Public Interest-Dedicated Private Space in Urban Spatial Planning

Dimas Wicaksono, RM. Bambang Setyohadi KP, Andi Purnomo

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Keywords: Private Space, Management of Green Open Space, Planning and Structuring Aspects of the City.

Abstract: Arrangement of buildings and urban environment is quite interesting to always be used in the context of

architectural scientific direction, because it is not only patterned on physical environmental factors, but also

socio-cultural factors. This social space is the estuary of the products that govern the lives of the urban

community in the context of structuring and developing the built environment. Systematically, the concept of

urban spatial planning must be comprehensive, comprehensive and integrated in the components of the

regional design, which includes several criteria: land allotment structure, land use, spatial planning,

circulation system and connecting lines, open space systems and green systems, governance environmental

quality, environmental infrastructure and utility systems, building preservation and the environment. The

purpose of this study is the creation of a balance of quality of environmental life by making urban spaces that

live physically (vibrant) and economic (decent), livable and balanced, and improve the quality of life of users

through the development of urban spaces based on the participation of the community and the private sector

. Optimal optimal spatial planning pattern in the utilization of development roles and actors (community /

private), both directly and indirectly, at the stages that occur and associate to building programs and

environmental programs that are appropriate to the level of needs. In the case of the city of Semarang, as a

whole took action against green open spaces. This study was conducted to find out some aspects of green

open space for users. The method used is distributing questionnaires that contain questions to find out what

elements determine the open space manager in the city of Malang. Based on the results of processing the

questionnaire data used as the main factor in Malang is the planning aspect which is then used. The species

used is the balance of the ecosystem. Based on existing solutions can be done quickly by people who want to

change the planning strategy based on the existing balance, which allows it to be used. and area. Projects and

programs that make it possible to achieve goals in order to encourage the development of urban space so that

it can be implemented effectively can be done through a mechanism, reviewing the building expert team and

applying the incentives / disincentives.

1 INTRODUCTION

The rapid development of the city of Semarang as a

result of high economic activity, demanded foresight

and wisdom in structuring buildings and the

environment in urban areas. The arrangement of

buildings and the environment in an area or a corridor

must not be separated from the existing spatial plan

and in accordance with the regulations. The

development of the city of Semarang tends to lead to

the formation of increasingly enlarged and integrated

urban areas. This condition can be seen from the

wider area that shows urban physical characteristics

in the suburban area which has fused with its core

city, where the urban processes that occur in the

suburbs of big cities occur faster than those in the big

city itself. Structuring of buildings and environment

is a series of activities that are needed as part of

efforts to control space utilization, especially to

realize the built environment, both in urban and rural

areas, especially the physical form of buildings and

the environment. The existence of this phenomenon

resulted in the process of spatial and socioeconomic

transformation in the area of medium-sized cities and

surrounding small cities as a result of the process of

modernization and industrialization of the city (core),

which in turn resulted in the development of these

cities seem unified (Nurcholis, 2008 )

Considering that the potential and tendency of

physical growth quickly occur frequently in urban

areas, the priority of handling / structuring is mainly

carried out in densely populated areas, namely coastal

areas, trade center areas, mixed settlements, or in

198

Wicaksono, D., Putra, B. and Purnomo, A.

Public Interest-Dedicated Private Space in Urban Spatial Planning.

DOI: 10.5220/0009008501980205

In Proceedings of the 7th Engineering International Conference on Education, Concept and Application on Green Technology (EIC 2018), pages 198-205

ISBN: 978-989-758-411-4

areas where geographical conditions require special

attention. On the one hand, especially in

consideration of the increasing prices of land in urban

areas, optimization of land use for housing and

settlement development is inevitable, on the other

hand the potential of people who are able to own

houses tends to decline, so that in many of the

communities living in dense areas , even though it is

slum and unhealthy. The government and citizens

certainly report on a condition of urban settlement

where good city conditions must constitute a unified

organizational system capable of accommodating

social, cultural, physical and non-physical images

that are strong, visual beauty and planned and

designed in an integrated manner, as implied in Law

No. 28/2002 concerning Building.

