The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation

and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence

Laila Atiqah

, Rena Latifa

and Solicha

Faculty of Psychology, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jl. Juanda, No. 95, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15412, Indonesia

Keywords: Sibling relationship, parent-adolescent relationship, emotion regulation, adolescence

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effect of parent-adolescent relationship, emotion regulation and

demographic factors to the sibling relationship in adolescence. the subjects are 191 students of X Senior

High School in East Jakarta. The result showed that there was a significant effect from variable parent-

adolescent relationship, emotion regulation and demographic factors with significant value of 0.000 or p <

0.05 to sibling relationship. The result of minor hypothesis test that examines the effect of seven

independent variable, there are only one independent variable significant effect to sibling relationship, that

is the variable parent-adolescent relationship, while variable cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression,

gender, age spacing, birth order and family size does not affect to sibling relationship.

1 INTRODUCTION

Family is the most important part of life. In addition

to parents or fathers and mothers, there are siblings

who have an important role in our lives. Sibling

relationships are the total of the interactions

(physical, verbal, and nonverbal communication) of

two or move individuals who share knowledge,

perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings regarding

each other, from the time that one sibling becomes

aware of the other (Cicirelli, 1995). Sibling

relationships is a unique relationship. Characterized

by love, warmth, conflict and rivalry (Buist,

Deković & Prinzie, 2013).

According to Cicirelli (1995) siblings can have a

major influence on each other's lives. He also

revealed that the influence of siblings in the

socialization process can be stronger than that of

parents. The presence of siblings can act as

emotional support, friends communicate, even as

rivals.

The siblings influence the development of each

other when they act as social partners and role

models. Between them can indirectly influence each

other based on their impact on larger family

dynamics such as acting as something that forms

several components of the family structure, holding

a position that suits the family, or weakening family

sources (McHale, Updegraff, & Whiteman, 2012).

Lohmann (2014) states that there are three

reasons why a healthy relationship with siblings is

very important in life. First, friends may come in

turns but siblings are friends who will not leave.

You can say your relationship is one of the very long

relationships that humans have. Second, your

relationship is not made up and always is. Because

we grow with them, with parents, memories and

similar experiences. Third, the relationship with

siblings is a unique relationship and cannot be found

in other relationships.

Longitudinal research at Harvard University

conducted since 1938 by monitoring the lives of two

groups of men totaling 724 men, got the result that

good close relationships are important to make us

happier and healthier. Based on the study, happy

people are people who rely on relationships with

family, friends and community. The study also said

that a good life is built with good relationships

(Waldinger, 2017).

During a longitudinal study at Harvard

University since 1938, research was also conducted

on whether sibling relationships in childhood were

predictors of major depression in adulthood. Based

on these studies it was found that poor sibling

relationships in childhood may be an important and

specific predictor of major depression in adulthood.

Respondents who had a bad relationship with their

siblings in childhood were significantly more likely

to experience depression in adulthood than those

284

Atiqah, L., Latifa, R. and Solicha, .

The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence.

DOI: 10.5220/0009929102840291

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 284-291

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

who have a better sibling relationships (Waldinger,

Vaillant & Orav, 2007).

Problems in sibling relationships that are most

often found are rivalry, conflict and violence (Hegar,

1988). During adolescence, siblings often have

disagreements. The phenomenon of sibling rivalry

when handled well, a healthy competition among

siblings will lead to the acquisition of social skills,

interpersonal and cognitive skills essential for

children's development. Conversely, if there is an

error in handling sibling rivalry, it can cause

psychological problems later on (Leung & Robson,

1991).

Furman and Burhmester in Cicirelli (1995)

examined the quality of warmth and closeness,

status and power, and conflict in sibling relations

during late childhood and adolescence. Rivalry and

conflict peak in early adolescence and decline in late

adolescence. During this period, siblings showed a

decrease in the intensity and involvement of

relationships because more time was spent on peer

relationships.

