Social Media and Terrorism in Era of Uncertainty

Rizka Nurul Amanah

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Social Media, Terrorism, Protracted Social Country, Global Actionthreat, Security, Globalization

Abstract: Indonesia is the third largest Facebook user country in the world after India and the United States of

America. Indonesia is also the fourth largest country of Instagram users. Meanwhile, many Indonesians are

caught in a circle of terrorism through social media today. If previously complicit involvement in radical

groups has been hidden, social media has spawned unregistered members, supporters, and new sympathizers

of the radical groups. This situation poses a threat to Indonesia security as Indonesia is a protracted social

conflict country. The open access to social media makes it more difficult to monitor the development of the

radical group. It opens a transitional path way used by radical groups in recruitment while the government

does not have a proper law enforcement system related to terrorism in social media. The threat itself is not

only for the Indonesians who live in Indonesia. The migrant workers are also prone to this threat. They also

become the target of radical groups who do the recruitment through social media. Hence, this becomes a

global threat. Some Indonesian migrant workers are involved in planning terrorist acts in Indonesia even

when they are abroad. They got to know Indonesian radical groups from the social media. Looking at this

the phenomenon, this paper discusses how the development of terrorism and social media become a new

security threat in the era of uncertainty. Because terrorism is not only a threat to uses a qualitative approach

an observation of the case was formulated by using the perspective of globalization and security approach.

1 INTRODUCTION

Al Qaeda was once the most influential non-state

military organization in the world. It was inseparable

from the role of Osama bin Laden as the highest

leader of Al Qaeda. The 9/11 incident was a direct

decree from the Middle East conglomerate. Since

1980 Al Qaeda has also spread the Salafi-jihad

ideology and made semi-military education with

Islamic education as its cover. The alumni spread

and made educational institutions affiliated

organizations in the Arab Peninsula and Southeast

Asia.

In the mid-2000s, groups operating in the Middle

East and Africa formally pledged allegiance to Al-

Qaeda. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) for example, pledged

allegiance to Al-Qaeda in 2004. Previously this

group known as the Tawhid wal Jihad emerged in

2002. After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, this

organization developed under the leadership of Abu

Musab al Zarqawi and was renamed to Islamic State

of Iraq (ISI) in 2006. However, after Zarqawi's

death, his successor was rejected by the leaders of

Al-Qaeda. Because of this, the ISI later developed

into ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), separated

itself from the Al-Qaeda. Following that, on July

2014, declaring itself as the Islamic State (IS) under

the leadership of Al Baghdadi.

ISIS took control of the territory to conflict areas

such as Mosul and Raqqa where the conditions of

Iraq and Syria were in a period of crisis. They take

good opportunities and present themselves as heroes

to people who are full of life uncertainties. Their

presence was initially regarded as a solution by the

community even though later they actually

destroyed the civilization with religious arguments.

This strategy was carried out by the Taliban and still

carried out by Hamas. However, if the Taliban and

Hamas defend the country while IS tries to expand

the territory and instead tries to do a new occupation

by inviting many people there to fight with them.

Furthermore, the development of IS is faster than

the development of Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda and its

affiliates have a reasonably complicated recruitment

process. For example, as told by Mubarok (Bali

bomber) in a book by Noor Huda Ismail entitled My

friend is a Terrorist, he had to go through several

stages before being involved in an action. Mubarok

1542

Nurul Amanah, R.

Social Media and Terrorism in Era of Uncertainty.

DOI: 10.5220/0009931515421549

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1542-1549

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

initiated the process in the Al Mukmin Islamic

Boarding School, Ngruki, Sukoharjo, Central Java

owned by Abu Bakar Baasyir and pledged the

allegiance to Darul Islam. After that, Mubarok

traveled to Malaysia, Pakistan and Afghanistan to

explore the Islamic religion and learn about war

material such as using weapons, assembling bombs

and driving tanks. The similar process was also

experienced by many members of the Jamaah

Islamiyah group from the Ngruki Islamic boarding

school.

Figure 1. Differences in the Process of Radicalization of

Al Qaeda (AQ) and Islamic State (IS)

Figure 2. Expansion Differences in the Effects of Al

Qaeda (AQ) and Islamic State (IS)

On the other hand, the prospective members

outside the pesantren have the different stages of

radicalization, which includes pre-radicalization,

self-identification, indoctrination, and jihadization

(Silber & Bhatt, 2008). Pre-radicalization begins

with halaqoh where prospective members must

understand about Islam. What Halaqoh carried out

for years depends on the readiness of the members.