Specific local development regulations are needed

as a guide to the realization of the face of the building

and the environment with a unique / unique character,

especially in the area or part of the city that is growing

fast and developing. While the problem of

irregularities in buildings and the environment in

them must be made solutions to solutions and

solutions with general attention. Many programs are

made by the government to control the pace of

development of the developing region. These

programs aim to promote and prosper the lives of the

general public, although it can be avoided if some

programs appear to overlap their implementation.

Multi interpretation of program implementation can

cause stagnation which has an effect on barriers to the

development of an area or vice versa, its development

becomes uncontrollable.

The guide is derived in the section Law no. 26 of

2007 concerning spatial planning, is needed as a

growth control device and provides guidance on the

form of buildings and the environment in an area.

Local Building Regulations that are specific in nature

which are needed as directors of the realization of

urban environmental architecture (urban

architecture), especially in regions or parts of cities

that grow rapidly and develop irregularly in terms of

orderly buildings, building safety and building

compatibility with the environment. The Guidelines

will provide direction to control spatial utilization and

follow up on detailed spatial plans, as well as guide

the design of the area in order to realize the quality of

the building and its environment. In Law No. 26 of

2007 in Article 2, which among others is stated:

within the framework of the Unitary Republic of

Indonesia, spatial planning is carried out based on the

principle of: integration; harmony, harmony and

balance; sustainability; usefulness and usefulness;

openness; togetherness and partnership; protection of

public interests; legal certainty and justice; and

accountability. With these directives, the Regional

Government, observers of the area and buildings and

other stakeholders will have clarity regarding the

physical development policy of the local Regional

Government.

Guidance in regional arrangement must pay

attention to and fulfill:

 Public interest or community aspirations.

 Utilization of local resources.

 The ability of optimal land carrying capacity.

The Guidelines (Urban Design Guideline) must

contain:

 Technical Plan Guidelines (three-dimensional

design)

 Building and Environmental Management

Program.

 Guidelines for controlling the embodiment of the

building.

The problem in managing the green open space in

Malang city is that the green space management

institutions in Semarang have not been integrated.

Management is still carried out partially and

sectorally, not yet efficient and effective in order to

produce quality and quantity of green space, as well

as not involving all stakeholders including scientists.

Based on field data, there are many facts that in the

management of open space green has changed

function to. Other uses (DG Bangda Depdagri, 1994).

Green open space seems to still have a

complementary meaning for the city, so that green

open space is considered only as an aesthetic

enhancer environment. Land use competition in

urban areas is heavily influenced by market

mechanisms, so there are many changes in the use of

green open land into residential areas, shops, hotels,

gas stations, restaurants and so on. Lack of control of

government officials regarding the development of

the city of Semarang and the limited ability of human

resources of government managers in terms of their

professionalism insight are the main problems in the

management of green open spaces. This is coupled

with a variety of understanding of functions and the

description of green open spaces from the Office of

Parks, the Department of Agriculture and the Forestry

Service concerned in its management. Another factor

is the problem of availability of land in urban areas as

limited green land and the problem of space

development funding green open. Instead of the

description above, there is an indication of the cause

of the green open space problem concerning aspects

of managing green open spaces in the city of

Semarang.

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199

2 STUDY OF THE CITY GREEN

OPEN SPACE MANAGEMENT

Green open space management is a comprehensive

approach, especially in cities in developing countries.

Local governments are the driving force needed to

integrate all players in the management of green open

spaces. So that necessary steps and strategic

management to achieve this or more commonly

called strategic management. Some key elements will

be presented as part of strategic management aspects

to direct the management of the city's green open

space.

First, strategic management emphasizes the

importance of stakeholders, including communities

and agencies involved in all planning implementation

processes so that planners want to listen to the needs

of the community. That way, will encourage

transparency and responsibility.

Second, the strategic management process is a

decision and action about what to do, why to do it and

who should do it. It emphasizes that the measurement

of the effectiveness of strategies and actions in

achieving urban planning objectives must focus on

the progress of all public aspects including physical,

economic, social, environmental and institutional

dimensions.