The quality of positive sibling relationships (such

as pleasure, trust and understanding) decreases in

adolescence and rises in adulthood. Conversely, the

quality of negative sibling relationships (such as

arguing and competition) increases in adolescence

and decreases in adulthood. Mostly due to changes

in adolescence to turbulence at the stage of life, and

unpredictable emotions. It’s difficult to accept

changes in siblings behavior or personality. Whereas

in early adulthood is associated with increased

maturity and ability to accept each other.

Some studies found that changes in relation

sibling relationship is marked by the increasing

conflicts between siblings during early adolescence.

As the subject progressed in adolescence, the level

of conflict in siblings that had previously been high

decreased and intimacy in sibling relations increased

slightly or remained stable between the beginning

and the end of adolescence (Oliva & Arranz, 2005).

In previous research (Furman & Buhrmester,

1985) examined the quality of warmth and

closeness, status and power, and conflict in

relationships siblings during late childhood and

adolescence. Rivalry and conflict peak in early

adolescence and decline in late adolescence. During

this period, siblings showed a decrease in the

intensity and involvement of relationships because

more time was spent on peer relationships.

The quality of positive sibling relationships (such

as pleasure, trust and understanding) decreases in

adolescence and rises in adulthood. Conversely, the

quality of negative sibling relationships (such as

arguing and rivalry) increases in adolescence and

decreases in adulthood. Mostly due to changes in

adolescence to turbulence at the stage of life, and

unpredictable emotions. Siblings find it hard to

accept the changes in behaviour or personality of his

siblings. While in early adulthood associated with

increased maturity and capability to accept one

another.

In Indonesia, there were cases of mistreatment

between siblings which resulted in the loss of one of

their lives. One case that occurred in South

Lampung in May 2017. An older brother killed his

own sibling. The incident happened because both of

them fought because their biological mother was

abandoned by his brother (Kupastuntas, 2017).

Sindonews (2017) mentions another case related

to the murder of a sister by her own sibling, namely

murder which is allegedly a legacy problem. In

September 2017 there were also cases of siblings

taking the lives of their siblings because of the

struggle for family land (Tribunnews, 2017). There

were cases of fights between sister on November 11,

2017 which killed her brother. The fight happened

because the older brother did not accept being

reprimanded by his sister (Sindonews, 2017).

In Haibunda (2018) another case related to the

murder committed by an older brother told his sister.

The center of attention is the four-year-old brother

and baby brother. The reason is that older siblings

feel that mothers are more affectionate to their

younger siblings, and that since his mother became

pregnant many said things like that so that they

became reinforcers of their actions.

Based on these cases, it is important to maintain

the quality of sibling relationships.

Sibling relationships is the relationship of a

person with relatives of both women and men who

have one or both parents of the same (Kennedy &

Volling, 2009). Sibling relationship are described as

the most enduring family relationships, remain

unique and influential regardless of their secondary

interests (Bank & Kahn, 1997; Goetting, 1986 in

Scharf, Shulman, & Avigad-Spitz, 2005).

The sibling relationship is described as an

emotionally ambivalent feeling that is a pair of

siblings who can become warm and also conflict.

For many people, this is a combination of strong

positive and negative emotions that make sibling

relationships very important. Individual differences

in positive and negative terms toward siblings are

relatively stable in childhood and adolescence,

although the average intensity and frequency of

positive and negative interactions between siblings

The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence

285

decreases with age. (Deater-Deckard, Dunn, &

Lussier, 2002).

Brothers or sisters who are able to support each

other when stress can also be a source of actual

stress can result in worse consequences (Deater-

Deckard, Dunn, & Lussier, 2002). The sibling

relationship is a lasting relationship, surviving from

birth to old age, and longer than a relationship with a

parent, spouse or child. In general, sibling

relationship from birth to old age can play a

beneficial role in the development and maintenance

of social interactions that last a lifetime (Kennedy &

Volling, 2009).

