Moderating Effect of Emotional Parent-child Closeness on Relation

between Psychopath and Empathy

Fathul Lubabin Nuqul

Psychology Faculty Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Keywords: Empathy, Psychopathy, Parent-Child Emotional Closeness.

Abstract: Psychopathic personalities are considered to have contributed in the act which bears to hurt other people.

Several studies have consistently found a lack of empathy characterizes psychopaths. On the other hand, the

relationship between parents and children that positively correlated with empathy the child. This research

aims to look at the role of parent-child closeness as a moderator in the relationship between psychopathic

personalities with empathy. This research involves 166 high school students who complete a psychopathic

personality scale, quality of empathy scale and emotional relationship between child parents. The results

showed that the psychopath shows influence negatively to empathy. So also with the quality of children's

emotional relationship, parents have a positive influence of empathy. However, the emotional relationship

of the child-parent relationship changes between psychopathic and empathy.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years this little community information

space via the internet, television as well as social

networking is filled with various news of violence.

The violence pattern that involved children and teens

no matter the more varied and higher risk, like

bullying, cyberbullying and motor gangster. For

cases of violence involving children as victims or

perpetrator is concern seriously. Indonesian Child

Protection Commission (KPAI) in 2011 to

September 2017 has received 2600 cases of children.

The highest report received KPAI is children who

are dealing with the law. "Children are dealing with

the law as much as 34 percent of one example of

cases of violence or bullying on his friend —

besides, cases of domestic violence and parenting 19

percent.

Another form of violence is cyberbullying. The

data showed as many as 55% of parents said they

know a child suffered cyberbullying

(http://edukasi.kompas.com). The cyberbullying

threats are obtaining from the results of IPOS

Research in 2011, which is a global research

company from France. IPOS provides surveying to

18,687 residents in 24 countries, including

Indonesia, through an online survey methodology

(Safaria, 2016).

For the case of the motor-gang, there is no

concrete data, but Polda Metro Jaya recorded during

the period 2012 through early 2013 noted there are

10 cases of crimes either persecution or Mass fights

involving the motorcycle gang that occurred in

Jakarta (Tribunnews, 2013)

Psychopathy is a substantial effect on a various

source of violence (Baumeister, 2001). Psychopath

is adjactive from anti-social behavior. The anti-

social behavior is the presence of a chronic and

pervasive disposition to disregard and violate the

rights of others. Manifestations include repeated

violations of the law, exploitation of others,

deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, reckless

disregard for the safety of self and others, and

irresponsibility, accompanied by lack of guilt,

remorse, and empathy. (Colman, 2015)

Hare (1996) had previously also suggested the

psychopath is a constellation of conditions that

showed indications of antisocial personality (Hare,

1996). In some previous studies comparing

psychopaths with a non-psychopath, also revealed

that the psychopathic become potentially violent

behavior in prison as well as in other forensic

settings (Edens, Buffington, & Tomicic, 2000). The

Psychopath is also a valid predictor for acts of

violence (Cale & Lilienfeld, 2006) and repetition

(recidivism) (Hemphill, Hare, & Wong, 1998;

Salekin, Rogers, & Sewell, 1996) as well as on a

1356

Nuqul, F.

Moderating Effect of Emotional Parent-child Closeness on Relation between Psychopath and Empathy.

DOI: 10.5220/0009927613561362

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1356-1362

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

teenager that psychopathic related to crime or

violence either repetition more (Edens, Campbell, &

Weir, 2007).

In the dynamics of individuals with psychopathic

tendencies are strong can be seen based on the

severity of the dysfunctional behavior and inability

to manage their emotions. The characteristics most

often used as an indicator of anti-social characters

are as follows: to lie and deceive, the lack of concern

for others, a minimal emotional intelligence, lack of

remorse or guilt, and aggression either active or

passive — the most severe on the spectrum. People

with indications of psychopathy to behave without

emotion in action painful and destructive the other

(Hare, 1996).

Psychopathic more controlled by thought and

their behavior and typically does not feel any

attachment to interpersonal (Owens, McPharlin,

Brooks, & Fritzon, 2018). It can study imitated the

various emotions and demonstrate socially desirable

behavior, acceptable, and reliable to get what they

want or to blend. That is why many people like that

are called high functioning. They can be very

manipulative and often motivated by a sense of

power and control.