Third, strategic management is responsible for

internal and external factors that influence the

development of a city. A clear understanding of the

external environment, and internal strength that

allows human resources to provide changes in urban

planning. Fourth, strategic management allows

effective (internal) and (external) monitoring of

evaluations. Finally, strategic management

recognizes that the successful implementation of the

strategy requires financial support from governance

institutions which include collaboration between all

levels of government, the private sector and the

community. It encourages and provides engagement

facilities from all stakeholders as well as groups of

interest in all urban governance measures. As a result,

city development policies are more responsive to

community values and therefore have the opportunity

to succeed. Five strategic aspects used in the

management of urban green open spaces, following

previous research on aspects of city management are:

planning, institutions, human resources, coordination

and financing.

2.1 Open Space System

The Open Space System in the RTBL guideline is a

regional design component, which is not only formed

as an additional element or a residual element but is

created as an integral part of a wider environment.

This arrangement shapes the character of the

environment and has an important role both

ecologically, recreationally and aesthetically. for the

surrounding environment, and has an open character

so that it is easily accessible to the public.

2.2 Arrangement Components

(1) Public Open Space System (public accessibility

public ownership), that is a space whose physical

character is open, free and easily accessible to the

public because it does not belong to a particular party.

(2) Private Open Space System (private ownership -

personal accessibility), which is a space with a

physical character that is open but limited, which can

only be accessed by owners, users or certain parties.

(3) Private Open Space System that can be accessed

by the Public (private ownership - public

accessibility), namely a space with an open physical

character, and free and easily accessible to the public

even though it belongs to a particular party, because

it has been dedicated to the public interest as a result

of an agreement between the owners and the local

government / management, where the owner allows

his land to be used for the public interest, by obtaining

compensation in the form of certain incentives /

disincentives, without changing his ownership status.

In addition to the stronger control of asset

ownership and sometimes reinforced by strict

boundaries in the form of fences, it makes closure and

limits the social space. As well as lack of integration

in the macro space, the continuous open space /

continuous space decreases in intensity, even none.

This makes the quality of urban areas that are not

optimal, especially related to the interaction and

integration between pedestrian activities in front of

buildings and activities on the ground floor of the

building to be inhumane.

Every city design must pay attention to the

components in the existing design so that later the city

will have clear characteristics. Some criteria include:

land use / land allotment, land use intensity, Forms

and groups of buildings, circulation systems, parking

and connecting lines, open space systems and green

systems, environmental quality systems,

environmental infrastructure and utility systems,

building preservation and environment. Finally,

strategic management recognizes that the successful

implementation of the strategy requires financial

support from governance institutions which include

collaboration between all levels of government, the

private sector and the community. It encourages

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200

Figure 1: The house will be used as a green open space.

and provides engagement facilities from all

stakeholders as well as groups of interest in all urban

governance measures. As a result, city development

policies are more responsive to community values

and therefore have the opportunity to succeed. Five

strategic aspects used in the management of urban

green open spaces, following previous research on

aspects of city management are: planning,

institutions, human resources, coordination and

financing.

3 GENERAL CONDITIONS OF

GREEN OPEN SPACE,

SEMARANG CITY

Management of green open space in Semarang City

involves several regional government agencies,

among others; municipal parks, Bapeda and the

Public Works Department. In general, green open

space is regulated in the Semarang City Spatial Plan.

Physical development in the city of Semarang in the

past 5 years experienced rapid development,

especially trade (downtown area) and housing

(Semarang top). But this development is not evenly

distributed, where in the western region (lower

Semarang) the development is not too fast (not even

developed in accordance with the old RTRW plan).

So there were some irregularities between the existing

spatial plan (RTRW Semarang City in 2000) and the

existing conditions. Along with the physical

development of the city, Semarang city lacks green

open space. This is caused by several constraints /

problems, namely the number of poorly maintained

parks, the lack of sports fields, the large number of

houses that spend all the houses to be built, the

number of housing or residential roads there are no

shade trees and so on.