The sibling relationship includes helping,

sharing, teaching, fighting, and playing. Siblings can

also act as supporters, competitors, and

communicating partners (Santrock, 2011). McHale,

Updegraff and Whiteman (2012) state that sibling

relationships are shaped by factors, ranging from

children's characteristics to cultural norms and

values.

The sibling relationships consists of four

dimensions (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) namely

warmth / closeness is the extent to which a person is

loved and accepted, relative power / status is the

ability to shape, influence, or control the behavior of

others, conflict is a fight or mutual resistance

between siblings, and rivalry is competitiveness and

jealousy between siblings.

According to Kennedy and Volling (2009)

children with a sibling relationship warm and caring

is usually more friendly and easy to share with their

siblings. Siblings of the same sex have greater

warmth and closeness than siblings of different

sexes (Cicirelli, 1995). Warmth can be seen from the

feeling, the number of contacts and the amount of

your involvement. Siblings unusual conflict and high

levels of conflict that could give a negative

impression on family life (Kennedy & Volling,

2009).

Problems with competition usually begin at the

birth of a second child, when caregiver / parent's

attention is no longer focused on a single child, and

can last throughout childhood and adolescence

(Kennedy & Volling, 2009).

Rivalry naturally develops when the eldest child

fights for their mother's love (Adler in Furman &

Lanthier, 2002). Rivalry reflects more

competitiveness for limited resources such as

attention, time, love and approval / acceptance.

The various factors affecting sibling

relationships include parent-adolescent relationships

and demographic (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985),

emotion regulation (Kennedy & Kramer, 2008). This

research will conducted to determine the effect of

parent-adolescent relationship, emotion regulation

(cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression) and

demographic factors (gender, age spacing, birth

order, family size) to the sibling relationship in

adolescence.

Positive sibling relationship occur when

adolescent have a warm and caring relationship with

their siblings, usually when they are young they are

friendly and share a lot and as they get older they

can become competent teachers for their siblings. In

addition, siblings can provide support to their

siblings when they feel sad or hurt. Teaching

younger siblings to express feelings and

communicate emotions can help siblings develop

positive relationships with each other.

While the negative sibling relationship occurs

when the level and intensity of conflicts and high

competition causing many losses. However, it is not

always conflict and competition that affect negative

sibling relationships, for example your competition

to improve achievement and conflict can have the

potential to learn how to manage conflict and

regulate emotions in unpleasant situations. It

required the help of their parents not to compare

their children.

Parent-adolescent relationships defined as the

interaction between parents and adolescent that

include closeness, communication, and comfort

(Somers & Vollmar, 2006). Cohesion and harmony

in the interaction of parent-adolescent relationships

appear to be related to a more positive sibling. In

contrast, parental rejection is related to more

aggressive behavior towards siblings and peers,

while parent's unfair treatment is related to the

development of higher ties between siblings.

Another series of studies found that conflicting inter-

parental relationships have negative effects on

sibling interactions (Oliva & Arranz, 2005).

Parent-adolescent relationship describe

togetherness, with both parties trying their best to

understand the perspectives of others and integrating

flexibility in the process of completion (Kapadia,

2017). Parent-adolescent relationship consists of a

combination of behaviors, feelings, and expectations

that are unique to certain parents and certain

children. The relationship involves the overall

development of the child (Gulhane, 2017).

Children who are secure in attachment to parents

are reported to have more positive sibling

relationships than those who feel insecure in parent-

child relationships. In addition, positive parent-child

relationships are associated with prosocial attitudes

in positive sibling relationships. Whereas coercion

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

286

and overcontrol in parent-child relations correlate

with aggressiveness and hostility in sibling

relationships. Parents contribute to shaping the

quality of the sibling relationship either directly or

indirectly.

The sibling relationship will continue to be good

when parents do not side with one child and give the

same treatment. When children feel secure in their

attachment to parents, the aspects of closeness,

communication and comfort proposed by Somers

and Vollmar (2006) will be seen. Children who have

closeness to their parents, communicate intensively

so as to cause comfort, the quality of their sibling

relationships will be good.