Machmudi Haryono alias Yusuf relates that he

experienced the process until the third year. After

the third year, he began to be approached by his

seniors and was introduced to several influential

people in the Jamaah Islamiyah group in Ngruki and

Al Islam, Lamongan. At this stage, Yusuf entered

the stage of Self-Identification. After getting to

know these figures then Yusuf himself began to

experience a process of indoctrination in the fourth

year. Yusuf showed a rapid development, so he was

immediately offered to go to Sulawesi for a further

jihadization process.

Differ to the method used by Al-Qaeda; the IS

shortened the process of jihadization. They spread

radical narratives randomly on social media without

directly meet the target. IS does have a particular

platform to accommodate their mission by also

utilizes the existing social media platforms such as

YouTube, Instagram and Facebook as well as the

Telegram networks. This type of recruitment was

experienced by Ika and Dian, two women migrant

workers who experienced the jihadization process of

social media without recitation, halaqoh or even

meetings. This random and short process creates

new security threats for many countries in the world.

Nowadays, following the growth of globalization,

the threat of terrorism does not only focus on

countries or states. Therefore, this paper will discuss

how the new threat of terrorism in this era of

uncertainty by using the concept of globalization and

connective actions by using the life history method.

(JN, 1992)

2 SOCIAL MEDIA AND

TERRORISM

Globalization is understood as social processes in

which geographic obstacles to social and cultural

arrangements lose importance and people are

becoming increasingly aware of that. The era of

globalization leads humans to the term world

without limits. The state boundary is no longer a

barrier for the citizen to carry out economic

transactions, to move places for education, traveling

and various other activities. Indonesia also feels the

impact of globalization.

Globalization is not a completely new term

because some aspects of "change" of globalization

itself actually existed before the term globalization

was global. Globalization bears a resemblance to

modernization theory because both are

industrialization processes that have an impact on

politics, economics, and social which are

characteristics of pre-modernization. Globalization

avoids war, as well as the main idea of liberal

democracy despite the fact that the globalization of

democracy in the case of Arab Spring triggered

coflict in the Middle East. (Smith and Baylis, 2011)

The exalted role of the nation-state is faded

because it is replaced by the role of non-

governmental organizations and multi-national

companies. If previously the price was determined

Social Media and Terrorism in Era of Uncertainty

1543

by the state, then the private company can now

determine prices based on the market. Globalization

makes the country only becomes the administrative

mediator to bring order to the citizens of the world.

The main strength of the development of

globalization is the technology. The Internet has

become one of the unseen modes of communication

due to the presence of globalization. Everybody can

reach almost as much information as they want

through the internet by forgetting the nation’s

borders. The development of technology removes

the definition of communication which is initially

limited to the face-to-face, real and virtual two-party

relationships.

The main force of globalization is slowly

becoming a boomerang for the world that

undermines the security, economy and social life in

various nations of the world. Many problems occur

because cyber security of particular individuals or

groups is often more sophisticated than those owned

by the state.

Previously, nation-states that practiced

diplomacy and warfare could easily reach an

agreement at the end of the round. For example, the

P5+1 Nuclear Deal between six countries with Iran.

Iran agreed to the agreement even though both

parties were known as eternal enemies. The term no

eternal in politics has been proven. Likewise, what

happened to North Korea and the United States that

ended their hostilities a few months ago.

On the contrary, IS has a different practice, the

efforts of diplomacy and politics and war cannot

paralyze IS. This is not similar to the situation faced

by the communist countries, after the collapse of the

Soviet Union the communist-socialists were no

longer widely circulated. However, in the case of IS,

despite the fall of Al-Qaeda and the attack launched

by the US and Russian block, IS developed

sporadically through the internet. It remains a threat

to world countries that can explode at any time even

when its size is way smaller than the Soviet Union.

