Factors Forming Seven Layers of the Open System (OSI) Model

Alistraja Dison Silalahi

, Masut

and Iskandar Muda

Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Washliyah

Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Keywords: OSI, Seven Layers

Abstract: This study aims to examine the understanding of the importance of implementing standards in

communicating in the network and understanding the factors that form the seven layers of Open System

Interconnection. This research was carried out by conducting a survey of communication users in the

network who collected information about the importance of communication standards in the network and

responses about OSI and OSI networks (seven layers of the OSI model). The results showed that the

importance of the communication standards applied in the network found that respondents who strongly

agreed are 40.4%, agreed 55.3% and hesitated 4.3%. The respondents' knowledge for OSI was 82% of

respondents understood and knew while 18% did not understand. Related to the OSI network architecture

that was formed from seven physical layers, namely: data link, network, transportation, session,

presentation, and application, respondents who strongly agreed are 29.2%, agreed 62.5%, and the rest did

not agree and doubted. The R-Square value in this research model is 0.48 which indicates that this model is

classified as moderate. This shows that the factors forming the OSI network can only be explained by 48%

and the rest are other factors.

1 INTRODUCTION

Communication is very important as an effort to

transfer messages or information from one place to

another, both verbal, written and non-verbal.

Communication acts as information, control,

motivation, and disclosure of actions. The

development of increasingly sophisticated

information technology and telecommunications

requires us to be able to communicate in the form of

virtual or in a network, where the sending and

receiving of information can be done using

hardware, software, and devices connected to the

internet. System software is a very specialized,

integrated and efficient set of computer software

written in machine language designed to

communicate with hardware. System software

performs special functions that support computer

operation. This software provides operating routines

that make the computer work at the computer

application level. The system software performs

three main functions: label checking, protection of

stored data, and memory protection.

Communication in the network is

communication that the way of sending and

receiving messages is done by the internet network.

The internet is very useful as an effective and

efficient communication medium with various

facilities available such as web, chat, email,

Friendster, Facebook, Instagram, line and twitter.

Communication in the network has several types of

communication in the realm of synchronous

networks (real time), and asynchronous

communication (delay) in networks that refers to

reading, writing, and communicating via/ using

computer networks.

This model is based on the proposals from the

International Standard Organization (ISO) as a step

towards standardizing international regulations used

in various layers. This model is called the OSI

Reference Model, because it is shown for Open

System interconnection. Open System is defined as

an open system to communicate with other systems

from different operating systems and architectures.

For easier communication between two devices, it is

necessary to re-examine the standards applied in

computer networks, discuss what OSI is, what layer

446

Silalahi, A., Masut, . and Muda, I.

Factors Forming Seven Layers of the Open System (OSI) Model.

DOI: 10.5220/0008888804460451

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 446-451

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

forms the OSI network and what functions of the

network layer, and test which layers are considered

to be the most dominant OSI network builders. The

next section, namely the second part explains the

literature review, the third part explains the research

method, the fourth part provides the results of the

analysis and discussion and the fifth part provides

the research conclusions.

1.1 Literature Review

The system is a collection/group of sub-systems/

parts/components, both physical and non-physical

that are interconnected with each other and work

together harmoniously to achieve certain goals

(Susanto, 2004). This can also be considered as a

combination of several elements that are

interconnected, and working together well to achieve

a common goal. Another definition states that when

a word system is used in relation to business

operations, it refers to a group of elements that are

integrated through a common goal to achieve several

objectives (McLeod, 1998, p. 11). In modern

management, a system has been integrated

automatically between the elements involved in the

system. With system integration, communication

channels and data, and information transformation

will be smoother and more accurate. Open system is

a portable application in various hardware

configurations. Open systems have gone a long way

in the last decade. Before 2000, most suppliers

offered exclusive solutions designed to lock

customers with specific solutions (for example,

IBM's main frame). Since then, the open system has

become more than an exception in implementing

web-based solutions and Unix-based operating

systems. However, open systems have not led to the

unlimited interoperability intended by the Open

Creators Standard.