In adolescence, in times when emotional

fluctuations (up and down) take place more often. In

adolescence, individuals maintain more emotional

cycles. This new awareness can improve their ability

to overcome their emotions (Santrock, 2007).

Emotional development becomes adolescence with

different contexts and contexts in the context of

stress and process, which results in problems for

people (Gentry & Campbell, 2002).

Emotional regulation is an individual's way of

reducing the experience of negative emotions

through behavioural control and mental control,

involving a process of awareness and

unconsciousness that can enhance experience and

expression of positive emotions and reduce

experience and expression of negative emotions

(Gross, 1998). According to Gross (2007) emotion

regulation is a strategy that is carried out

consciously or unconsciously to maintain, strengthen

or reduce one or more aspects of the emotional

response, namely emotional and behavioral

experiences.

The child's ability to regulate negative emotions

in the context of siblings can be an important

mechanism for reducing conflict between siblings

and increasing sibling interaction. When children

develop greater control over their emotional

responses, they become better able to engage

positively with siblings (Kennedy & Kramer, 2008).

Based on a large-scale survey by Bowerman and

Dobash (Hegar, 1988) that the respondent's sex

turned out to be related to the influence of siblings,

more girls felt closer to siblings than boys, and boys

and girls felt closer to same sibling. Numerous

studies have shown sex differences in the quality of

relationships. In general, they find that female

partners tend to be more intimate, while between

brothers are the opposite (Feinberg, Solmeyer &

McHale, 2012).

Age differences also affect the way they react

with each other. If the age difference between distant

siblings, both of the same or opposite sex, looks a

more friendly, cooperative, and loving relationship

than if the age difference is close. Close age

differences, regardless of gender, tend to increase

disputes between them (Hurlock, 2000).

The position of a child as an older or younger

sibling is related to the development of a number of

personality characteristics. Usually the explanation

of differences related to the birth order refers to the

interaction between parents and the special position

occupied by siblings in a family. In one study it was

found that after the second child was born, the

mother became more negative, loud, limiting, less

time spent with the first child (Furman & Lanthier,

2002). The small number of siblings tends to

produce more disputed relationships than the large

number of brothers (Hurlock, 2000).

Hurlock (2000) mentions in his book that the

small number of siblings tends to produce more

disputed relationships than the large number of

brothers. There are two reasons, first, if there are

only two or three children in the family, they are

more often together than the large number. Second,

if there are many children, discipline tends to be

authoritarian.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

Demographic information

The sample of this study was 191 participants. They

were all student of X Senior High School, East

Jakarta. 114 participants were Male and 77 were

Female. Sample were taken by accidental sampling

technique.

Measurements

Participants completed a brief demographic

questionnaire which asked respondents to describe

themselves (age, gender, siblings’ age, siblings’

gender, birth order and educational background).

Sibling relationships Scale: The Sibling

Relationships Questionnaire (SRQ). The SRQ has 54

item scales consisting of 5 points Likert scale

models (1-5) covering four dimensions:

warmth/closeness, status/power, conflict and rivalry

(Furman & Buhrmester, 1985).

Parent-adolescent relationship scale. It measured

using a Parent-adolescent relationships scale (Riada,

2015). This scale is based on 25 item scales

consisting of 5 points Likert scale models (1-5)

covering three dimensions: closeness,

communication and comfort.

The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence

287

Emotion regulation scale. It measured using a

Emotion regulation scale (Latifa, 2015). This scale is

based on 19 item scales consisting of 4 points Likert

scale models (1-4) covering two dimensions:

cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression.

Data Analysis.

Multiple regression analysis was the statistical

procedure employed on the scores of each variables.

We use SPSS version 21 to analyzed the data.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The findings presented on tables below:

Table 1

Based on table 1 we can see that the acquisition

of R square is 0.299 or 29.9%. This means that the

proportion of variance of sibling relationships

described by parent-adolescent relationships,

emotion regulation (cognitive appraisal, expressive

suppression), demographic factors (gender, age

spacing, birth order, family size) in the study is

29.9%, while the remaining 70.1% is influenced by

other variables outside the study.

