Realization of Vertical Settlements with Ecological Concepts, Case:

Dupak, Sombo, and Grudo Flats in Surabaya, Indonesia

Hakim

and Tri Endangsih

Program Studi of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Budi Luhur, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Flats, Ecological, Ecological Architecture, and Surabaya

Abstract : One of the government's efforts to overcome the problem of informal settlements is by building flats. In Act No.

16 of 1985 Article 37 flats must meet ecological requirements which include harmony and balance of

environmental functions. To improve the quality of the environment and the sustainability of flats in the

future, it’s necessary to conduct research on the application of ecological concepts by evaluating the

physical condition of buildings and the environment of flats. From the results of this study produce

recommendations for the design of an ecological flats namely; ecological improvement in land use,

provision of networks and pedestrian facilities, parking, and provision of public transport lines. Water

conservation and management by developing alternative water other than PDAM sources, management and

processing of waste waste. Energy conservation by developing alternative electrical energy not only from

PLN, utilizing solar energy for natural lighting, health and comfort in the room by optimizing natural

ventilation.

1 INTRODUCTION

Urban populations in Asian countries experience

faster growth. UN (2014) estimates that by 2030,

55% of the 4.9 billion Asian population will live in

cities(Pravitasari, 2018) and (Rika Kisnarini, 2015).

Urbanization always gives negative and positive

influences to the development in any sectors. The

consequence of urbanization is the rapid to urban

flow area will cause the slum settlements spread

widely, and the micro informal sectors are

mushrooming(Felecia P. Adam, 2017) and (Ernawati

Purwaningsih, 2011). Since the 20th century the

government has begun to implement urban reforms,

village improvement policies and resettlement. This

resulted in an era of transformation of urban villages

in Indonesia began to develop vertical

settlements(Irkham and Utomo, 2017). One of the

big cities with a fast population is Surabaya with

3,016,653 people. This number increased when

compared to last year which was 2,943,528

people(East Java Statistic Center, 2017). in the end it

led to many informal settlements and in the end the

government provided solutions to build flats from

1989 to present(Ramadhani, 2015).

To maintain the continuity of the flat, it has been

regulated in Law No. 16 of 1985 Article 37

concerning wedge buildings must meet ecological

requirements which include harmony and balance of

environmental functions(President of the Indonesian

republic, 1985). In fact, after being built and

inhabited, it affects the way or lifestyle. In Sari et

al's study (2016: 73) revealed a flat solution raises

several new problems(Sari. A. A, Shirleyana,

Feliciani, F, 2016). From several studies on flats

carried out in Surabaya, flats' 'as is' design was

exacerbated by the living habits of the residents,

making the apartment environment look more seedy

and not well organized.

Based on the previous explanation, this research

needs to be done with the aim of evaluating the

physical condition and people who occupy the flat in

the object of research, so that the concept of

ecological settlements can be identified that can be

applied to objects of observation. Evaluation is done

to see the facts of deficiencies and strengths in

settlements or flats to make ecological flats better

and better in the future.

2 METHODOLOGY

In the evaluation study the application of the concept

of ecological architecture in this flat uses a

720

Hakim, . and Endangsih, T.

Realization of Vertical Settlements with Ecological Concepts, Case: Dupak, Sombo, and Grudo Flats in Surabaya, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0009915307200727

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 720-727

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

qualitative exploration approach and for deductive

analysis(Lexy J. Moleong, 2017)and (Sudaryono,

2018). This approach is to evaluate the components

of ecological architecture that have been

implemented and that have not been applied to these

flats, so that it can be known whether this building

has been carried out in accordance with Law No. 16

of 1985 Article 37 concerning flats buildings must

meet ecological requirements.