OSI (Open System Interconnection) was

developed in 1978 by ISO with the aim of

facilitating open interconnection on computer

systems. ISO as a multinational body focusing on

international agreements on international standards

developed the OSI because interconnection can

support many vendors in various environments. The

OSI layer model is also used as a framework used to

understand how information runs on networks.

(SandraSenft and Frederick Gallegos, 2009), defines

the text of the communication model of the OSI

model using a seven-level approach to defining

rules. OSI is a communication standard applied in

computer networks that causes all communication

devices to communicate with each other through the

network. In the past when the OSI was not used,

communication devices from different vendors could

not communicate with each other. Communication

tools made by IBM cannot communicate with other

vendors. Thus, the OSI standard is set (SandraSenft

and Frederick Gallegos, 2009). Open System

Interconnection declares network models that can be

interconnected, regardless of the hardware used,

provided the communication software complies with

the standard. This indirectly raises "modularity".

Modularity refers to the exchange of protocols at a

certain level without affecting or damaging

relationships or other level functions. In a layer,

protocols can be exchanged and allow

communication to continue. This exchange occurs

based on hardware from different vendors and

different reasons. Basically, many types of protocols

are developed by many manufacturers of

communication equipment and computers.

OSI has seven layers, each of which stands

alone, but the function of each layer depends on the

success of the previous layer's operation. (Bodner,

1998), (Nurwono, 1994). The seven layers are as

follows: The first layer "physical" determines how

the media form the chosen communication

equipment and how to connect it. The physical layer

is related to cables, emphasizing the level of

electrical connections, and transmitting signals and

data in binary form. This layer also provides

provisions about how to channel data bits through

communication channels, for example "1" bits are

distributed and received as "1" bits too. The second

layer "data l ink" (data chain) determines how to

connect one computer to another computer, stream

data flow, detect and correct transmission errors.

This layer forwards data through the channel to an

error-free network, because the sender sends data in

accordance with the specified procedure, namely by

using the protocol. The protocol makes provisions

(standards) about synchronizing data transmission

between terminals, confirm checks from recipients

and makes error control. The third layer "network"

defines and maintains electronic links between

computers in terms of delivering data from source to

destination. The network layer organizes the routing

of the routes of data transmission (Routing), aand

arrange the activity within the network itself as well

as the activity between the network. Network control

performs network efficiency when there is a long

queue (Congestion Control). The nature of this layer

governs how or what type of network you choose to

communicate. The fourth layer of "transportation"

regulates the transfer of data from one computer to

another. In this layer the quality of data transmission

Factors Forming Seven Layers of the Open System (OSI) Model

447

is ensured, so that no data is repeated, misplaced or

lost. The transportation function is carried out by the

shipping facilities provided. For example, in

communicating between two or more computers

using a modem, the transport function will be carried

out by modem equipment or "modem card". The

fifth layer is the session layer (discussant). This

layer explains how the two-end user dialog, how two

applications are different for exchanging f or

instance data from a spreadsheet to a word

processor. This layer also controls if one computer is

faster than the other, arranges when data must be

sent, when to wait, and when to enter a buffer. The

sixth layer is presentation. This layer governs how

data is formatted (the standard form of data

presentation) to be displayed on the monitor screen.

In this layer, the process of translating data received

from application functions is changed to a more

general form of data. Translations are easier to

understand and use by the application in question,

for example on data received through the dbase

application program modified from ASCI. The

seventh layer is the application. This layer functions

to serve users to establish reciprocal relationships in

the OSI environment. The function of this

application will regulate how the interaction with the

user and what will be sent, so that users of computer

systems directly benefit from data communication

networks between users. In this layer there are also

all data sources that will be sent for example in a

purchase transaction, data on items to be purchased

to the purchase order section, and so on as required

in the procedure of purchasing goods. Another

function of this layer is to control the way in and out

of files on a computer server; this functions as file

transfer.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

This research uses survey research on network

communication users, collects information about the

importance of communication standards in the

network and responds to the OSI and OSI network

builders from users of communication in the

network. The standards applied in computer

networks discuss what OSI is, which layer forms

OSI networks, what functions of the network layer,

and tests which layer is the most dominant OSI

network builder by formulating questionnaire

formats submitted to respondents in the form of a

Likert scale. The sample in this study is a classroom

consisting of students, teachers, lecturers, and

employees who use communication in the network

in UMN Al Washliyah Medan. This study uses

quantitative analysis techniques consisting of

descriptive statistics and PLS using the WarpPLS

5.0 program.