The next step researchers analyze the impact of

all independent variables on sibling relationships.

The F test results can be seen in table 2 below:

Table 2

Based on the F test in table 2 it can be seen that

the p value (Sig.) In the rightmost column is p =

0.000 with p value <0.05. Then the null hypothesis

that states no significant influence of all independent

variables on sibling relationships is rejected. That is,

there are significant influences from parent-

adolescent relationships, emotion regulation

(cognitive appraisal, expressive suppression),

demographic factors (gender, age spacing, birth

order, family size) in predicting sibling relationships

in adolescence.

The next step, the researchers see the regression

coefficient of each IV, if sig <0.05 then the

regression coefficient is significant which means

that the independent variables have a significant

effect on the sibling relationships. The regression

coefficient of each independent variable to sibling

relationships can be seen in table 3 below.

Table 3

1. The parent-adolescent relationship variable has

a regression coefficient value of 0.541 with

significance of 0.000. This means that parent-

adolescent relationships affects significantly

predict sibling relationships. The positive

direction shows that the higher the value of

parent-adolescent relationships the higher the

sibling relationships value.

2. The ‘cognitive reappraisal’ emotion regulation

variables from significant other have a

regression coefficient value of -0.34 with

significance of 0.688. This means that cognitive

reappraisal from significant others do not affect

significantly to sibling relationships.

3. The ‘expressive suppression’ emotion

regulation variables from significant other have

a regression coefficient value of 0.025 with

significance of 0.769. This means that

expressive suppression from significant others

do not affect significantly to sibling

relationships.

4. The gender variable has a regression coefficient

value of -0.300 with significance of 0.620. This

means that gender from significant others do not

affect significantly to sibling relationships.

5. The age spacing variable has a regression

coefficient value of 1.367 with significance of

0.287. This means that age spacing from

significant others do not affect significantly to

sibling relationships.

6. The birth order variable has a regression

coefficient value of 0.298 with significance of

R Square

Change

df1 df2 Sig. F

Change

1.547

.299 .272 835.620 .299 11.136 7 183 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), UKKELU, CR, URUTAN, JARUS, JK, PAR, ES

b. Dependent Variable: SRQ

Model Summary

Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error

of the

Estimate

Change Statistics

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 5.443.232 7 777.605 11.136 .000

Residual 12.778.182 183 69.826

Total 18.221.414 190

ANOVA

Model

a. Dependent Variable: SRQ

b. Predictors: (Constant), UKKELU, CR, URUTAN, JARUS, JK, PAR,

Standardized

Coefficients

BStd. Error Beta

(Constant)

25.914 5.267 4.920 .000

PAR

.541 .068 .533 7.962 .000

-.034 .084 -.032 -.402 .688

.025 .084 .022 .294 .769

-.300 .604 -.032 -.497 .620

JARUS

1.367 1.280 .068 1.068 .287

URUTAN

.298 .695 .027 .429 .669

UKKELU

-1.618 1.257 -.083 -1.287 .200

Sig.

Coefficients

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

a. Dependent Variable: SRQ

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

288

0.669. This means that birth order from

significant others do not affect significantly to

sibling relationships.

7. The family size variable has a regression

coefficient value of -1.618 with significance of

0.200. This means that family size from

significant others do not affect significantly to

sibling relationships.

Based on the results of testing the hypothesis, the

results showed that there was a significant effect of

parent-adolescent relationship, emotion regulation

(cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression)

and demographic factors (gender, age spacing, birth

order and family size) on the sibling relationships in

adolescence. The results of the study based on the

regression coefficients of each independent variable

indicate that there is a significant influence of

parent-adolescent relationship on the sibling

relationships in adolescence. In contrast to the

variable cognitive reappraisal, expressive

suppression, gender, age spacing, birth order and

family size, all of these components do not have a

significant effect on the sibling relationships in

adolescence.

