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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
As for the previous research is from Parisa Farrokh
from English Department, Islamic Azad University
of Lahijan. Iran 2011 with title "The Equivalence
and Shift in the Persian Translation of the English
Complex Sentences. This research aims at finding
the kinds of equivalent and shift in Persian
translation into English in complex sentences. In his
research, he classified the data into two main
categories namely equivalent and shift. The research
of Parisa Farrokh contributes on teaching translation
both theory and practice but this research still has a
weakness namely only focusing to disclose the types
of equivalent and shift that occurs in complex
sentence without further analyzing against the
impact of the shift of translation, so this research has
not been fullest in assessing the translation quality.
Therefore, researcher does research on the text of
novel "And The Mountains Echoed" the work of
Khaled Hosseini from English into Indonesian is to
reveal the impact of the application of the technique
of translation shift on the quality of the translated
text of novel.
The existence of a system that is different
between the source language and the target language
results in translation having many problems. One of
the problems with translation is equivalent. The
Equivalence is the macth between the contents of the
source text and the target text. Shift techniques are
often used to solve these problems, both form shift
and meaning shift. Catford (1965) affirmed the
viewpoint of linguistic theory, a shift starts from
formal equivalent in the process of transferring from
the source language to target language. Formal
equivalent is the categories in the source language
that occupies the appropriate place or in the same
place in the target language. In translation, formal
shifts are very possible with respect to efforts to
make a reasonable translation result. Catford
affirmed there are two types of shifts, namely level
shift and category shift. Level shift occurs when an
element of target language at one linguistic level has
a translation equivalent at a different level. Category
shift occurs when the category in the source
language has a different form or occupies an unequal
place in the target language. The basic categories in
language are units, structures, and classes. Thus,
category shift includes unit/level shift, structure
shift, and class shift. The shift in translation does not
only occur in form but also in meaning. This
meaning shift causes distortion of meaning in the
target language. Newmark (1981) stated that
translation is an activity that requires expertise or
competence. In translation, Equivalent searches
become a very important factor, to overcome the
translation problem of equivalent, strategy
competency is needed, meaning that the translation
strategy is used when the translation process takes
place starting from the stage of text analysis to the
transfer of messages to the target language. Lorscher
(2005) confirmed the strategy as a procedure used in
translation to solve translation problems. Mona
Baker (1992) offerred several strategies to overcome
the equivalent problem in translation with a bottom-
up approach, it starts from the equivalent of words
and phrases, then grammatical, textual and
pragmatic equivalent. Equivalent problems occur at
various levels, starting from the word level to the
textual level. This arises due to grammatical,
semantic and socio-cultural differences between
source languages and target languages. Another term
used by Molina and Albir (2002) is translation
techniques, they asserted that translation techniques
are a procedure for analyzing and classifying how
translation equivalent takes place and can be applied
in various lingual units.
3 RESEARCH METHOD
This research is descriptive qualitative research. This
approach used based on consideration that data
studied is qualitative data in the forms of words,
phrases, clauses and sentences coming from text
data source of novel "And the Mountains Echoed".
The data described and adapted to the objective of
the research. This research is in particular a library
research based on interpreting the existing data.
Interpretation of this data is inseparable from the
role of researcher in interpreting data based on
background, historical context and understanding of
previous researcher (Creswell, 2003). In other
words, the interpretation of data in qualitative
research is "reflective" research because the
qualitative approach puts researcher as subject in the
interpretation of data. In more detail, the research
method includes four stages of research, namely: (1)
the selection of the object, (2) data collection, (3)
data validation, and (4) data analysis.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The application of techniques and method
determination are a strategy pursued by the
translator as an attempt to produce a high quality of
The Impact of Translation Shift Techniques on the Quality of the Translated Text of the Novel "And the Mountains Echoed" into Indonesian
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