Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Boo

Ratna Soraya

Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Medan

Keywords: Translation Shift, Economic Text.

Abstract: The aims of this research were to find out the kinds of translation shift in translation of Economic Bilingual

Text Book, to describe the pattern of shift used by Economic Bilingual Text Book to bridge the different

grammatical structures between Indonesia and English, and to explain about the reason of translation shift

used in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The research used qualitative descriptive design. The data of this

study was clauses translated from Bahasa Indonesia into English by Mulyadi and Mardiyatmo on an Economic

Bilingual text books ‘Economics 1’ for Junior High School Year VII as the source of data (Mulyadi and

Mardiyatmo, 2009). The data was analyzed by using the Theory of Translation Shift based on Catford

(Catford, 1965), to find the types and the ways of translation shift used in economic bilingual text book and

the reasons of translation shift were used in Economic Bilingual Text Book based on Newmark (Newmark,

p. 85, 1988).

1 INTRODUCTION

Translation is the process of transferring the meaning

of a text from the Source Language (SL) into the

Target Language (TL). The text is reconstructed

by translating the words from the SL into the TL and

is arranged based on the structures of the sentence in

the TL, therefore, the structures are suitable with the

TL and certainly, there will be no loss of meaning.

Several factors should be remembered by the

translator in order to produce a good translation in

translating a text. There are two factors in translation,

they are linguistic factors that cover words, phrases,

clauses and sentences and non-linguistic factors

covering the cultural knowledge on both sources and

the TL cultures said by (Nababan, 1999).

Each language has its own characteristics or even

distinction. Therefore, the translation from the SL

into the TL cannot be exact equivalents as both

languages are widely different in structure and

cultural background. The understanding of the

structure and the culture in both languages is required

by the translator as it makes the translator capable of

grasping the meaning in the text accurately and

allows him to transfer the same meaning. The

equivalence refers to cases where languages describe

the same situation by the different stylistic or

structural means stated by Vinay and Dalbernet

(Vinay and Dalbernet, 1995). Meanwhile, the form in

the SL has a new form or different form the TL; it is

called a shift. A shift is the departure from formal

correspondence in the process of going from the SL

to the TL as said by Catford (Catford, 1965). It

represents some changes occurring in a translation

process. The translator always uses the element of the

TL commensurate with the SL in order to express the

same message in the target text. Since every language

has its own rules, differences in these rules will cause

a shift. As subtitles, of course nouns Reviews their

own communications information as subtitles, of

course nouns Reviews their own communications

infrastructure change when converted into

Indonesian. The form of the translation is the

communication infrastructure itself based on these

two examples of noun phrases, there was a difference.

Translation is closely related to the grammatical

structure; therefore, the grammatical structure of both

languages should be known to get a good translation.

One of the language grammatical units is a phrase. It

is usually inserted into a sentence. There are several

types of phrases, such as noun phrase, adjective

phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase. In this

study, it focuses on clauses and phrase. Clauses and

phrases are often found in the text book such novel,

science book, newspaper and poem. One of the

samples is noun phrase, it can be categorized into two

types; they are simple noun phrase and complex noun

phrase. Simple noun phrase is any group of words,

Soraya, R.

Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book.

DOI: 10.5220/0008890905890593

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research (ICMR 2018) - , pages 589-593

ISBN: 978-989-758-437-4

589

which consist of modifier and head. Head here

consists of noun itself and pronoun. There is a phrase

which is longer than simple noun phrase; it is

complex noun phrase. In total, complex noun phrase

can be composed of four major components:

determiners, pre modifiers, heads, and post modifiers.

Nowadays, many of English books such as novel

have been translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This

surely brings a great advantage to Indonesian people.

Nevertheless, it is possible that shifts also occur in the

translated science such bilingual book. It also impact

to the translation which certainly found shift. The

shift is useful to convey an idea or meaning in SL so

that the idea or meaning in TL can be understood

correctly by the readers.

One of the Bilingual Book that has been translated

from Indonesian into English is Economic Book. In

the translation in English, the bilingual book contains

shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in

TL so that the translation could be natural and

communicative so that to find the same equivalent in

TL, it’s translated by repeating the base form

sometimes.

A book entitled Economic Bilingual Text Book is

one of the many books that discuss the scientific

world of business and commerce. In it discusses about

the way to run the business along with excellence in

implementation. As a book of science, of course, this

book will be much in demand by the public observers

of the economy, given the purpose that Informs

inside. As the new things in the form of scientific

texts, books Economic Bilingual have unique

characteristics in accordance with the purpose of

writing. It is supported by Nurdin (Nurdin, 2014).

Explains that the writing of scientific texts, style

guides or registers have Reviews their own

characteristics. This is based on the issues Discussed,

as well as the reader. Therefore, the hallmark of

scientific texts growing niche informative language,

dense and accurate based on the findings of research

or analysis. Characteristics of scientific are register.

This is due to the type of the text contained in the

economics term that is composed by the group of

nouns. It explains that "most technical terms are

nominal group constituently, usually things Classifier

“ thing or compounds". Statement is largely formed

from the technical term nominal groups, the which in

general is the incorporation of a “classinfier thinf”

(explanatory objects) as said by Halliday (Halliday,

2005).

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research Design

This research was conducted by using descriptive

qualitative research design. It is supported by Bogdan

and Biklen, qualitative research is as direct source of

the data and the researcher is the key instrument,

qualitative means to find out how a theory works in

different phenomena whose data collected are in the

form of words rather than number. And qualitative

research has the natural setting as the direct source. It

means that qualitative research is study things in their

natural settings, attempting to make sense or to

interpret phenomena in terms of the meaning people

bring to them (Bogdan and Biklen, 1982). Descriptive

research is unique in the number of variable

employed. Like other research, descriptive research

can include multiple variables for analysis, yet unlike

other methods, it requires only one variable state

(Borg and Gall, 1989). It refers that descriptive

research studies are designed to obtain information

concerning the status of phenomena (Ary, 1979).

