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rules in scientific papers, namely logical
(sequential), objective, systematic (following the
rules of a systematic mindset), reliable (tested and
valid), design (planned and have a design),
accumulative (a collection of various sources
recognized for its truth). In terms of the language
used in scientific papers, Gillett (2017) underlines a
number of characteristics of English scientific
papers, namely: ‘formal, precise, objective, explicit,
accurate, hedging, responsible, and complex.
Underlining the opinions of Halliday (1989), Gillett
(2017) asserts that 'Formality' means that scientific
writing avoids the use of: unofficial or colloquial
expressions such as imprecise words namely stuff, a
lot of, thing, sort of, big, nice, like; abbreviated
words like can, don't, don't, don't, etc; and the form
of a double verb like put off, bring up.
Meanwhile, 'precision' means using exact or
specific information. For example, not writing "a lot
of people" but "50 million people". 'Objectivity'
means that what is emphasized is the information or
argument that you want to convey not you. For this
reason, the use of words ‘I, me, myself, you should
be avoided in English scientific research. For
example, not "In my opinion, this is a very
interesting study", but "This is a very interesting
study." Another example, not "You can easily forget
how different life was 50 years ago.", But "It was
easy to forget how difficult life was 50 years ago."
Furthermore, 'explicitness' means there is a
connection between one idea and another which is
characterized by the use of signpost words (signs)
both in sentences and paragraphs, for example,
however, similarly, in addition, because, for
example. "Explicitness" is also related to the need to
write sources that become references in scientific
papers, for example "McGreil (1977: 363-408) has
shown that ...", and not "Researchers have shown
that ...
'Accurate' is related to the accuracy of using words
in scientific papers. For example when using the
words "money", "cash", "currency", "capital" or
"funds" in accordance with the right context.
'Accurate' is also related to the correct spelling of a
written word.
"Hedging" is related to caution in expressing ideas
through the use of cautious language or vague
language. For example, the use of words "seem,
believe, may, often, definite, and definitely".
Finally, 'responsibility' relates to claims made in
scientific papers. That is, if an author claims a
statement then the person concerned must provide
evidence and justification.
From these two opinions, there is a link between
scientific rules proposed by LIPI (2012) and Gillett
(2017). For example, the logical term (LIPI, 2012) is
in line with the meaning contained in the term
'explicitness' (Gillett, 2017; objective (LIPI, 2012) in
line with 'precision' (Gillett, 2017); reliable (LIPI,
2012) in line with 'responsibility' (Gillett, 2017) and
accumulative is also in line with the meaning of the
term 'explicitness'.
'Complexity' is related to the fact that written
language is more complex than spoken language.
'Complexity' in written language in English includes,
among others, in sentence arrangement, more
commonly used noun phrases, subordinate clauses,
complement clauses with that / to, long series of
prepositional phrases, nominalization, attributive
adjectives, and adjective groups as complements.
The noun phrase as the subject consists of various
compositions as outlined in the following examples
of sentences:
a). Problems related to the concept of a delinquent
subculture.
b.) If a student of British politics demanded to guide
his research, the compiler would have little difficulty
about the first and most significant maxim in the
creed.
c). Nicolson's account is far too discreet, and
obscures some of the most important features of the
crisis.
d). The three main works are all rather slight when
they come to the complexities of the Liberal attitude
during the crisis.
e). The first step towards understanding the crisis of
1931 is to distinguish between different types of
coalition government.
Noun phrase in sentence a). certain problems
associated with a delinquent subculture consist of a
combination of adjectives, nouns, adjectives derived
from passive verbs, prepositions, articles, nouns,
prepositions, articles, adjectives and nouns with the
core nouns 'problems'. This includes a relatively
long form of the subject noun phrase.
The noun phrase of the subject in sentence b). a
student of British politics, derived from a
combination of articles, noun words, prepositions,
adjectives, and nouns with the core nominal word
'student'. Meanwhile, sentence noun phrases c).
Nicolson's account is a form of a personal noun that
functions as an adjective and noun word 'account'. In
section d). The three main works, this noun phrase is
a form of the word article, adjectives for numbers,
adjectives, and nouns with the core noun ina works'.
Finally, the noun phrase in the sentence e). The first
step towards understanding the crisis of 1931 is a
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