IS as a self-claimed state is aware of its position

that does not have official territory and recognition

from other countries. The well propagated religious

spirit made the collapse of their territorial became

insignificant to their group. IS was able to transform

terrorism from only emphasizing on the “action” to

be a more massive idealism with no need to establish

such educational institutions, stable funding and

without the need to prove its existence. IS made it

possible for many to join and voluntary support their

mission. If previously the threat was only a group,

however nowadays, the threat is the individual. The

growing insecurity among the society made the

optimism of lasting peace seems to be harder to be

achieved.

IS spread its ideology via Facebook, Instagram

or YouTube as a products of globalization and

strengthen its impact by utilizing personal

conversations on the Telegram. IS uses the pretext of

religion like Islamic Law in its implementation even

though many Islamic scholars of the world do not

approve its ideology. The justification for violence

and hostility due to social problems built by IS is

delivered well to the target so that it attracts more

people to join the movement.

The radicalization process is also carried out by

distributing radical narratives randomly on their

social media. They prepare propaganda tools to deal

with various social segments so that they do not

seem to have specific targets. This makes many

people netted in the IS network starting from young

people, mothers, fathers and various problems in

full. Many propaganda was carried out before the IS

declaration through the IS networks such as Al-

Qaeda alumni, affiliates and supporters. After the

declaration, their agency office, Al Hayat,

distributed digital magazines with the name 'Dabiq'

as the official IS magazine in various languages.

This digital magazine is indeed more efficient

and effective because anyone can access it. The cost

is not expensive because it can be distributed

through chatting networks and social media without

printing.

This random and widespread distribution made

IS gains many sympathizers and supporters. In

addition to religious arguments, the advertising of

violence by their enemies is also the primary tool for

IS propaganda. For example, IS distributes videos or

images of Syrian government torture or war

violence. After that, IS said that those who would

remove all torture. IS is present as a new hero with

the strengthening of religious arguments that fulfill

the Muslim imagination to establish a state

according to Islamic Law.IS also uses social

problems as a loophole to attract supporters and

sympathizers as they do to the migrant workers. The

employers often exploit migrant workers. Migrant

workers also often experience work boredom

because they are working far away from their

family. The anxiety was successfully utilized by IS

by offering alternatives solution to their problems

and boredom such as companion, appreciation and

religious teaching.

Ika Puspitasari is an example of migrant workers

in Hong Kong who was involved in terrorism cases.

Ika spent adolescence as a migrant worker. Ika left

for Malaysia at 16 years old when she was supposed

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1544

to enter high school. Ika moved to work in Hong

Kong in 2004 and found something more interesting

there. Ika joins several communities to fill her free

time and look for her identity. Eight years in one

community, it seemed that Ika had not yet got self-

satisfaction, Ika still felt there was something empty

in her life. She has not found her identity. Ika then

used Social Media as an escape tool from saturation.

Social media makes Ika feel accepted, recognized

and finds an identity.

Many migrant workers leave for overseas

countries at a young age. So this development can

happen to many other women migrant workers. Like

Ika who then took on the role only for her group

after finding her identity. She keeps away from her

friends, including her community and then is

selective in making friends only for those who have

one vision. It is possible to invite her family because

they feel the way is the most correct. This stage, she

began to think about love and marriage. Ika for

example, she found a man with the same vision and

they married even though they had never met.

Self Development that Ika feels quite late. When

she entered the adolescence stage, Ika was burdened

with things that had not been carried out by her

peers. She spent her teenage age as the backbone of

the family. She has responsibility for the survival

and future of her younger siblings. She continued to

enter this stage with her community. But in 2012,

Ika discovered something different from her

community so far and felt she got her identity. At

this stage, Ika starts entering the Young Adult stage.

Besides that, while in Hong Kong Ika also had

the opportunity to actualize themselves. She follows

several communities that are in accordance with her

interests. Ika can do whatever she wants in Hong

Kong. She did not get that while in Malaysia

because of minimal free time. Her friends appreciate

him and Ika becomes a leader in her community.

There was a side to Ika who was disappointed

when her brother failed the National Examination,

her other brother did not want to go to school and

there was also her sister who chose to marry before

her. That made Ika feel unappreciated and there was

no thank you. Personally, we can understand this

because Ika is not a 'supposed' backbone. In 2014,

Ika then took the opportunity to pledge allegiance,

Ika tried to become the first group to join ISIS.

Furthermore, Ika married in 2015. Ika even gave up

her material for the actions of ISIS. This Ika

sacrifice was then highly appreciated by the group.

