The Strategy of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Israel for

the Protection of the Palestina Children in Israel Palestine Conflict

Masmuhah

and Robi Sugara

University of Indonesia, Indonesia

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Israel-Palestine, child protection, NGO, civil society

Abstract: In the context of elevating a hundred cases of human right violation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this

research focuses on the strategy of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) in Israel which protected

Palestinian children in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from 2009 to 2014. The objects of this research are the

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel (PCATI), The Legal Center of Arab Minority Rights (‘Adalah),

and the Peres Center for Peace. The theories applied are the concept of non-governmental organization

(NGO), international humanitarian law and peacebuilding concept. As a civil society, These 3 NGOs have

conducted the effort to protect Palestinian children through public policy advocacy, international advocacy,

and empowerment. This research utilizes qualitative method witha varietyof relevant sources. The

conclusion drawn from the analysis is that the efforts of the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel

(PCATI), the Legal Center of Arab Minority Right (‘Adalah), and Peres Center for Peace are the strategic

steps of the civil society movement in the protection of Palestinian children.

1 INTRODUCTION

One of the conflicts that have a severe impact on

children is the Israeli and Palestinian conflict. The

conflict has been going on since 1920; it has raised

hundreds of cases of human rights violations,

especially regarding the protection of human rights

of the minority. The authority of Palestine as a

sovereign state since 2012 seemed to be failed

inguaranteeing control over border areas, providing

security to citizens, and preventing occupational

territories (PCATI, 2010). Although international

pressure on Israel increased along with the

international recognition of Palestinian

independence, the fact shows that the symbolic

victory did not immediately end the cultural conflict

that occurred between Israel and Palestine until now.

Every year, around 700 children of Palestinian

children from the occupied West Bank are

prosecuted in Israeli military courts with numerous

reports of torture. More than 100 samples of

statements collected by lawyers in 2009 explained

that 69% of children were beaten and kicked, 49%

was threatened, 14% was confined in a narrow

prison, 12% was sexually abused, and 32% was

forced to sign a letter confession written in Hebrew,

a language they do not understand (Shohib, 2013:

13). UNICEF in its report entitled Children in Israeli

Military Prisoners in March 2013 stated that Israel

was the only country that systematically tortured

children. Also, Israel has proven to have committed

cruel and inhumane acts in treating child detainees

(UNICEF, 2013).

In accordance withPalestinian and international

pressure to stop violating children's rights, in Israel

there are several NGOs that are working on

defending and protecting children’s rights in the past

10years, to name a few are Public Committee

Against Torture (PCATI), the Legal Center for Arab

Minority Rights (Adalah), and the Peres Center for

Peace. These three organizations have diverse roles

for all residents including Israelis, Palestinians,

immigrant workers and foreigners who are in Israeli

territories and the Palestinian Occupied Territories,

in order to protect them from violence and torture

through interrogation and Israeli courts, as well as

socializing peace values through various programs.

This study intends to explore and analyze the

strategies of humanitarian NGOs such as PCATI,

Adalah and the Peres Center for Peace in the

Masmuhah, . and Sugara, R.

The Strategy of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Israel for the Protection of the Palestina Children in Israel Palestine Conﬂict.

DOI: 10.5220/0009934117151722

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1715-1722

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

1715

protection and empowerment of Palestinian children

in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In this study, the author uses the concept of NGOs,

because based on the classification, PCATI, 'Adalah

and The Peres Center for Peace can be categorized

as a humanitarian NGO that moves against acts of

violence and torture in Israel. Canadian human

rights expert Laurie Wiseberg argues that

humanitarian NGOs are non-governmental

organizations that devote their every movement to

uphold human rights protection. They are

independent of government and political groups that

have a stronger political interest and power

(Wiseberg quoted in Dianne, 1996: 112).

One of the goals of NGOs is to alleviate human

suffering stemming from political, ethnic, religious

and other pressures that occur in conflict. NGOs also

have a role in minimizing conflict escalation by

facilitating dialogue between the parties involved

(Aall, 2005: 105).