3.1 Reality of Open Space in Semarang

The creation of environmental spaces that are

meaningful and related to local identity and correlate

with behavior / culture, historical values and local

special life are the desires of the wider community.

According to Ercan there are four qualities that public

space must possess, namely; physical access, social

access access to activities and discussions or

intercommunication and access to information. These

four qualities seem to define the power of democracy

from a public space. Open space as a social space for

people in rural / rural areas is still thick with the

culture of togetherness as a friendly society,

sometimes forgetting the boundaries / territorial

assets that they have, being a common space.

Likewise, in urban villages there are still private

ownership spaces that are used for the public interest.

Figure 1 shows the arrangementn of green open space

in Semarang.

This shows that simplicity in the thinking of rural

communities in terms of the limits of asset ownership

does not become everything for the sake of living

together with their environment. However, in urban

communities whose social strata are higher in asset

territory, it is very important and exclusivity towards

security is something that eliminates their social

space. So that the open space feels increasingly

narrow or urban areas lose open space and social

space.

"Contemporary industrialist societies have

generally accepted the banishment of unscripted,

generous exchange in the public realm of hyper-

commercial alternatives. "(Merker, 2010)

Like Merker's opinion, nowadays the pattern of

urban space formation often has an agenda that

prioritizes economic interests from its social needs.

The social needs agenda, of course, cannot easily find

the slice with the economic principle that always

converts everything to its economic selling value. So

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201

that public spaces in big cities often open spaces that

function as social spaces in urban areas have been

replaced by their functions and switched to the spaces

in the mall. In addition to the stronger control of asset

ownership and sometimes reinforced by strict

boundaries in the form of fences, it makes closure and

limits the social space. As well as lack of integration

in the macro space, the continuous open space /

continuous space decreases in intensity, even none.

This makes the quality of urban areas that are not

optimal, especially related to the interaction and

integration between pedestrian activities in front of

buildings and activities on the ground floor of the

building to be inhumane.

3.2 Learning from Other Countries

3.2.1 Hong Kong Urban Space Planning

with Hyper-density and

Hyper-commercial contexts

The growth of Hong Kong's city tends to take a

vertical pattern, this urban morphology pattern with

high building density results in a more 3-dimensional

land use pattern. Although the legal status only

includes one type of land use, but the land use

vertically allows a variety of uses (mix used; retail or

educational functions in the ground floor area,

religious facilities at the second level, third level

clinics, and housing on the next floor). This

eventually also had an influence on the formation of

its public space. Where the public open space is at the

level above the ground floor level or even in the

underground area. For example: Central-mid level

pedestrian link (Figure 2). This multi-level pedestrian

connection along 800 meters is a public space that

connects the central and mid-level areas through

several commercial.

The formation of public spaces in Hong Kong is

more due to high morphological patterns and

densities, which ultimately forces the existence of

these public spaces to compete with commercial

spaces. One of the efforts of the Hong Kong

government in providing public space is to implement

public-private partnership. The Hong Kong

government provides an incentive bonus for

additional vertical floor area for private parties that

provide public space on the property land. This

additional floor area bonus can reach 5 times the

public space provided by the property concerned.

Space which is then widely known as Privately

Owned Public Space (POPS) or Privately Owned

Public Open Space (POPOS) is widely seen in urban

Hong Kong areas.

Figure 2: Central-mid level pedestrian link.

Figure 3: Buildings with HSBC office functions.

Furthermore, Kayden said that the discovery of

this regulation was based on lighting principles and

ventilation at the basic level and control of the overall

size of the building. This aims to create a public space

that is integrated with development to provide a better

pedestrian experience. This mode of planning

supports collaboration between the public and private

sectors. (Luk, 2009). One example is HSBC's main

office which is located in Central Hong Kong which

provides public space in the basic floor area (Figure

3). On weekdays, this space seems to be exclusive to

the white-collar workers. It does not seem at all

hospitality and democracy that should be seen from a

public space. But every Sunday, this ground floor

area seems to be a second home (especially) for

immigrants from the Philippines. International

Financial Center (IFC) located in the Harbourfront

area also provides public space on the roof of its

podium shopping mall. This POPS is open 24 hours

for the public. Property managerial parties provide

regulations that clearly explain the demarcation

referred to in the public space, procedures for the use

of public space and property, protection of plants,

cleanliness etc.