Many perpetrators are unidentified because they

have learned to disguise a socially or because they

are in an entirely safe situation. Others describe

many people who fit here as being attractive, or

healthy, or dear, or a family-oriented or hard worker,

smart, successful, or excellent people. Such people

have learned how feelings and actions to get what

they want without negative consequences. It is all

about personal gain, at the expense of wounding

others (Edens et al., 2007).

Empathy is understanding a person from his or

her frame of reference rather than one’s own, or

vicariously experiencing that person’s feelings,

perceptions, and thoughts. Empathy does not, of

itself, entail motivation to be of assistance, although

it may turn into sympathy or personal distress, which

may result in action. In psychotherapy, therapist

empathy for the client can be a path to

comprehension of the client’s cognitions, affects,

motivations, or behaviors (Colman, 2015)

Empathy is the fundamental factor to be taken

into consideration and evaluated when trying to

understand the incident hurt others happen because

empathy is the ability to understand how feelings

and other thoughts and care. Empathy is the key to

the development of ordinary moral people. Since

early life, children are being taught not to hurt others

and has told to speak well. The kids quickly feel

very different to violate this rule (Karos, Meulders,

Goubert, & Vlaeyen, 2018; Pajevic, Vukosavljevic-

Gvozden, Stevanovic, & Neumann, 2018).

The emotional closeness of parents and children

regarded as a dominant factor in increasing empathy

(Browne, 2010). The emotional closeness between

parent-child characterized by mutual love and the

desire to maintain the physical closeness, in that it is

the emotional ties between the child and the parent

(Anthony et al., 2005).

Empathy had been making a difference. Every

time it hurt someone, people will empathies can feel

the others people distress. Moreover, begin

associating other pain with the own pain.

Furthermore, violence then feels as bad thing

intrinsically (Winangsih, Yuniarti, & Aprianti,

2018). On the other hand, helping others make a

person feel the happiness that helped, and will start

to feel good. If a person with lack empathy, this will

never happen. In another hand, hurting other people

will create fatal harm anyone else.

The ability to feel empathy and act with

compassion is usually reduced or even completely

lacking among people with psychopathic traits

(Pajevic et al., 2018). Ordinary people do not

perform aggression against other people because

they empathize with the pain of others and don't like

it. People with psychopathic traits are more powerful

not care if they hurt others, or they want to hurt

others. The fact that they hurt others does not bother

them (either because of denial, delusion, or lack of

consideration) (Cale & Lilienfeld, 2006).

Some people justify it by saying, it is "they

deserve it, or" "they request it, or" "it is wrong to

them," and others, but that is just blaming the victim.

In many cases, a documented rapist or perpetrators

of violence on children assume they deserve it.

Psychopathic personality includes a series of

characteristics that appear early in life and are

affected by the insecure attachment between

children and their parents. Problems in the

interaction with a parent-child influenced the

development of empathy (Panfile & Laible, 2012),

that contributes to impaired relations with others and

judgments on you in the extended run (Mack,

Hackney, & Pyle, 2011). The interaction between

psychopathy and parent-child emotional closeness, a

low level of empathy, and the ability to regulate

one's emotions have been investigated separately in

many studies (Donahue, McClure, & Moon, 2014;

Mack et al., 2011; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003).

However, few studies have examined the complex

interaction of all these variables together and causal

mechanisms in a non-clinical population of elusive

(Mack et al., 2011). Individuals who are they

Moderating Effect of Emotional Parent-child Closeness on Relation between Psychopath and Empathy

1357

psychopaths tend to more easily engage in crimes

compared with non-psychopathic (Cornell et al.,

1996). The similar thing that was done by

Woodworth and Porter that psychopathic tendencies

have involved more torment as much as 48%

compared to that which is unpsychopathic

(Woodworth & Porter, 2002).

According to the explanation above, the research

aims to explore the dynamics of the role of parent-

child emotional closeness in its effect on empathy

and psychopathic, directly or indirectly.

