24% (Acharya, 2018). In Nigeria, in building ICT, the
people’s role in PPPP is to make n-kind contributions
to set up networks (land, labor etc.), as well as
demand and utilize value added services (CTO,
2011). In addition, using PPPP is also suggested in a
post-disaster reconstruction (Zhang et al., 2015).
Nevertheless, previous studies did not research
PPPP for infrastructure financing, so that the state-of-
the-art contribution of this paper is PPPP for
infrastructure financing.
3 METHODOLOGY
A survey was conducted to gage the importance of the
people’s role in PPPP. The survey was divided into 2
sections, an Indonesian local context and a global
context.
The survey was conducted in the form of an online
survey that went from the beginning of September
until September 12, 2018. There was a total of 60
participants, including 46 Indonesian locals and 14
foreigners (3 from Australia, 2 from the USA, 2 from
Malaysia, as well as 1 person each from Austria,
Egypt, Greece, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, and Portugal).
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The survey results revealed that on a Likert scale of
1-5, for the role of people in financing for Indonesian
respondents, 39.1% found it important, while 34.8%
thought it was very important. Meanwhile, for those
outside of Indonesia, for the role of people in
financing, 57.1% found it very important, and 35.7%
thought it was important.
According to Indonesian locals, the involvement
of people in infrastructure financing can improve the
people welfare, there are 80.4% said Yes, and 15.2%
replied Maybe. Then for the opinions of those outside
of Indonesia, 64.3% said Yes, and 35.7% replied
Maybe.
Regarding the societal context or the society who
lives around the infrastructure development, for
Indonesian locals, 71.7% said Yes, and 28.3% replied
No. Meanwhile, for those outside of Indonesia, 78.6%
said Yes, and 21.4% replied No.
The people of Indonesia play a role in
infrastructure financing in the form of: private-owned
enterprises (cooperatives, limited companies) at
45.7%; state-owned enterprises/ region-owned
enterprises/ village-owned enterprises at 21.7%; and
special institutions at 19.6%. Meanwhile, other
countries said that state-owned enterprises/ region-
owned enterprises/ village-owned enterprises were
35.7%; private-owned enterprises (cooperatives,
limited companies) were 35.7%; and individuals were
14.3%.
From the results above, there are differences in
opinion between Indonesians and those of other
countries like in people’s role in infrastructure
financing, where other countries tend to think it is
very important, while in Indonesia it is primarily
considered as important. Nevertheless, the
participants tend to think the people’s role in
infrastructure financing is important.
Therefore, the people’s role is more dominant in
the form of private-owned enterprises (cooperatives,
limited companies), while other countries tend to be
either in the form of private-owned enterprises
(cooperatives, limited companies) or the form of
state-owned enterprises/ region-owned enterprises/
village-owned enterprises.
5 CONCLUSION
The PPPP conceptual framework for infrastructure
financing plays an important role in making society
prosperous, which has a direct effect on infrastructure
development. The people’s role in PPPP is in the form
of private-owned enterprises (cooperatives, limited
companies) and state-owned enterprises/ region-
owned enterprises/ village-owned enterprises.
This paper could be more complete, but a future
paper will establish the critical success factors (CSFs)
of PPPP that can be applied.
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