In this study, variable parent-adolescent

relationship has a significant effect on the sibling

relationships in adolescence. These results are

consistent with previous research (Oliva & Arranz,

2005) which states that there is a link between

cohesion and harmony in parent-adolescent

relationship with more positive sibling relationship.

This result is also consistent with previous study

(Furman & Buhrmester, 1985) that the quality of

parent-adolescent relationships tends to influence

sibling relationships. It can be concluded that

adolescents with high parent-adolescent

relationships tend to have good quality sibling

relationships. Because adolescents with high

parents- adolescent relationships have good

parenthood, intensive communication and are

comfortable around parents so that there is no

jealousy or unfair treatment given to adolescents and

siblings that cause conflict or rivalry between

siblings. In addition, if the relationship of high

parents- adolescent can understand the reasons

parents for different treatment, perceptions of justice

and family values (McHale, Updegraff & Whiteman,

2012).

Cognitive reappraisal and expressive

suppression dimensions of emotional regulation

variables in the results of this study did not have a

significant effect on sibling relationship. The results

of this study are not in line with the previous

research (Kennedy & Kramer, 2008) that the ability

of children to regulate negative emotions in the

context of siblings can be an important mechanism

to reduce conflict between siblings and increase

sibling interaction. The results of this study are that

when children develop greater control over their

emotional responses, they become better able to

engage positively with siblings.

Cognitive reappraisal dimension in this study is

not significant because it can be caused by high

school X adolescents who have not been able to try

to reduce the influence of negative emotions from an

event by changing their perspective. So if there are

negative emotions that are influenced by their

siblings, high school X adolescents have not been

able to try to reduce the influence of these negative

emotions and change their perspective. The

dimension of expressive suppression in this study is

insignificant, it can be caused by high school X

adolescents who have not been able to suppress their

emotions by diverting attention, seeking distraction,

to avoid giving attention to the problem. So that if

high school X adolescents experience conflict with

their siblings are still focused and have not

suppressed their emotions by deliberate action.

Although in this study specifically the cognitive

reappraisal and expressive suppression dimensions

did not have a significant influence on sibling

relationship, it may indicate that emotional

regulation capabilities were not enough, but because

of the significant relationship between parent-

adolescent relationship, sibling relationship also will

remain intact.

Gender, age spacing, birth order and family size

dimension of the demographic factor variables on

the results of this study did not have a significant

effect on sibling relationship. The first dimension of

demographic factors is that gender does not have a

significant influence on sibling relationship. This is

not in line with previous research (Feinberg,

Solmeyer & McHale, 2012) which states that gender

differences significantly influence sibling

relationships. Age spacing dimension does not have

a significant influence on sibling relationship, this is

not in line with Hurlock which states that if age

differences between distant siblings, it appears that

sibling relationship are more positive, whereas if a

close age difference tends to increase disputes

between siblings (Hurlock, 2000).

Birth order dimension does not have a significant

effect on sibling relationship, this is not in line with

previous research (Oliva & Arranz, 2005) which

states that older siblings are less at odds and younger

siblings tend to maintain a level of intimacy.

The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence

289

Dimensions of family size do not have a significant

influence on sibling relationship, this is not in line

with previous research (Furman & Buhrmester,

1985) that differences in power in sibling

relationship are influenced by family size.

Overall the results of this study, the authors

found that there are some differences with previous

studies. This may be due to differences in the age of

the sample and cultural influences. Previous studies

used age samples of children and there was a

significant influence of parent-child relationships,

emotional regulation and demographic factors. The

role of parents in establishing emotional regulation

ability in childhood is very important, because the

results of this study indicate specifically that the

emotional regulation of adolescents does not have a

significant influence on sibling relationship, because

of the strong influence of parent-adolescent

relationships.

Cultural differences may also contribute to

different results from previous studies. In this study,

the sample was an East Jakarta High School X

adolescent who was an Islamic school, which

applied Indonesian culture and Islam that prioritized

courtesy and respect for older people. So that rivalry

between siblings and conflict is low and the quality

of sibling relationship tends to be good because of

cultural and religious influences.