2 METHOD

This research uses a quantitative approach with

method survey. The approach emphasizes

quantitative analysis of numerical data (numbers)

processed with statistical methods. In General,

quantitative research is research that uses a large

sample (Saefudin, 1998). The survey method used

in this research use a structured and systematic

question to many people for later recorded,

processed and analyzed. Those questions used to

measure variables research (Prasetyo, n.d.)

2.1 Participant

The participants of this research were a senior

school student in SMA Mazra’atul Ulum Paciran

Lamongan East Java Indonesia. The sum of

partisipant in the reseach totaled 166 students,

Partisipants details of 86 men and 80 Women. The

age ranges 14-16 years. The sample determines by

random sampling technique.

2.2 Measurement

Measurements in this study using three scales,

namely, psychopathy scale, empathy scale, and

parent-child emotional closeness scale. For further

described as follows:

2.2.1 Psychopathy Scale

Psychopathy scale amounts to 6 items. The scale

adapted from dark trait scale short version (Jones &

Paulhus, 2014). The following sample of an item

from Psychopathy scale in Indonesian “Orang-

orang yang mengacaukan hidup saya akan menyesal

kemudian.", and “Saya suka memberontak terhadap

otoritas/guru/sekolah” In the study, Psychopathy

scale has alpha cronbach 0,687. Scale scoring used

the Likert model with 1-4 range score

2.2.2 Empathy Scale

The scale of Empathy amounts to 9 items. In the

study, The following sample of an item from

empathy scale in Indonesian “Saya dapat

merasakan perasaan sedih orang lain walaupun dia

tidak mengatakannya” and “Saya sering merasa

terharu ketika melihat hal-hal yang menyentuh

hati”.The empathy scale has alpha cronbach 0.759. 

The empathy cale scoring used the Likert model

with 1-4 range score

2.2.3 Parent-child Emotional Closeness

Scale

The scale of Parent-child emotional Closeness

that adds to 9 items. The following sample of item

from parent-child emotional closeness scale in

Indonesian; “Komunikasi saya dengan ibu/ayah

terjalin dengan baik dan nyaman" and ”Saya sering

bertukar pikiran dengan ibu atau ayah di rumah” In

the study, parent-child emotional closeness scale has

alpha cronbach 0.759. Scale scoring used the Likert

model with 1-4 range score.

2.3 Data Analysis

Before testing the hypothesis, also carried out an

analysis of categorization by using a scale of norms

by calculating the mean hypothetic (M) and standard

deviation (SD). Categorization divided into three

categories covering high, medium and low on each

both variables are psychopathic, empathy and

parent-child closeness. As for the determination of

various categorization as follows in table 1.

To determine the relationship between

psychopathic, empathy and parent-child emotional

closeness use analysis of product-moment Pearson

correlation

Table. 1. Categorization Standard

Category Range

High >Mean+1SD

Medium 1SD - Mean + 1 SD

Low < Mean-1SD

Therefore to determine the results of the mediation

effects formula used hence Andrew Hayes

(Darlington & Hayes, 2016).

3 RESULT

Before analyzing the data to test the hypothesis,

a descriptive analysis was carried out. The results of

which were as follows

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

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Table 2: Categorization of Empathy

Categorization Frequency %

High in Empathy 132 79,5

Medium in Empathy 34 20,5

Law in Empathy

Total 166 100,0

From the results of the categorization, shows that

there are 132 (79.5%) subjects have a high level of

empathy, while the remaining 34 (20.5%) have

moderate empathy. The also show none of the

subjects had low empathy. These results indicate

that overall the subject has a high tendency of

empathy.

Table 3: Categorization of parent-child emotion

closeness.

Categorization Frequency %

High in emotion closeness 87 52,4

Medium in emotion closeness 78 47,0

Low in emotion closeness 1 ,6

Total 166 100,0

From the results of categorization, calculations

showed that there were 87 (52.4%) participant

subjects had close emotions with high parents. On

the other hand, there are 78 (47%) having parent-

child emotions closeness with moderate parents.

There is only one or 0.6% of subjects who lack

closeness with parents. These results indicate that

participants tend to have close parent-child well.

The categorization results showed that there were

only 3 (1.8%) people who had a high tendency to

behave psychopathically. While most or as many as

108 (65.1 %) psychopathic tendencies at the

moderate level. Subjects who had low psychopathic

studies were 55 (33.1 %) participant. The result

shows that most participants have little potential to

act psychopathically.