2.1 Research Results and Discussion

The result of the respondent's characteristics based

on sex consisted of 32 men and 15 women with

respondent age 58,3% age 18 - 29 years old, 29,2%

age 30 - 39, and 12,5% age 40 - 50 years. The

respondent's work consisted of 39,6% students, 25%

lecturers, 31,3% employees/ employees and seen

from usage of communication in network, 44,7%

stated frequently, 21,3% very often, and 29,8%

often. This research used WarpPLS 5.0 program to

test first order formative contrast with CPA obtained

model as follows:

Table 1: Latent variable coefficients (z-score).

Phisik DLink NWork Transpo Sesi Present Aplikasi Osi Type SE P value

PH1 0.882 -0.143 -0.021 0.161 -0.397 0.311 0.267 -0.152 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

PH2 0.870 -0.248 -0.002 -0.084 0.409 -0.187 -0.230 0.139 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

PH3 0.381 0.897 0.053 -0.181 -0.015 -0.294 -0.091 0.035 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

DL1 0.431 0.683 0.088 0.023 -0.580 0.160 0.287 0.050 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

DL2 -0.226 0.890 -0.135 -0.034 0.155 -0.424 0.063 -0.061 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

DL3 -0.172 0.542 0.111 0.027 0.476 0.494 -0.465 0.037 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

NW1 -0.045 -0.184 0.881 -0.476 0.205 -0.148 -0.060 -0.092 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

NW2 -0.093 0.046 0.583 0.847 -0.162 -0.048 0.509 -0.179 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

NW3 0.121 0.175 0.774 -0.095 -0.112 0.205 -0.314 0.240 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

TP1 -0.083 -0.120 -0.207 0.850 -0.125 0.008 0.326 -0.161 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

TP2 0.052 0.325 -0.078 0.753 -0.415 0.419 -0.137 -0.136 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

TP3 0.046 -0.210 0.346 0.678 0.619 -0.476 -0.257 0.353 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

SS1 -0.010 -0.146 0.558 -0.296 0.903 -0.268 -0.135 0.015 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

SS2 0.260 -0.030 -0.698 0.623 0.799 -0.026 0.235 -0.232 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

SS3 -0.288 0.226 0.078 -0.335 0.691 0.381 -0.096 0.249 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

PR1 0.362 -0.308 0.503 0.090 -0.256 0.080 0.151 0.162 Reflect 0.096 0.205

PR2 -0.001 0.134 0.301 -0.228 0.178 0.944 -0.154 -0.047 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

PR3 -0.030 -0.108 -0.346 0.222 -0.157 0.938 0.142 0.033 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

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AP1 -0.138 -0.016 0.125 0.114 -0.281 0.255 0.849 -0.062 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

AP2 0.133 0.380 0.091 -0.348 0.099 -0.478 0.788 -0.224 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

AP3 0.015 -0.348 -0.216 0.215 0.195 0.195 0.823 0.279 Reflect 0.096 <0.001

OS1 0.037 0.343 -0.388 -0.339 0.397 -0.262 0.002 0.615 Formati 0.096 <0.001

OS2 0.058 -0.104 -0.018 -0.109 -0.209 0.216 -0.212 0.710 Formati 0.096 <0.001

OS3 -0.073 -0.025 0.377 0.018 0.120 -0.023 -0.258 0.648 Formati 0.096 <0.001

OS4 0.280 0.296 -0.962 0.624 -1.004 0.427 0.660 0.673 Formati 0.096 <0.001

OS5 -0.331 -0.519 1.058 -0.235 0.812 -0.429 -0.207 0.619 Formati 0.096 <0.001

Notes: Loadings are unrotated, and cross-loadings are oblique-rotated. SEs and P values are for loadings. P values < 0.05

are desirable for reflective indicators.