The things that are evaluated are increasing soil

ecology, movement and connectivity, water

management and conservation, solid waste

management, and building energy. Collecting data in

accordance with the components of architectural

ecology, classifying data in information units,

categorizing and drawing conclusions(Setiawan and

Haryadi, 2010). Data collection techniques by

making direct observations on the object of research

with field notes. Observation by interviewing the

managers and residents of the Flats. Observation

results are then normalized to get new norms as a

basis for the preparation of design recommendations

for future improvements. The object of the study

were three flats built in Surabaya, including: Dupak,

Sombo, and Grudo (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Research location

Source: Research Document, 2018

According to Sugiyono, 2011 the focus of

research is anything that is in whatever form that is

determined by the researcher to obtain the

information, then draws it’s conclusions(Sugiyono,

2011). The focus of the research on the object of this

observation is the physical flats, corridors, blocks

and areas that are associated with ecological design

using green building design standards. after

collecting data categorized and evaluated to produce

design recommendations.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Definition of Ecology

Ecology is the science that studies the interaction

between organisms and their environment and

others. Derived from the Greek word oikos

("habitat") and logos ("science"). Ecology is defined

as the study of both the interaction between living

things and the interaction between living things and

their environment. The term ecology was first put

forward by Ernst Haeckel (1834-1914). In ecology,

living things are studied as a unit or system with

their environment. The term, "ecology" was first

created by Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) in 1866.

Haekal defines "comprehensive science about the

relationship of organisms to the environment"

(Frodin 2001 in Attmann, 2010: 32) (Ernst Haeckel,)

as well as Frick and Suskiyatno (2007: 1) saying

ecology is the relationship between living things

(plants, animals, humans ) with its environment (the

light of the relationship of organisms to the

environment, (krebs, (1972) the relationship between

structure and the natural function of interaction

relationships that determine the distribution and

abundance of organisms, temperature, rainfall,

humidity, topography.) Likewise according to

haeckel (1866), Ecology is a comprehensive science,

Odum (1963).

Architectural ecological principles (Batel Dinur,

Interweaving Architecture and Ecology - A

theoretical perspective). The ecological principles

include:

a. Flutuation

The principle of fluctuation states that buildings

are designed and felt as a place to differentiate

between natural culture and process

relationships. Buildings should reflect the natural

process relationships that occur at the site and

more than that allowing a process to be

considered a process and not as a presentation of

the process, more will succeed in connecting

people with the reality in that location.

b. Stratification

The principle of stratification states that building

organizations should emerge from the interaction

of differences in parts and levels. Such an

organization that allows complexity to be

managed in an integrated manner.

c. Interdependence

Stating that the relationship between buildings

and their parts is a reciprocal relationship.

Reviewers (designers and users) as well as

locations cannot be separated from parts of the

Realization of Vertical Settlements with Ecological Concepts, Case: Dupak, Sombo, and Grudo Flats in Surabaya, Indonesia

721

building, interdependence between buildings and

their parts is sustainable throughout the life of

the building.

Eco architecture emphasizes high-quality

architecture, although quality in the field of

architecture is difficult to measure and determine,

there is no clear boundary line between high-quality

architecture and ordinary architecture(Amiratiara

and Collinthia Erwindi, 2017). Existing phenomena

are architectural qualities that only pay attention to

the shape and construction of buildings and tend to

pay less attention to the quality of life and the

desires of the wearer, even though they are clear

main characters.

Figure 2 The concept of a holistic architectural ecology

Source: (Frick Heins dan Bambang Suskiyanto, 2007)

3.2 Ecological and Architecture

Ecological architecture holistic (whole). Ecological

architecture contains parts of biological architecture

(humanitarian architecture that pays attention to the

health of residents), alternative architecture, solar

architecture (relating to the use and processing of

solar energy), bionic architecture (civil engineering

and construction that takes into account natural

development), and sustainable development. The

holistic nature of ecological architecture(Karyono,

2010) and (Mahardika Ayodia, 2013).

Ecological architecture or eco-architecture is

development carried out as the needs of human life

related to the natural environment (Krusche. Per.et.al

in Frick and Suskiyatno (2007: 52)(Frick Heins dan

Bambang Suskiyanto, 2007) and (Sukawi, 2008) .