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Figure 4: The ground floor area of the main office of HSBC.

HSBC and IFC POPS cases are one example of

successful POPS. There is also little POPS space in

Hong Kong whose formation is no more than just to

meet the minimum requirements set by the

government. According to 2008 data, more than 70%

of these POPS only have an area of 50 m2 or less.

This eventually led to doubts for some practitioners

and academics about the effectiveness of the

implementation of regulations from this government

which was considered to be pragmatic. However,

apart from pragmatic or not solutions, this POPS has

been able to provide an alternative formation of

public space that is able to fulfil the essential human

needs of a public space in general.

4 GREEN SPACE SPACE

MANAGEMENT ASPECT OF

SEMARANG CITY BASED ON

RESPONDENTS

In this section, what elements are clearly seen in each

aspect of managing the green open space in the city

of Semarang are thoroughly evaluated. The clarity of

the elements indicated by a significant comparison

between answers strongly agrees and agrees with the

answers strongly disagree and agree. In general, the

planning aspect is an element of ecosystem balance

which is the clearest aspect. In the institutional aspect,

the central and regional elements of authority are the

most obvious elements. While in the aspect of human

resources the clearest element is the proportion of

human resources in the central and regional levels. In

the coordination aspect of the clearest element is the

transfer of functions. In the funding section, the

clearest aspect is the government bureaucracy. For

further discussion, these elements are compared as

shown in Figure 5. Based on Figure 5, it can be seen

that the planning aspect in this aspect aspect ecology

has a clear proportion compared to the others.

Whereas in the second order is the institutional aspect

concerning the elements of central and regional

authority. Third is the aspect of coordination in this

case the function transfer element. Fourth is the

funding aspect that concerns the elements of the

bureaucracy of funds and the last is the aspect of

human resources.

Figure 5: Clarity of the Elements in each aspect of the

manager.

Based on the clarity of elements and management

aspects above, a strategy can be made in the

management of Malang's green open space in a more

systematic manner. This strategy is based on the order

of clarity of elements and aspects of management. The

first strategy is handling aspects of planning based on

ecological balance. This is based on the aspect of

planning the dominant element is ecological balance.

When linked to other elements, this perception is still

at the level of ideal conditions, so that the

implementation has not yet proceeded. So there is still

an identification of what factors become obstacles to

planning that are more practical. After planning aspects

are institutional aspects. The main step of institutional

aspects is the clarity of central and regional authority.

With this clarity of authority, the formulation of

regional regulations as a legal basis for management

and bureaucratic mechanisms will run better. After the

institutional steps are implemented, the next step is the

coordination aspect to minimize the conversion of

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203

green open space and optimize the utilization of green

open space. In the next part, the existing coordination

system is supported by a good fund bureaucracy. With

the existence of a good funding bureaucracy,

increasing human resources both at the central and

regional levels will run in synergy.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The achievement of a balance of quality of

environmental life by forming urban spaces that live

physically (vibrant) and economic (viable), livable and

balanced, and improve the quality of life of users,

through the development of urban spaces based on the

participation of the public and the private sector.

(public private community partnership). Development

patterns with an optimal orientation on the utilization

of roles among development actors (community /

private), both directly and indirectly, development

actors are given an active opportunity to aspire and

contribute to formulating building and environmental

programs that are in line with their level of needs.

