow better. Goh and Hardter

(Goh and Hardter, 2003) states that phosphorus

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

264

takes the role in stimulating the development of

rooting of the palm plants, increasing the useage and

the transport of plant nutrients that affectsthe plant

production. Nitrogen takesthe important role in the

formation of protoplasm and as a constituent of cell

structure and protein.So, N is a very important

component of the plant growth (Rubio et al. 2009).

Potassium takesthe role in plant physiology

processes such as enzyme activators, turgor cell

regulation, photosynthesis, nutrient and water

transports, improves plant endurance, and fruit size,

taste, color and skin (Rahardjo, 2012). The highest

growth increase occurres in the ninth stem

circumference and the ninth leaf

width, that is

31.51% and 26.32%, wider than the control. The

correlation value shows that the ninth leaf

width is

highly correlated with plant height (0.77), stem

circumference (0.82) and number of leaf midrib

(0.98), so that when the nineth leaf

width increased,

the process of photosynthesis is increased and

photosynthesis productis also increased for

vegetative growth of plants such as plant height,

stem circumference and number of leaf midrib.

Corley and Mook (Corley and Mook, 1972) states

that the application of potassium, nitrogen and

phosphorus fertilizers is able to increase the dry

weight of the palm plants through increasing leaf

width and assimilation rate of plant clean.

Unfactual effect of the single fertilizer treatment

on observed variables indicates that the palm crops

require a recovery time for 7 months after planting.

This appropriates with the research results of

Shintarika etal. (Shintarika etal. 2015) that the single

fertilizer treatment in the palm TBM has a

significant effect on the age 10 MAT. The response

of plant growth during the first 7-months after

planting is low because the plants undergo

transplanting shock and the seeds take time to build

an effective root system (Goh and Hardter, 2003).

Figure 2: Curve and regression equation of single fertilizer

response to stem circumference in 1 and 3 MAT.

Figure 3: Curve and regression equation of the single

fertilizer response to the number of leaf midribes in 1 and

3 MAT.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results,so it can be concluded that the

single fertilizer treatment in general has no

significant effect on the plant height, the stem

circumference, the number of midrib, ninth the leaf

length, and the ninth leaf

width in the palm plants in

1-3 Month After Treatment (MAT).The effect of the

treatment shows that the higher the single dosage

package of fertilizer (PT1, PT2 and PT3)is, the more

increasing the plant height is.The highest growth

increase occurs in the ninth stem circumference and

the ninth leaf width, that is 31.51% and 26.32%,

wider than the control.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express the appreciation and gratitude to

the Directorate of Research and Community Service

(DRPM) of the Ministry of Research, Technology

and Higher Education Number: DIPA-

042.06.1.401516 / 2017 under Contract Number:

y =

0.3043x

+ 22.492

R² =

0.91

y =

32.448e

0136x

R² =

0.3512

stem circumference

(cm)

Single Fertilizer Dosage

(N,P,K)

1 BSP

3 BSP

Linear

(1 BSP)

Expon.

(3 BSP)

y = 0.3667x +

11.395

R² = 0.7639

y = 0.6117x +

16.655

R² = 0.9517

Number of leaf midribes (Sheet)

Single fertilizer dosage N,P,K

1 BSP

3 BSP

Linear (1

BSP)

Linear (3

BSP)

The Morphological Growth Response of Immature Oil Palm on Single Fertilizer (N, P and K)

265

376.a / Umuslim / KP.2018 for funding on the Grant

Research of Excellent AppliedResearch Scheme.

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