Humanitarian action has four basic principles,

namely: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and

independence. The principle of humanity means that

this action is carried out purely to help and protect

people from suffering. The impartial principle means

that this action is carried out without discrimination

by ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political

opinion, race or religion. While the principle of

neutrality is defined as a state of not supporting both

parties in disputes, competition, and war. Lastly, the

independent principle means a separation from the

military, economic, or political interests of certain

groups (Brubacher, 2003).

To explain the hundreds of violations committed

by Israel, the author uses the concept of international

humanitarian law as a primary reference for

humanitarian law throughout the world. According

to Jean Pictet,

The international humanitarian law in the wide

sense is constitutional legal provision, whether

written or customary, ensuring personal respect and

wellbeing (Pictet, 1966: 455).

International Humanitarian Law regulates two

essential things; the first is to protect people or

objects that are not directly involved in conflict or

war, and the second is to regulate the specific rules

of war (conduct of hostility). In this case, the author

focuses on implementing the first goal o observing

child protection in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Generally, children can be categorized as

civilians who do not take part in hostilities. Children

receive protection concerning personal respect,

family rights, wealth and religious practice (Article

27 Geneva Convention IV 1949). Children should

not receive the actions mentioned in Article 27 to

Article 34 of the Geneva Convention IV which

contains, conducting physical and spiritual coercion

to obtain information, performing actions that cause

physical suffering, collective punishment,

intimidation, terrorism, robbery, taking reprisal,

making them as hostage, performing actions that

cause physical suffering or hostility towards the

protected person.

The next concept is peacebuilding. Johan

Galtung first used the term peacebuilding in his

essay entitled Three Approaches to Peace:

Peacekeeping, Peace-making, and Peace-building, in

1975. Galtung included the term peacebuilding, into

three peaceful approaches namely peace-making,

peacekeeping, and peacebuilding (Rahmawati,

2015:6). Peacebuilding is a process of implementing

social, political and economic changes or

reconstruction in order to create sustainable peace.

Through the peacebuilding process, it is expected

that negative peace (or the absence of violence) will

turn into positive peace where the community feels

social justice, economic prosperity and adequate

political representation (Hermawan, 2007: 93).

Child protection and child protection efforts in

conflict areas have been carried out with various

strategies. The state does not always manage social

change, but through the interaction of members of

civil society with the help of roles from civil society

organizations. The existence of a strong third party

in civil society in Israel and Palestine will gradually

create a pluralistic and democratic society and be

able to respect international laws on child protection.

3 HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATION

TOWARD PALESTINIAN

CHILDREN

Children are the most vulnerable group in armed

conflict. Beside being recruited as combatants,

children are targeted directly and indirectly. As a

result of decades of conflict, thousands of children

have been killed, detained on terrorist charges for

throwing stones, experiencing physical violence,

recruited into spying, sexual harassment and other

forms of violence.

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Diagram I. Number of Children Killed per Year in Israel-

Palestinian Conflict.

Source: Remember These Children Data

From these data above, it concluded that years of

conflict over the land has caused 133 Israeli children

and 2,060 Palestinian children to be killed since

september 2000. And the majority of them

(Palestinian children) have been killed or attacked

by violence (suddenly) when they do daily routine

activities such as going to school, playing, shopping

in their homes. (Cook, 2015).

Beside direct attacks, many Palestinian children

become Israeli prisoners with various accusation.

Every year, 500-700 Palestinian children (12-15

years old) are prosecuted in Israeli military courts

with hundreds of reports of torture and ill-treatment

(Dci-palestine, 2015). If calculated in total, since

2000 there were at least 8,000 Palestinian children

aged 12-15 years who were detained and tried in the

Israeli military detention system (Dci-palestine,

2010). Unicef in a report entitled Children in Israeli

Military Detention in March 2013 stated that Israel

was the only country that systematically tried

children. Israel also proved to have committed cruel

and inhumane acts in treating child custody (Unicef,

2013). This has greatly proven that Israel has

violated the rights of children as stated in the 1989

child rights convention, international law and

international humanitarian law. This condition is

very concerning considering that Israel has ratified

the convention on the rights of the child since 1991,

but there is no implementation whatsoever in its

legal actions in prosecuting child detention.