The author suggests that further research can be

examined with different respondents. In addition, the

authors also suggest further research examining the

influence of other variables so that the wider picture

of the research. For example testing variable

predictors of parent-adolescent relationship. In

addition, further research is recommended to take

samples in several places so that sample variability

is more likely to be analyzed further.

It was found that parent-adolescent relationship

has a significant influence on sibling relationships.

In this case, parent-adolescent relationships are

needed. Especially in the aspect of closeness,

communication and comfort. Because

communication is the main key in every

relationship. If communication between parents and

adolescent is well established, then adolescent will

be more open so that a sense of comfort arises.

Comfort with parents can make people feel a

lack of attention, recognition, understanding,

respect, affection, trust and time are provided. So

that individuals can understand the reason for their

parents' treatment of themselves or their siblings and

do not cause conflict or competition with their

siblings. Thus, it is recommended for parents to

increase closeness, communication patterns and

children's comfort towards themselves so that the

quality of the relationship with their siblings can be

more positive.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion from this research is that there is a

significant effect of the variables of parent-

adolescent relationship, emotion regulation

(cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression)

and demographic factors (gender, age spacing, birth

order and family size) on the sibling relationship.

Regression coefficient test results for each

independent variable showed that the seven

variables tested were parent-adolescent relationship,

cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression,

gender, age spacing, birth order and family size.

There was one independent variable that

significantly affected sibling relationships. The

variables that significantly affect sibling

relationships are parent-adolescent relationships.

REFERENCES

Anisa, 2017, Gara-gara tempat tidur ibunya dipindah,

kakak tega bunuh adik kandung di Lampung Selatan.

Diakses 10 Oktober, 2017, dari

https://kupastuntas.co/kota-bandar-lampung/2017-

05/gara-gara-tempat-tidur-ibunya-dipindah-kakak-

tega-bunuh-adik-kandung-di-lampung-selatan/

Buist, K. L., Deković, M., & Prinzie, P., 2013, Sibling

relationship quality and psychopathology of children

and adolescent: A meta-analysis, Clinical Psychology

Review, vol. 33, pp. 97-106.

Cicirelli, V. G., 1995, Sibling Relationship Across the Life

Span, New York: Plenum Press.

Deater-Deckard, K., Dunn, J., & Lussier, G., 2002. Sibling

relationships and social-emotional adjustment in

different family contexts. Social Development, 11,

571-590.

Feinberg, M. E., Solmeyer, A. R. & McHale, S. M., 2012.

The third rail of family systems: Sibling relationships,

mental and behavioral health, and preventive

intervention in childhood and adolescence. Clin Child

Fam Psychol Rev, vol. 15, pp. 43–57.

Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D., 1985. Children's

perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships.

Child Development, pp. 448-461.

Furman, W., & Lanthier, R., 2002. Parenting siblings. In

M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting (Vol.

1), Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum

Associates.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

290

Gentry, J. H., & Campbell, M., 2002. Developing

adolescents: a reference for professionals. Diakses 22

Maret, 2018 dari www.apa.org/pi/pii/develop.pdf

Gross, J. J., 1998. The emerging field of emotion

regulation: An integrative review. Review of General

Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 271-299.

Gross, J. J., 2007. Handbook of emotion regulation. The

Guilford Press.

Gulhane, G., 2017. Parent-child relationship and self-

concept of adolescent students with visually impaired.

International Journal of Advanced Research and

Development, 2(6), 837-840.

Hegar, R. L., 1988. Sibling relationship and separations:

implications for child placement. Social Service

Review, vol. 62, pp. 446-467.

Hurlock, E. B., 2000, Perkembangan anak. Jakarta:

Erlangga.