Table 4. Psychopathy Categorization

Categorization Frequency %

Low in Psychopathy 55 33,1

Medium in Psychopathy 108 65,1

High in Psychopathy 3 1,8

Total 166 100,0

Research hypothesis predicts Empathy correlated

with the immediacy of feeling older parents and

psychopathic tendencies.Correlation of test results

shows that there is a significant relationship between

empathy and immediacy of feeling older parents (r =

0.36, p < 0.05), and between empathies with

psychopathic tendencies (r = -0.31, p < 0.05).

Table 5. Data description.

No Variable Min Max Mean SD

1 Psychopath 7,00 21,00 12,46 2,50

2 Empathy 20,00 38,00 29,27 3,03

3 Parent-Child

Emotional

Closeness

17,00 36,00 27,97 3,47

There is a direct effect of the psychopathic

personality tendency effect negatively to empathy (r

= - 0.3321; p < 0.001). As well as the proximity of

the emotions the children parents have a positive

influence towards empathy (r = 0.3033; p < 0.001).

However, from the results of a calculation to answer

the hypothesis of the existence of emotional

closeness of moderation effect child-parent

relationship between psychopathic personalities and

empathy found that the influence of the parent-child

emotional closeness as moderator is - 0.035, with

standard error (95% Confidence Interval based on

5000 resamples of 0.0934 until 0.0181). It concludes

the effect is not significant or moderator effect from

parent-child emotional closeness not exist.

Table 5: Intercorrelation result between psychopathy,

empathy, and parent-child emotional closeness.

No 1 2 3

1 Psychopath -

2 Empathy -0,309

3 Parent-Child

Emotional

Closeness

-0,101 0,375

** Significant at p < 0,01

4 DISCUSSION.

Empathy is one of the essential individuals in

particular adolescents. Empathy makes the

individual will retains the ability to feel the feelings

experienced by others. On the research indicates the

result that most of the subjects have empathy. The

subject of this research is on high school students.

The study supports other research that that teenagers

tend to do indeed tend to be high, especially on the

peers (Angraini & Cucuani, 2014). Empathy is high

in teenagers especially those still sitting in school

will reduce the negative impact in socializing as a

brawl.

On the other hand, adolescents tend to

experience emotional problems rises. This result will

be correct with the high grade of empathy in others.

Despite this high empathy in teenagers could also

give a negative impact, especially on the group.

Moderating Effect of Emotional Parent-child Closeness on Relation between Psychopath and Empathy

1359

Empathy will make the group the more closely.

Teenagers will build the cohesiveness of the group.

A cohesive group will provide roundness in the

decision to act. It will then give directions that could

be negative or positive. The result implies that the

impact of empathy for the lives of the group depends

very much on the norm group. If the norm is right,

then the action group would also be helpful.

The study results also show that the subject is a

lot more that have the closeness between himself

and the emotions parents firmly. This result suggests

that the need to interact both physically and non-

physical with parents in a family is still high. The

family is the smallest unit in the life of socialization.

The family became the first place for the children to

get to know and learn about life. Each child always

wanted to have a family that gives a sense of

security and harmony, when one of his parents is not

present, then there are inequalities in the

development of psychology.

A similar study on teens who do not live with a

father and mother will culminate in substance abuse

(Hoffmann, 2002). The problem of such behavior is

affected by the absence of fathers in children's lives

to provide explicit limitations upon good behavior.

The involvement of fathers in parenting gives a

positive impact on all aspects of child development,

namely cognitive, achievement, intellectual,

emotional, social, moral, kind of role as well as a

decrease in a negative child (Nangle, Kelley, Fals-

Stewart, & Levant, 2003).

The relationship of belonging to teens and their

parents can give a significant influence on the

development of teenagers through openness,

harmony, and solving conflicts. Teens who have a

good relationship with his parents will have good

behavior and a little-distorted behavior (Shek, 2007).

The quality of the relationship teenagers and parents

consists of quality teen relationships with fathers and

mothers with teenage relation quality (Shek, 2007).

