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migrations; oppression towards “minorities;
conflicts over territory, shared space, and borders;
and changed demographics of the region.
Duru’s approach to “conviviality,” on the other
hand, highlighted the cohesions and tensions that
emerge from shared lifestyles and class difference,
and how these tensions are managed in daily life and
create a sense of place and belonging. This
conviviality constructed in shared memory of people
of Burgaz as part of their daily life. In 1955 riot,
Burgaz islanders collectively resisted the riots and
protected their island from being invaded by
outsiders. The shared memories of daily life and
conviviality had created such a strong Burgaz
identity that it overcame ethnic and religious
identities in times of crisis. The discursive effect of
these memories is a type of “Burgaz ideology,” a
sense of belonging to Burgaz that is also infused
with a moral discourse about how a “real” Burgazlı
should behave, both in everyday life and in times of
crisis (Duru, 2016).
In Duru’s Study of Burgaz, shared memory
become one of most important aspect of identity
assimilation. Conviviality become the core of
memories that shared and construct the solidarity
that rise over the differences in Burgaz and this
construction of memories highlighted in shared
lifestyle that happens in Burgaz daily life. The
difference between what happened in Burgaz and
Glodok is that highlighted shared lifestyle.
Contrasting for Burgaz, in Glodok, social interaction
tend to be rational relation. Glodok as one of
economic activities center in Jakarta tend to
construct rational and economical relation in social
daily life.
3 IDENTITY, RACE, AND
ETHNICITY: THE PROCESS
OF IDENTIFICATION
Identity has been an important issue in everyday life,
for example,an identity that social interactions in
daily life such as nicknames, addresses, religions,
tribes and other personal identities. The example
shows that identity is the aspect to interrelate
individuals in the social world. Then, the further
question arises, does identity exist as an individual
differentiator? The answer may not be as simple as
the question, but it is just the process of identifying
an individual as part of the social community. The
process occurs in the classification and individual
association to a particular social community, the
differences, and the similarities make up the
individual identity.
“Identity, whether personal or collective, is about
staying (partially) the same in the context of others.
Thus, identity is always related to difference and
demarcation. In both personal as well as collective
identity dynamics, both inclusion and exclusion,
and often also discrimination, are principally
implied. Ethnicity is an aspect or variant of
collective identity” (Antweiler, 2015).
The mentioned identity is one of the basic
identities in the process of becoming. Thus, Jenkins
stated that identity could only be understood as a
process of identification (R. Jenkins, 2008). So,
identity is an entity of the continualprocess, the
system of formation and self-meaning of the
individual to his interaction with other individuals.
This process occurs openly and continuously to both
the social world of distinction and self-affirmation as
well as individual associations with the social world.
What about race and ethnicity? Some of the
debates about these two concepts are in either a
deterministic or innate identity position. A, as a
Chinese descent determined by blood or genetic
links as well as other individuals such as B who
were born from native parents. Does an identity
form in the process of social interaction? The
deterministic concept seems to lead to an answer
that race and ethnicity as fixed identities whereas
one's race and ethnicity also undergo the process of
negotiation. This paper concludes that identity is an
identification process, so the implications for racial
and ethnic become a concept and also a process of
being. It is undeniable that innate identity also
affects the process of self-identification. In its
interaction, the individual continues to experience
the process of negotiating to the identity that has
been built. Social context, such as social, political,
and economic conditions, influences negotiations on
racial and ethnic identification processes. The racial
and national symbol can take on specific forms
within a particular spatial and historical context
(Solomos & Back, 1995). In the same argument,
Karner also explained that While 'race' is primarily
associated with physical characteristics, it is now
widely acknowledged that 'races' are social
constructs rather than biological givens; the choices
of physical markers are assumed to be racial
characteristics and historically and culturally
variables (C. Karner, 2007).
The concept of identity, race, and ethnicity at this
stage moves into identification, radicalization, and
racialism. Social context influences and affects these
three concepts as an open process. The three
concepts also impact the social behavior associated
with it. The process includes negotiation with the
social context that occurs, for instance, when people
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