Indarini, N., 2018, Kakak bisa bunuh adik gara-gara

ucapan orang lain. Diakses 29 Maret, 2018 dari

https://www.haibunda.com/psikologi/d-

3916709/kakak-bisa-bunuh-adik-gara-gara-ucapan-

orang-lain

Kapadia, S., 2017, Parent–adolescent relationship: a circle

of care, respect, and faith. In S. Kapadia, Adolescence

in Urban India; Cultural Construction in a Society in

Transition. Springer Nature.

Kennedy, D. E., & Kramer, L., 2008, Improving emotion

regulation and sibling relationship quality: The more

fun with sisters and brothers program. Family

Relations, vol. 57, pp. 567-578.

Kennedy, D. E., & Volling, B. L., 2009, Sibling

relationships. In H. T. Reis, & S. K. Sprecher,

encyclopedia of human relationships. London: SAGE

Publications.

Latifa, R., 2015, Model stabilitas pernikahan dewasa awal

berdasarkan atribusi kognisi, regulasi emosi dan gaya

konflik. Disertasi: Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung.

Leung, A. K., & Robson, W. L., 1991, Sibling rivary,

Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 3, pp. 314-317.

Lohmann, R. C., 2014, Healthy sibling relationships: Your

sibling is an important person in your life. Diakses 3

November, 2017 dari Psychology Today:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/teen-

angst/201404/healthy-sibling-relationships

McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Whiteman, S. D.,

2012. Sibling Relationships and Influences in

Childhood and Adolescence. Journal of Marriage and

Family, vol. 74, pp. 913-930.

Oliva, A., & Arranz, E., 2005, Sibling relationships during

adolescence. Eurpoean Journal of Developmental

Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 253-270.

Palupi, N. B., 2017, Kronologi adik bunuh kakak kandung

di lembata, keduanya terlibat perebutan tanah

keluarga! Diakses 10 Oktober, 2017, dari

http://wow.tribunnews.com/2017/10/05/kronologi-

adik-bunuh-kakak-kandung-di-lembata-keduanya-

terlibat-perebutan-tanah-keluarga

Riada, M. R., 2015, Pengaruh religiusitas dan parent

adolescent relationship pada psychological well being

remaja di SMP Negeri 1 Kupang, Tesis: Universitas

Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga, Magister Sains

Psikologi, Salatiga.

Santrock, J. W., 2007, Remaja, edisi kesebelas. Jakarta:

Penerbit Erlangga.

Santrock, J. W., 2011, Life-span development,

(Perkembangan masa-hidup) (13 ed., Vol. 1). Jakarta:

Erlangga.

Scharf, M., Shulman, S., & Avigad-Spitz, L., 2005,

Sibling relationships in emerging adulthood and in

adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1),

64-90. doi:10.1177/0743558404271133

Somers, C. L., & Vollmar, W. L., 2006, Parent-adolescent

relationships and adolescent sexuality: Closeness,

communication, and comfort among diverse u.s.

adolescent samples. Social Behavior and Personality,

vol. 34, pp. 451-460.

Syarif, H., 2017, Diduga masalah warisan, kakak tega

bunuh adik kandung. Diakses 10 Oktober, 2017, dari

https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1170155/170/didug

a-masalah-warisan-kakak-tega-bunuh-adik-kandung-

1484144665

Waldinger, R. J., Vaillant, G. E., & Orav, E. J., 2007,

childhood sibling relationships as a predictor of major

depression in adulthood: A 30-year prospective study.

Am J Psychiatry.

Waldinger, R., 2017, Good genes are nice, but joy is

better. Diakses 10 Oktober, 2017 dari

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/04/over-

nearly-80-years-harvard-study-has-been-showing-

how-to-live-a-healthy-and-happylife/

Yusuf, Y., 2017, Duel maut di kembangan, kakak tewas

dicelurit adik kandung. Diakses 15 November, 2017,

dari

https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1256665/170/duel-

maut-di-kembangan-kakak-tewas-dicelurit-adik-

kandung-1510467276

The Effect of Parent-adolescent Relationship, Emotion Regulation and Demographic Factors to Sibling Relationship in Adolescence

291