They are directed toward determining the nature of a

situation as it exists at the time of the study. It means

that descriptive qualitative is designed or the natural

setting as the direct source of data.

Related to this study, it described the translation

shift of occurring in economic textbook bilingual,

which were translated from English into Indonesian

in natural setting without any intervention to the data.

2.2 The Data and Source of Data

The data of the research were words, phrases and

clauses from Economic Bilingual Text Book

(Mulyadi and Mardiyatmo, 2009). And source of data

in this study were Economic Bilingual Text Book for

Junior High School Year that consisted of five

chapters and 242 pages.

2.3 Technique of Data Collection

As said by Moloeng (Moloeng, 2006) states that

technique of collecting data is kind of documentary

technique. It means that the data is one of the tool to

bridge by reading document and examine include

check it systematically. Four steps were conducted to

collect the data, namely

1. Identifying the words, clauses, and phrases by

bold type.

2. Listing of each Clause, phrase and words types

of translation shift

ICMR 2018 - International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research

590

3. Categorizing the data, interpreting and making

the public findings.

4. Instrument of data collection is a tool or

equipment used in collecting the data. The

researcher is the key instrument who will

collect and observe the available data of the

Economic Bilingual textbook.

2.4 Data Analysis

This research deals with types of translation shift used

in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The subject of the

study was Economic Bilingual Text Book

(Mardiyatmo, 2009). If the data of the study were

words, then phrase and clause in translating of

Economic Bilingual Text Book was taken. The types

of translation shift were divided into four types

namely, structure shift, unit shift, class shift and Intra-

system shift. Those types were existed and found out

in analyzing data.

The data analysis was taken by listing, bold,

recording the English teacher when she was teaching

English in classroom. Afterwards the data were

transcribed. The transcription of the data were

analyzed based on Mile, Huberman and Saldhana

(Mile, Huberman and Saldhana, 2014). This is done

by condensation that consists of selecting, focusing,

simplifying, abstracting and transforming. The data

then display by using table in order to get easy

analyzing the data and also answer the problem of the

study as had been mentioned in the problem of the

study at the first chapter, namely types of translation

shift was based on Catford (Catford, 1965) in order

to answer the question number one and two. The

reason of translation shift was used in

Economic Bilingual Text Book. The last steps of data

analysis were drawing conclusion or data verification.

To find out the types of translation shift, the

researcher firstly analyzed data by condensation

consists of selecting, simplifying, focusing,

abstracting and transforming. Then the data was

displayed by tabulation and then it was converted by

explanation.

2.4.1 The Types of Translation Shifts Occur

in Economic Bilingual Text Book

Translation shifts were divided into two major types

namely level shift and Category shifts. In this study

concerned with Category shifts that consisted of four

types namely, structure shift, class-shift, unit shift,

and intra system shift.

To find out the types of translation shifts in this

study, the researcher firstly analyzed by condensation

consists of:

1. Selecting

The Selection in data analysis was the words,

phrases and clauses by using the bold type for

source language and underline was used for

target language. For instance:

Data 3

SL : Kebutuhan yang penting saja

TL : Only the important needs

Based on the data above, the clause of

“Kebutuhan yang penting saja” of source

language shifted into “Only the important needs

as target language. Shift was occurred in the

structure. Which the structure of source

language was as Modifier+head in SL and those

were shifted into modifier head qualifier in

English.

Data No 5

SL : Potongan harga bagi pelanggannya

TL : Discounts for his customers

Based on the data above it was clear that the

source language “Potongan harga was translated

into “Discounts”. Here there was a change in the

each of unit namely “potongan Harga in source

language consisted of two units. In the target

language shifted to be one unit namely

“Discounts”. The next sample showed as below:

Data 11

SL : Tindakan yang dilakukan

TL : That one performs

Based on the data above it could be seen that

there was found the shift in class form. It was

marked by SL “Tindakan yang dilakukan” as

passive sentence but it was translated to be

active sentence namely “ That one performs” in

target language.

3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

After analyzing the data, there were some findings

found in this study and it was necessary to discuss.

There were four types of category shifts used in

Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text

Book from Indonesian into English is namely

structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra- system

shift.

There were some ways of translation shift used in

Economic Bilingual Text Book, namely an adjective

may be translated into a noun, A conjunction shifted

into a adverb, an adverb may be translated into an

adjective.

Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book

591

There were four reasons behind the occurrence of

shifts that used in Economic Bilingual Text Book.

The first one is when SL and TL have different

language systems so the shifts occur automatically

and translators have no options but to undergo those

shifts as in the translation of English plural words to

Indonesian singular words and the position of

adjectives. Another reason is the grammatical

structures of SL do not exist in TL, for example, the

initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences that is

not familiar in English sentences except in imperative

sentences. Further, shifts also occur where literal

translation is grammatically possible but may not

accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter

of naturalness between SL and TL, for example the

change of word-class from noun to verb. The last,

shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by a

grammatical structure, for example the change from

phrase to clause.

4 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in the use shift in the translation of

Indoneian into english in economic bilingual Text

Book being analized, form of structere shift are more

dominant that other shift.

This research shows us that the translation of

Indonesian into English in this economic bilingual

Text Book tends to use category shift. In this case the

stage in translation pruduct are basically in

accordance with the translation theory. This is also

the same of its use of shift. From the research, the

writer concludes that the translator does the

translation shift in translating the text. After

analyzing, all the kind on translation shift is occured

but the most frequent shift in the unit analysis is

structure shift.

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