Based on the above table, it can be seen that there is no outlier with the range value less than -4 or 4



Figure 1: Range value.

Table 2: Indicator Reliability.

Type P value VIF WLS ES

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.631 1 0.463

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.612 1 0.451

Reflect 0.096 0.011 1.030 1 0.086

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.298 1 0.300

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.483 1 0.511

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.199 1 0.189

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.615 1 0.453

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.157 1 0.198

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.429 1 0.349

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.484 1 0.413

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.312 1 0.324

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.192 1 0.262

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 2.045 1 0.422

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.667 1 0.331

Factors Forming Seven Layers of the Open System (OSI) Model

449

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.319 1 0.247

Reflect 0.096 0.319 1.032 1 0.004

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 2.567 1 0.501

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 2.548 1 0.495

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.663 1 0.357

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.422 1 0.308

Reflect 0.096 <0.001 1.559 1 0.336

Formati 0.096 0.002 1.226 1 0.177

Formati 0.096 <0.001 1.353 1 0.236

Formati 0.096 0.001 1.277 1 0.197

Formati 0.096 0.001 1.390 1 0.212

Formati 0.096 0.002 1.281 1 0.179

Based on the results of the table above, it can be

seen that the indicator reliability of all items forming

the OSI coil collector is invalid. This is seen because

the value factor loading values vary medium for P-

Value overall <0.001. OSI builder construct

indicator produces weight significance varies VIF

value per indicator generated <3.3. 3.665.

Table 3: Latent variable coefficients.

Phisik D Link NWork Traspo Sesi Present Aplikasi Osi

R-Squared 0.477

Adj. R-Squared 0.381

Composite Reliab 0.775 0.755 0.796 0.806 0.843 0.759 0.860 0.788

Cronbach’c alpha 0.567 0.508 0.611 0.638 0.716 0.538 0.756 0.664

Avg var extrac 0.560 0.517 0.572 0.583 0.643 0.592 0.673 0.428

Full colin VIF 2.188 2.290 3.665 2.330 2.820 2.390 2.009 1.914

Q-Squared 0.495

Min -1.974 -3.156 -3.110 -3.389 -3.255 -4.476 -2.598 -2.202

Max 2.491 2.423 2.310 1.716 2.065 1.489 2.107 2.262

Median -0.230 -0.169 -0.138 -0.056 -0.011 -0.110 -0.245 -0.115

Mode -0.230 -0.169 -0.138 -0.056 -0,011 -0.110 -0.245 -0.688

Skewness 1.065 -0.223 0.106 -1.384 -0.486 -1.851 0.069 0.312

Exc kurtosis 1.301 2.211 1.975 4.283 2.217 7.455 1.390 -0.136

Unimodal-RS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Unimodal KMV Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Normal JB No No No No No No No No

Normal RJB No No No No No No No No

Histogram View View View View View View View View

Note: Square roots of average variances extracted (AVEs) are shown on diagonal.

From the table above, it can be seen that the

value of AVE for CONSTRUCTS seven-layer OSI

is excellent s ie> 0.5. Therefore it meets the criteria

of convergent validity, and so does the value of

Composite Reliability generated construct of the

seven-layer OSI whhich is also very good ie> 0.7

that it also meets internal consistency reliability. Full

Collinearity VIF values for each construct are also

very good ie<3.3 but on the NWork construct there

is a collinearity problem in model > 3.3 ie 3.665.

Tabel 4: Correlations among l.vs. with sq. rts. of AVEs.