According to Ika, funding for charity will get a

reward as well as those who do amaliah. This period

seems to be an achievement for Ika for his

achievements so far behind his disappointment.

In a period of self development, Ika is reaching

for the needs of self esteem. Ika felt she wanted to

be appreciated by others for what she had done.

Reputation, attention, appreciation also felt that it

was needed to be Ika's needs at that time when Ika

felt she had fulfilled her needs. After the wedding,

Ika felt loved by her husband. She got the love she

had never gotten. Ika also feels safe being part of her

group. The ideals of ISIS make Ika feel part of a

group that survives the world and the hereafter. In

addition, Ika's material needs have been fulfilled

well.

IS also opened the opportunity to anyone who is

ready to fund their plans. Ika, who need appreciation

from the family and in personal crisis declared

herself to be ready to fund the IS violence which

they calledas amaliah in 2015. Ika even offered her

fund for those who wanted to carry out suicide

bombings. Then, the plan was that the action would

be carried out by her online husband. Ika disbursed

funds several times to her group in Tasikmalaya,

West Java until finally, the Hong Kong government

found out. Ika was deported in October 2016 and

instead later registered as a suicide bomber because

of her despair.The suicide bombing plan failed

because she got arrested before the actionwas

commenced in December 2016.

As for Dian Yulia Novi, she likes to spend her

free time by surfing on social media. Dian became

acquainted with a woman on social media from

Ciamis, West Java who seemed to understand her

well. Despite the distance, the woman managed to

teach her about amaliah and jihad, and then invited

her to pledge allegiance to IS in early 2016. The

woman also offered her to become a potential

suicide bomber. Dian agreed with the condition to

get married before the action.The case of Dian and

Ika is the example of victims of social media

propaganda. Although Dian was in Taiwan and Ika

was in Hong Kong, it did not stop them from being

thetarget of the radical groups in Indonesia. The

personal problems they facedmade it possible for the

IS to spread their ideology.

3 WHO INCREASE

TERRORISM?

W. Lance Bennett and Alexandra Segerberg

wrote a book entitled The Logic of Connective

Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of

Social Media and Terrorism in Era of Uncertainty

1545

Contentious Politics, Bennet and Segerberg

explained that in a movement of revolution or

action, human effort is called the collective

action.This action is usually driven by a particular

group to carry out a movement. Today, digital media

has moved people to act through new ideas called

connective actions. These connective actions almost

equate organizational functions. Digital media users

will feel connected to the whole world for an idea

that is driven on social media such as hashtag,

slogans or other forms of ideas. The idea then affects

the emotions or the interests of the followers.

World wide movement #kamitidaktakut initiated

at the beginning of January 2016 after the Sarinah

Bombing or Jakarta Bombing is an example of the

connective action. Many people are moved to type

the hashtag as resistance from acts of terrorism.

Hashtag began with the words of President Jokowi

regarding this response to terrorism at the Traffic

Police Post on Jalan Thamrin, Jakarta. This greeting

then dominated worldwide for two days. Even a lot

of interest is given by people passing on location.

In late 2016, the Demonstration 212 was a

mixture of collective actions with connective

actions. Several large organizations organized

motorbike demonstration attended by 7 million

people. However, simultaneously, many of the

people among the 7 million demonstrators joined the

movement because of the feeling of connectivity to

those who share the same identity, this type of

demonstrators outnumbered the real member of the

organizations.

The best example to illustrate the collective

actions and connective actions that have been

successfully carried out by IS is the idea of building

a Khilafah Islamiyah. Initially, ISIS carried out

collective actions as an organization and controlled

Mosul, following that, at the time when ISIS

believed that their supporters in Iraq and Syria were

already strong enough, ISIS then changed its name

to IS and claimed to be a Muslim representation of

the world. At the same time, IS conducts collective

actions in the form of propaganda through social

media with the slogan “Daulah Islamiyah Al

Baqiyah,” which means the Eternal Islamic State).

The role of globalization that is utilized by IS

exists in both material and immaterial forms.

Material forms are social media, and immaterial

forms are Islamic concepts. Social media is used by

IS as a mean of spreading ideas. Regarding the

Islamic concept, national circumstances are related

to the international stage. For example, when we talk

about Syrian politics, the issue will revolve around

Syrian domestic politics between Assad and the

Syrian people. IS can use this to foster their

connectivity with more people by spreading the

issue of war between Sunni Islam which is corrupted

by Shia Islam, and promote IS as the solution for the

Islamic world everywhere.