Ecological architecture relates primarily to how

ecological properties will affect buildings, their

inhabitants and the environment, ecological

architecture is used to describe the design of

ecological buildings and their balance with nature

Illustrations of the components of ecological

architecture are as it is seen on figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4. Ecological Architecture Components

Source: Krusche. Per.et.al in Frick and Suskiyatno (2007:

52)(Frick Heins dan Bambang Suskiyanto, 2007)

This balance is formed through three main

components(Attmann, 2010) and (Mahardika

Ayodia, 2013), namely:

1. Ecological elements (technology and material),

must be selected from nature or resources from

the earth that are minimally processed,

biodegradable, renewable and low in energy

2. Resource ecology, considering building resources,

site selection, soil type, and groundwater

conditions before construction is designed and

constructed. Water resources and waste

management must be built and used ecologically.

3. Environmental ecology, Prevention of pollution

(air, water and soil), preserving existing

ecosystems. Planning for responsible land use

must address problems by considering the

climate, existing ecosystems and the natural

environment. To see whether a building has met

aspects of ecology can be measured by looking at

the performance or performance of the building.

To evaluate and assess the application of

ecological architecture in buildings that have already

been operated, it can be done with a rating format

from Greenship rating tools, the Green Building

Council Indonesia 2012 for ecological areas can be

seen from several indicators, namely:1). Land

ecological enhancement, 2). Movement and

connetivity, 3). Water management and

conservation, 4). Solid waste, and 5). Building and

energy (Direktorat Pengembangan Perangkat

Penilaian, 2014). Whereas for the house building the

category in ecology is having: 1). Green area, 2).

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Supporting Infrastructure, 3). Community

Accessibility, 4). Artificial lighting, 5). Heat

reduction, 6). Water-saving output tools, 7). Use of

material, 8). Clean air circulation, 9). Minimization

of pollutant sources, 10). Maximize natural lighting,

11). Acoustic level(Titisari et al., 2012).

The above assessment to determine the level of

application of ecological architecture, the results of

the assessment can be used to improve the

performance of the building so that it can meet the

requirements of comfort, safety and health.

Building a flat should be in accordance with the

designation of land as housing as stipulated in the

Local Spatial Regulation. The five towers studied

are located in the land with residential designation

and in the local residential area. Dupak and Sombo

flats are located in a very dense area with access to

village roads as the main access. while the Grudo

flats are located in areas that are not too densely

populated and have close access to the highway.

Figure 3. Land Use In The Object Of Research

Source: Research Document, 2018

The flat area with single or plural buildings must

be well planned for green open space as a form of

building sustainability with the surrounding

environment. A green open space in the form of a

park that maintains mature trees, the existence of

land for food and land production to accommodate

the activities of flat dwellers with public facilities

such as sports fields and playgrounds. To improve

the ecology of a land, it is necessary to have a Green

Open Space that aims to maintain the harmony and

balance of the ecosystem, to improve the quality and

function of the natural environment and improve the

comfort and health of residents in flats. The

availability of green open spaces in the flat areas in

Surabaya can be categorized into two types:

1. Area with a single building

Grudo flats are single buildings, with single loaded

corridor and middle voids which are used as parks.

In the flat area, there is only one flat block

building. Based on the results of observations

carried out by the two towers, the environment has

a much better quality and an effort to improve the

ecology of the land compared to other flats. In

Grudo flats, there is a green open space that can be

used for interaction and children's play,

maintaining a number of large trees in the area and

the efforts to produce food such as vegetables that

can be directly used by residents, such as vegetable

planting can be seen in the area and in the flat

corridor planted on each floor.

Figure 4. Green Open Space In Grudo Flats

Source: Research Document, 2018

2. Area with plural buildings

Plural buildings in the flat area are in the Dupak

and Sombo flats. In the second area, the flats

have a very large land with more than five flats.

In Dupak flats there are five flats with three

floors, Dupak flats are very minimal with public

facilities, open spaces are used as parking lots for

flats, besides that there is no green space. There

are only a number of trees that are maintained

and some ornamental plants are planted in the

area.