For example, a teenager who has a relationship of

good emotions with parents will avoid the internet

addiction of teenagers (Liu, Fang, Zhou, Zhang, &

Deng, 2013) and also reduced the brawl, while also

increasing the ability to confront conflict (Hakim,

2015). The relationship between teens and parents

who are less harmonious make teenage frustration

towards interpersonal relationships with parents. The

weak relationship between teens and parents because

of the lack of attention given and closed

communication, making the emotional needs of

teenagers will not be fulfilled.

The results of the study also illustrate that for

prone psychopath subjects are on the extent the

medium. This grade of psychopathy is a warning in

the development of teenagers. Though not too high

for teens, this level is already a tendency to be

dangerous. This occasion caused by emotions of

teenagers who tend to increase. Besides

susceptibility to wrong in the Association. Juvenile

delinquency:can devide into few form such as,

Delinquency, as usual: scrappy, like lingering in,

ditching school, go without saying goodbye.

Delinquency leads to violations and crimes, such as

Steering without a license, burglary, breaking traffic

signs particular Delinquency, such as drug use,

premarital sex, abortion, murder (EB Surbakti, 2013;

Ekowarni, 1993).

Additionally, psychopathic empirically have

believed associated with violent behavior. The

results of this study are consistent with research

conducted by Boumaster (2001). In General; people

with a high tendency of psychopathy will tend to

have, but different from previous studies in the study

found no correlation between emotional closeness of

parents with psychopathic tendencies (Baumeister,

2001). Although statistically, the proximity of

parents is not able to be the moderator on the

relationship between empathy and psychopathic

personality, the proximity of parents and children is

an essential factor in the formation of one's empathy.

The purpose of this research that proves the

closeness of emotions the children of parents

showed that children who feel close emotionally

with parents would have good empathy. Parents who

are emotionally close with will tend to teach good

behavior in children. These same results with

research conducted by Eisenberg and his colleagues,

who in his work invites the old man with his son,

saw the movie together. Then they asked about his

feelings after watching the film. The results show

that parents who have the immediacy of emotion in

children will tend to help tackle the problem

effectively compared with parents who are not close

to the child. Although parent-child emotional

closeness not related with psychopathic tendencies

statistically, these studies provide enough hope that

closeness with the emotion of the child and the

parents have a positive correlation (Eisenberg et al.,

1999).

The role of the parent, in general, is so important

in fostering their children empathy. For practical

effort to increase empathy, like, first, conditioning

with the words "thank you," "sorry" and "please."

Child empathy in the family will learn by teaching

children to utter the “miraculous words"

(Cahyaningrum, Andayani, & Setiawan, 2018;

Kalimayatullah & Wahyuningsih, 2016). Please,

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1360

sorry and thanks. To teach the word parent should

make persuasion by demonstrating the benefits that

accrue if uttered that Word both for himself and

others. A child should teach to recognize also the

reaction changes the emotions after the words

spoken. For example to say the magic words point

also be material that should teach to children. It will

cause them normative belief, by means. The child

will believe speech is as expressed by his parents are

an advantage for themselves.

Second, storytelling is a considerable way to

increase child empathy (Browne, 2010), storytelling

activity conducted by the parents to the child.

Storytelling would provide the proximity of parents

and children (Hariana, Muktadir, & Lusa, 2018;

Winangsih et al., 2018). Besides, the child will train

in their imagination (Larasati, 2018). The contents of

a good fairy tale, full of example story and values of

goodwill teach to children. Storytelling time also

becomes a concern. Sleep time preparation is a

suitable moment. The reason can put forward is

because at the time the child was physically

experienced tire and require recovery physically.

Third, invite the child to feel the feelings of

others a broader perspective taking (Heck,

Chernyak, & Sobel, 2018). One way is to visit the

orphanage or places of less fortunate people. In

addition to helping improve empathy in less

fortunate people. Visit places like orphanages and

about-where people who are less fortunate will also

increase gratitude (Decety, Meidenbauer, & Cowell,

2018).

5 CONCLUSION

This research shows that children's emotional

closeness and the role of parents is high efficiency in

it through empathy, even though it does not directly

affect the psychopathic personality, but when

empathy is increasing will decrease the tendency of

a psychopath. The role of the family becomes very

important then, from these studies it is

recommended to more significantly encourage the

emotional closeness of more elderly parents to

produce children behave appropriately and will

ultimately promote a peaceful society.

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