Through social media, IS also makes those who

have seen their messages through videos, memes or

articles become connected. This connection makes

millions of people willing to leave their homeland

and move to Syria. The connection used by IS is not

only about ideology, but more into emotion. The

emotions of the target are influenced by using the

issue such as the will to do revenge against the West,

the massacre of Muslims by Westerners, hostility to

the West, the concept of a nation-state which is

considered an attempt to fool the West,

discrimination against Muslims and other emotions.

Revenge, hatred, feelings of intimidation or

emotion that burns enthusiasm to be the light of

many people’s hate toward the IS’ opposition. Some

Indonesians who were deported from Turkey was on

their way to cross to Syria stated that they hated

Indonesia’s state system. This informant describes

Indonesia as a country that discriminated the

Muslims. Also, there is a disappointment because

the spread of corruption makes poverty becomes

worse in Indonesia. According to my observation,

hatred of the system is based on the anger over

discrimination and disappointment that makes them

then connected by the imagination of the dream state

of IS.

In another case, a former thug in Solo also

experienced deportation when he intended to

commence hijrah. He equipped himself with an

understanding of the Quran and had read the Quran

since childhood. His parents’ inheritance made him

one of the richest figure in the village. He was tired

of being a criminal and wanted to return to the right

path. However, it seemed that he was ashamed of his

gangster friends.

Moreover, he was the leader of the group. He

then studied Islam through Islamic social media

because the shame of being judged by others if he

got caught studied with the cleric directly. Through

social media, he was introduced to someone who

took him to the IS group network and then he

decided to take his family to Syria.

The connection distributed by IS attracts many

people to be part of IS. In addition to social media,

there is a follow up through telegram personal chat.

This generally happens to those who are too busy

and hard to reach, such as the migrant workers. The

next question that arises is whether the migrant

workers are targeted by the IS or do they try to find

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1546

the IS themselves? Regarding this question, it seems

that other approaches are being used by the

organization to attract the migrant workers. One of

the approaches is through ukhuwah or the brotherly

ties among Muslims.

One of the previous examples revealed that the

target began her connection to IS when she

accidentally found the news of a suicide bombing in

Kepunton Church, Solo. She was amazed by what

the perpetrators did. She was angry as she often

heard about the discrimination by the Non-Muslims

and she was interested in the reward gotten by the

perpetrators. As she was bored with her job, she then

slowly searched for an opportunity to migrate. She

got connected to the IS network for the first time at

the end of 2012. Since then she became an active

member of the network.

Similar to Ika, Dian was interested in IS because

of the execution video or qishosh. Dian then asked

everything through personal chat and continued with

the process of radicalization. Dian's willingness to

become a suicide bomber emerged because she

wanted to save her family in the afterlife. However,

on the other hand, she wanted to get married, so she

made marriage a requirement of action.

Interpersonal emotional connections reinforce

the emotional connection in public. This connection

can be planned carefully by considering the need of

the target and started to develop it from that point.

However, in general, interpersonal emotional

connections are created to support the common

social narratives.

Radicalization occurs with instruments provided

by IS as producers of things that attract someone

involved in radicalism. This is produced by IS via

Facebook through thousands of accounts and content

that is continuously transmitted via telegram. In

addition, the community environment, the past and

the surrounding conditions also produce push factors

(The problem of self-development in Ika, for

example). This happens in the process of providing

instruments or in this case I call the provider

process. Then the individual unites pull and push

factors and processes, in this case he can still choose

to participate or not in radical groups. This process

calculates gains and losses based on their emotions

and the help of reason that might have been

influenced by the narrative consumed before.

However, if he chooses to join radical groups, he

will have the potential to carry out acts of terrorism.

All processes occur on social media.

Not only those who are inmates of terrorism, but

this connection has also spread to millions of people.

Hence, IS do not only have members (who have

been allegiance) known as anshor daulah (IS

troops/members) but also have supporters and

sympathizers who are quite strong. This is what all

parties need to think about because everyone has

emotions and social media has succeeded in igniting

these emotions. Emotions will also be very easily

connected by any narrative that is continuously

echoed.