Figure 5. Green Open Space In Dupak And Sombo Flats

Source: Research Document, 2018

In Sombo flats, there are 10 flat blocks with four

floors with adequate public facilities, but in the

Sombo flat area there is not enough green open

space to accommodate public activities as well as to

maintain environmental balance, there are only a

Realization of Vertical Settlements with Ecological Concepts, Case: Dupak, Sombo, and Grudo Flats in Surabaya, Indonesia

723

number of retained trees and land for vegetable

production in front of the management office.

Figure 6. Green Open Space In Sombo Flats

Source: Research Document, 2018

A good flat area with a single or plural building

must be well planned for green open space as a form

of building sustainability with the surrounding

environment. A green open space in the form of a

park that maintains mature trees, the existence of

land for food and land production to accommodate

the activities of flat dwellers with public facilities

such as sports fields and playgrounds.

3.3 Movement and Connectivity

In an area of flats, pedestrian lanes must be

available, this is aimed at connectivity between

buildings or blocks within the flat area, the ease of

achievement, security and comfort of the residents

and other users. In the five cases of flats in Surabaya

there are no networks and special facilities for khaki

travelers. When viewed from the region, Sombo and

Dupak flats, which have more than one flat block in

the area providing pedestrian paths, should be

available to connect between buildings and

pedestrian paths to enter and exit in the area, while

in Grudo flats which are single buildings and triple

requires more pedestrian paths to enter the area. The

unavailability of pedestrian paths in the towers

causes the vehicles to be sequential in the same road.

Figure 7. Access To Flats

Source: Research Document, 2018

Efforts to encourage flat-dwellers to use public

transportation with the aim of reducing emissions

are also not easy, even though the rusun location is

close to the road access which makes it easy for

residents to access public transportation. For this

reason, it is necessary to have a bus stop near the flat

which can encourage residents to use public

transportation rather than private, but in its

development residents prefer private vehicles such

as motorbikes for daily transportation.

3.3.1 Water Management and Conservation

Generally in the three flats as a case study the

residents use well water and PDAM clean water.

Their well water is used for bathing and washing

purposes while water from PDAM is used for

cooking purposes. In some flats, such as in Sombo,

only using well water for cooking and bathing needs

is caused by inability to pay for clean water from the

PDAM. Problems faced by the residents of the flats,

such as having to bear the burden of water

payments, can be done with the effort to design

alternative water uses that are not from groundwater

and PDAM independently, in addition to reducing

the burden on residents also aims to maintain

ecology. Efforts to use alternative water must be

developed, although not yet optimal in available

Grudo flats, taps that can be drunk directly on each

floor can help the occupants obtain clean water

which can also save energy.

3.4 Solid Waste

Aspects that include ecological design are also the

efforts to implement solid waste management,

namely waste. It aims to reduce the negative impact

of the environment. Ecological flats can be seen

from the selection and collection facilities of three

types of biodegradable waste, inorganic waste, and

waste containing toxic and toxic materials found in

all areas both in buildings, landscaping and public

places. Based on the field observations, out of the

three cases of flats there were only one flats, the

Grudo flats were available, the sorting facilities were

three types of garbage contained in the building and

its area. This was also supported by the cooperation

of the residents who carried out the selection and

collection activities of the garbage so that it went

well.

Figure 8. Waste Sorting Facilities

Source: Research Document, 2018

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3.5 Conservation Energy

Ecological flats should take advantage of minimal

and economical energy use but still be able to work

efficiently and effectively for residents in flats. This

can be seen in the flats design that utilizes efficient

artificial lighting without reducing lighting quality.

Maximizing natural lighting is one way to save

electricity from the use of lights during the day.

With the use of natural lighting such as sunlight can

be beneficial to health and prevent the growth of

microbes. In the case study of the three flats, there

were two flats, namely Dupak and Sombo flats,

which kept lighting on the corridors, housing units,

kitchens, bathrooms throughout the day. This is

influenced by the shape of the corridor, stairway

placement, and the type and dimension of openings

used.