Phisik D Link NWork Traspo Sesi Present Aplikasi Osi

Phisik (0.748) 0.476 0.620 0.446 0.526 0.380 0.539 0.423

D Link 0.476 (0.719) 0.647 0.501 0.393 0.503 0.334 0.463

NWork 0.620 0.647 (0.756) 0.690 0.276 0.263 0.503 0.605

Traspo 0.446 0.501 0.690 (0.764) 0.360 0.128 0.424 0.443

Sesi 0.526 0.393 0.276 0.360 (0.802) 0.659 0.465 0.195

Present 0.380 0.503 0.263 0.128 0.659 (0.769) 0.231 0.154

Aplikasi 0.539 0.334 0.503 0.424 0.465 0.231 (0.820) 0.558

Osi 0.423 0.463 0.605 0.443 0.195 0.154 0.558 (0.654)

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450

Note: Square roots of average variances extracted (AVEs) shown on diagonal.

P values for correlations

Phisik D Link NWork Traspo Sesi Present Aplikasi Osi

Phisik 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.009 <0.001 0.003

DLink <0.001 1.000 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 0.024 0.001

NWork <0.001 <0.001 1.000 <0.001 0.064 0.078 <0.001 <0.001

Transpo 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 1.000 0.014 0.397 0.003 0.002

Sesi <0.001 0.007 0.064 0.014 1.000 <0.001 0.001 0.195

Present 0.009 <0.001 0.078 0.397 <0.001 1.000 0.122 0.305

Aplikasi <0.001 0.024 <0.001 0.003 0.001 0.122 1.000 <0.001

Osi 0.003 0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.195 0.305 <0.001 1.000

From the results of the table above, it can be seen

that the value of the square root of AVE for the OSI

seven-layer construction is greater than the

correlation between constructs so as to show good

discriminative validity.

From the survey results on the importance of the

communication standards applied in the network, it

was obtained that respondents strongly agreed

40.4%, agreed 55.3% and doubted 4.3%. The

respondents' knowledge of the OSI, which is a

standard for communication in the network that is

applied globally, 82% of respondents understand and

know while 18% do not understand. In terms of

establishing OSI network architecture consisting of

seven layers, namely physical, data link, network,

transportation, session, percentage, and application,

respondents strongly agreed 29.2%, agreed 62.5%,

and the rest did not agree and were hesitant. The R-

Square value in this research model is 0.48, and this

shows that this model is moderate, and shows that

the factors forming the OSI network are only able to

explain 48% and the rest form other factors. This is

due to respondents who do not know and understand

about OSI (Open System Interconnection) and form

the OSI network, respondents in the previous survey

were information system managers who had

understood and understood Open Interconnected

Systems.

3 CONCLUSION AND

SUGGESTIONS

Communication is very important as an effort to

transfer messages or information from one place to

another, both verbally (verbal), written and non-

verbal. Communication acts as information, control,

motivation, and as an expression of action. OSI is a

communication standard that is applied in computer

networks. Standard that causes all communication

devices to communicate with each other through the

network. Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a

model of a globally accepted framework for the

development of complete and open standards. The

OSI model helps create open standards between

systems to interact and communicate with each

other, especially in the field of information

technology. OSI can provide a network architecture

display that is divided into 7 (seven) layers. Based

on the discussion above, the OSI model can only be

explained by 48% and the rest form other factors.

This is caused by respondents who do not know and

understand about OSI (Open System

Interconnection) and form the OSI network.

Respondents in the previous survey were

information system managers who had understood

and understood Open System Interconnected so this

study was still very weak and needed to conduct

research with respondents who really understand and

understand about OSI (Open System

Interconnection).

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Azhar Susanto., 2004. Accounting Information System:

Computer Based Concept and Development, First

Edition. Bandung: Lingga Jaya

Bodner, H. George., 1998. Accounting Information

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International, Inc.

Mcleod, JR. Raymond., 1998. Management Information

System: A Study of Computer Based information

Systems, 6th ed., New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.

Sandra Senft and Frederick Gallegos., 2009. Information

Technology Control and Audit, Third Edition ISBN:

978-1-4200-6550-3

Imam, Ghozali., 2017. Partial Least Squares, Concepts,

Methods and Applications Using the WarpPLS 5.0

Program. Diponegoro University Publishing Agency.

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