The IS propaganda effort uses more humane

approach that can connect many people globally. IS

enters the private domain that is difficult for any

government to enter such as marriage, love,

emotion, family and others using the pretext of

religion. IS also gives appreciation in the form of

promises to get heaven and after the action is taken,

they usually also appreciate the perpetrators through

amaaq.

The threat of terrorism today cannot lead to a

particular group. A radical group can only be

involved in thought but not involved in acts of

terrorism but open potential. The brief process of

radicalization through the internet opens up the

possibility of anyone being involved in acts of

terrorism.

The social media logarithm that allows users to

consume the same news is also a direct or indirect

pull factor besides there are push factors that make it

involved. IS provides space and the internet as its

mediator, but it will not be integrated with

individuals if there are no personal factors. Religion

is then used as a justification by IS which attacks

one's private sphere.

Unfortunately, many parties prefer the

understanding of terrorism as a heretical

understanding in religion not a social phenomenon

in society. This then made the paradigm of terrorism

increasingly a matter of religion which only became

the business of priests and religious leaders.

The governments of several countries also do not

innovate and evaluate the handling of terrorism so

that it is easier to be read by radical groups such as

IS. Handling terrorism as a responsive effort from

actions that will and has taken place, they have not

made efforts at the early prevention stage.

Figure 3. Radicalisation Process

Social Media and Terrorism in Era of Uncertainty

1547

Non-religious and ideological factors were ruled

out and considered as complementary not the main

factor so that de-radicalization also focused on this.

Even though de-radicalization can be quite utopian

to change one's thinking through economic

assistance alone. The fact is that many sympathizers

and IS supporters now come from the upper middle

class and are highly educated.

Seeing the above cases, terrorism must be seen

as a shared problem not just a failure of the

government in security. Increasing family, social

and family functions in particular is one of the

efforts that can begin to prevent terrorism.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Social media as a product of globalization that has

also been used by IS. IS realizes that they can not

draw sympathy from the Middle Eastern Muslims

only. They then use the justification of religious

propositions to attract sympathizers from different

countries. Learning from Al-Qaeda, IS expanded the

conflict area and declared itself as a state even when

they do not have de jure territory yet.

What IS has done which has not been done by

other organization is maximizing the use of existing

social media to spread its propaganda. Propaganda is

created with many media from writing, memes to

videos on various social media platforms.

Interestingly, IS has no official account on any

platform, but the content is created by sympathizers

who shared IS propaganda to others. This effort is

then deepened by using a personal approach through

chat applications. Again they do not use personal

applications, but take advantage of an application

called Telegram. This platform allows them to cut

the cost and make the process easier. Propaganda

spreads quickly through hashtags, themes or

keywords that are widely accessible to many people.

In addition to the threat of propaganda, those

who have sworn or vowed to IS also pose a threat to

every individual. IS doing wide-range doctrinization

by influencing one’s way of thinking and making

them militant without meeting. Supporters will be

able to take action if inspired by others without

orders.

If previously we can detect how threats arise

groups or those involved in network terrorism with a

clear look. The increasingly massive Islamic spirit in

Indonesia makes uncertainty about the security of

terrorism. Supporters and sympathizers can be a

threat even though they are not hierarchical

members.

Many countries still take a security approach in

handling terrorism where it often piles up new

grudges and conflicts. It is evident that human

involvement in violence is increasing and recidivists

often re-engage with the radical group. The

repressive approach is not the solution to terrorism

because basically they are involved because of

personal emotions. This evaluation must be well

thought out by the stakeholders so that terrorism is

no longer an issue that is ruled out seeing the threat

of terrorism currently in individuals.

The world government must be more

sophisticated than radical groups by making

prevention efforts in various sectors. Prevention also

cannot be done conservatively, but should also be

done in a creative way which means, involving

interpersonal from the grassroots and giving no

restrictions, so everyone feels connected to the issue.

As one of the largest instagram and facebook

users and the largest Muslim in the world, Indonesia

must have innovative prevention efforts. The

handling and prevention of terrorism must be seen

from how the person is involved, chooses to remain

there and how he might come out. Everyone will

have different reasons and processes for how he is

involved and why he is in a radical circle, but they

may have the same reason to get out of the circle of

violence.

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