Figure 8. Use Of Electrical Energy Source: Research Document,

2018

The use of single loaded corridor is a fairly good

form applied to flats as seen in the case of Grudo

flats. In addition to the problem of energy use that

must be minimal, energy conservation can be seen

by the efforts to use alternative energy sources. In

the third case of flats there was one flats that had

used solar cells as an effort to use alternative energy,

namely in the Grudo flats. The efforts to use solar

cells can reduce the electricity burden that must be

borne by the occupants at the stacking house and

reduce the impact on the environment associated

with electricity-based electricity generation.

Figure 9. Use of photovoltaics as alternative electricity

Source: Research Document, 2018

3.6 Indoor Health And Comfort

In the case study of flats, there are two types of flats.

Where in Dupak flats, Sombo uses a kitchen and

communal bathroom. While Flats Grudo uses a

kitchen and private bathroom. So that this section

will be divided into two parts. Based on the results

found in the field of natural ventilation and air

circulation (exchange) is not optimal in Dupak and

Sombo flats. This can be seen from: Openings and

Openings Type used by flats. The inlet type must be

able to direct the air motion as evenly as possible,

and optimize the air rate and change the air in space

and open the lid flexibly as needed. Basically the

entry and exit of air and wind. Cross ventilation

helps to optimize natural air inside the room. Based

on the results of the analysis of the three flats that

have optimal natural ventilation are in the Grudo

flats.

Figure 10. System Of Ventilation In Grudo Flats

Source: Research Document, 2018

Figure 11. Development of natural ventilation systems

Source: Research Document, 2018

Realization of Vertical Settlements with Ecological Concepts, Case: Dupak, Sombo, and Grudo Flats in Surabaya, Indonesia

725

4 CONCLUSION

The conclusions of this study are:

1. Land ecological enhancement and community in

these three cases can be classified in single and

multiple land uses. Input to land use and use for

public facilities is to provide green open space for

the public, preservation of plant habitat, providing

a productive community / garden community for

residents to produce their own food ingredients.

Provide land for animal raising so as not to keep

animals in the flat. Provide land for children's

playroom and space for interaction among the

residents. Provide land for sports fields and

provide a hall to accommodate the social cultural

activities of residents.

2.Movement and connectivity of three cases that

have provided pedestrian networks and facilities,

shared parking and vehicle lanes are grudo towers.

Recommendation on Movement and connectivity

are providing pedestrian paths within the area and

between buildings with natural materials so that

rainwater can directly absorb into the soil. Provide

a shared parking space located at the bottom of the

building to avoid on street parking.

3.On the Water management and conservation of the

three cases that have been implemented in the

Grudo flats in the presence of water ready to drink

from the faucet and the provision of trash bins and

waste disposal treatment tanks. Recommendations

on Water management and conservation by

planning rainwater harvesting systems to water

plants in green open spaces and flat gardens. In

addition, it can plan the processing of liquid waste

to be managed into alternative energy such as

biogas.

4. In the management of solid waste in three cases of

buildings that have implemented Grudo flats, there

are three types of waste available in the building

and the area. For that, it is necessary to provide a

container, sorting and processing facilities for

waste, so that from the processing of the waste,

organic fertilizer can be produced which can be

used to fertilize the green open spaces and gardens

in the flats.

5. The optimal use of natural ventilation in flat units

with cross ventilation design so that the wind

moves evenly. wide openings dimension without

obstruction so that wind speed is higher, use single

loaded corridor to avoid obstruction of air into the

space by planning a plan of each rectangular plan

so that natural ventilation will be evenly

distributed throughout the room

6. In energy conservation, the three cases that have

applied alternative energy are Grudo flats by

utilizing solar energy as a source of energy for

electricity using photovoltaic devices. a

recommendation for energy conservation is to

develop alternative energy that is already available

for electricity. efficient use of electrical energy by

optimizing natural lighting in buildings with north

south building orientation so that natural lighting

will be evenly distributed throughout the flats,

using single loaded corridors to avoid darkness on

the inside of the corridor and the optimal use of

transparent openings with wide dimens on the

walls.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to the director of research and dedication to

the community of Budi Luhur university, as well all

managers and communities who live in flats that are

the research samples for the permission and data

support we receive for the benefit of this research.

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