The RTBL Guidance Substance that describes

this article, Principles of Circulation System

Arrangement and Linkage: Environmentally,

including arrangement: (a) Increase in regional value,

carried out through increased land value and land

capability through improving levels of achievement

within and within the region, improved functional

relationships between various types of designation in

the region, improved design / development

modifications that match local character, (b)

Integration of area blocks and supporting facilities is

needed; The integrated network link system

(pedestrian linkage), namely the design of a network

system of various connecting lines that allows

penetrating several buildings or even certain plots and

is utilized for the benefit of the public lane. This

integrated connecting line is needed especially in

areas with high and diverse activity intensities, such

as in residential neighborhood commercial areas or

mixed-used function areas. Integrated connecting

lines must be able to provide ease of access for

pedestrians

From the Stakeholder Side, the guidelines have

accommodated various interests between urban

development actors, namely (1) Determination of

various development incentives to achieve a balance

in the distribution of Land Use Intensity for the

mutual benefit of various parties (managers, local

government, developers, land owners and the general

public), (2) Appropriate value of elemental value (for

example KDB) is needed which helps the formation

of open space as a place for human social interaction,

(3) Determination of various development incentives,

either in the form of Building Incentives or Direct

Incentives which are directed to compensate them to

be able to relate to the provision of various facilities

for the public interest, such as pedestrian paths,

arcades, public open spaces, or shared facilities, (4)

Determination of the control mechanism for the

provision of incentives, especially in anticipating the

misuse of the use of facilities provided during their

use, for example the arcade which has been re-

allocated to a private area, or public facilities that are

removed by the developer after the usage period

So that it takes courage to start to create a city

space with a humane and pedestrian-oriented space

scale, as well as activities that are accommodated,

namely the creation of a balance of land use and

environment oriented to pedestrian-friendly

buildings, as well as enlivening city spaces with

various activities. at the environmental level is the

emphasis in developing private urban spaces for the

public interest in certain areas that allow for joint

development, both horizontally through applications

to the KDB, and horizontally with mix-used patterns.

Control the implementation of all plans and programs

and institutions needed by the regional government in

order to encourage the implementation of urban space

development materials to be implemented effectively.

The responsibility for managing the green open

space is ideally carried out jointly between the city

government, the private sector and the community.

This study tries to explore aspects of green open space

management as expected by the community. To limit

these aspects, a study of previous research related to

the management of green open spaces was carried out.

Based on the study previously it can be concluded that

the aspects of green open space management include

aspects of planning, institutions, human resources,

coordination and funding. These aspects are elaborated

in the form of questionnaire questions and disseminate

to respondents to understand their understanding and

views of aspects of managing green open spaces in the

City of Semarang. The clarity of the elements and

aspects of management into the main results of this

study are explained in the conclusions below in the

order of clarity.

The planning aspect is to have the highest clarity

in the view of users of green open space. This aspect

includes supporting elements in the clearest sequence

as follows: ecological elements, physical elements,

openness and participation. In a more detailed

component, the influential ecological elements

include ecological balance, air pollution, decreased

ecological quality, ecological functions and finally

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technology. While physical elements include a

decrease in the number and transfer of land functions.

In the element of openness, the components that are

clearly visible are planning and information. The last

is the element of participation which includes the

bureaucracy and society. Institutional Aspects

include supporting elements in the clearest sequence

as follows: elements of evaluation and decision

makers. On the evaluation elements the influencing

factors are regional regulations and bureaucratic

mechanisms while the decision maker is the division

of authority between the center and the regions.

• Coordination Aspects include supporting

elements in the clearest sequence as follows: land use,

decisions, information and authority. Elements of

land use are mainly on land conversion functions,

while in decisions are more on strict rules.

Information elements include aspects of prohibition.

Whereas the authority elements include licensing and

overlapping aspects.

• Funding Aspect includes supporting elements in

the clearest sequence as follows: government,

community and private sector. On the government

element, what is clearly seen is the bureaucracy of

funds, budget allocation, disbursement of funds and

authority. Whereas in the community element the

contribution factor is the only element that is easy to

see. In the private element a clear order is donation

and tax.

• Aspects of Human Resources include supporting

elements in the clearest sequence as follows:

Quantity and quality. In the aspect of the amount

includes the quantity and proportion of the number of

human resources in the center and regions.

In summary, the conclusions that can be

formulated related to the purpose of this study are that

the management aspects that cause the lack of success

in managing green open spaces in Malang according

to the user are aspects of planning, institutional,

coordination, funding and human resources. With the

dominant aspect of management is the planning

aspect.

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