4 THE IMPORTANCE OF

CHILDREN PROTECTION IN

PEACEBUAILDING

Children are the most important part of nation. In its

implementation, the child is a human resource for

the development of a nation, determines the future of

the generation. If the childhood of a nation's children

is destroyed, the future of their country will be

destroyed. Likewise children and young Palestinians

who will become the future of the next Palestinian

leaders. These armed conflict has taken away the joy

of childhood and the rights of Palestinian children.

Roles and responsibilities in providing protection for

children including the fulfillment of children's rights

and directing children to fulfill their obligations so

that they can become qualified future generations.

The condition of children who are physically and

psychologically immature makes them need to get

special treatment in order to grow and develop

naturally both physically, mentally and spiritually.

The fulfillment of children's rights and their

protection in armed conflict is the responsibility of

all parties of the family, the state / government

community and even the international community

(Kusdarini, 2005).

Some reasons why child protection must be truly

implemented in armed conflict, are: (i) children are

the weakest and vulnerable to any attack, because

their physical and psychological conditions are

immature and in the growth period (ii) The growth

period of children will shape their mindset towards

the social and the world in the future. Children who

grow up in conflict situations tend to be affected and

choose violence as a way to solve the problem. In

other words, prevention of violence in childhood

will build a culture of peace for its future. (iii)

Children are the largest representation of civil

society affected by the war. This is evidenced in the

report of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

which indicates that children under the age of 18

constitute 53.3% of the total Palestinian civil society

in the gaza strip and west bank (The Palestinian

Central Bureau of Statistics, 2006). (iv) Concern for

children is a fundamental foundation for building a

society, in other words protecting children is the

same as reducing escalation of conflict in society,

improving community values and creating peace

(machel, 2000). (v) The involvement of children in

armed conflict is a violation of the basic ethics of

society. Applying protection for children is a

powerful way to bring the community back to

fundamental and ethical values, including respecting

The Strategy of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Israel for the Protection of the Palestina Children in Israel Palestine Conﬂict

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the dignity of children; (vi) The girls have special

needs and face different threats in situations of

armed conflict. Girls often become victims of sexual

violence, rape, forced prostitution, and others.

Therefore protection for girls must get more

attention because the threat is higher than boys. And

the last reason is (vii) Child protection in armed

conflict is clear and firmly regulated by various

international community legal commitments such as

the convention on the rights of the child (articles 22,

38, 39), geneva conventions, additional protocols

and universal human rights declaration (Scott,

2013).

Prevention of all forms of violence against

children in armed conflict and disseminating

changes in social norms through the empowerment

of children, youth and society are the main priorities

for the contribution of child protection to peace

building. Child protection can make a significant

contribution to peace, when peacebuilding activities

are incorporated into child protection programs at

the community level, which involve the participation

of children from both parties involved in the

conflict, civil society and media collaboration.

5 CHILD PROTECTION NON

GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) IN

ISRAEL

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised hundreds

of human rights violations, international

humanitarian law, and violations of children's rights.

50% of the Palestinian population who have been

victims of Israeli military operations for years are

children. As the next generation of the nation's

future, the protection of children during armed

conflict must be upheld and supported by cross-

sectoral countries and all lines of society. This

continues to spark the attention of local to

international communities, through legal level

advocacy movements to the "people to people"

(P2P) civil society movement which is mostly

carried out by civil society organizations such as

NGOs. Local, regional and international NGOs are

heavily involved in child protection and child

advocacy in obtaining their rights in situations of

conflict in Israeli Palestine. Amon the dozens of

humanitarian NGOs engaged in defending human

rights, there are several NGOs whose programs

focus on the protection of children, including the

Peres Center for Peace and Adalah (the Arab

Minority Rights Law Center in Israel).

There is also an NGO called PCATI which is an

independent human rights organization in Israel that

was founded in 1990. This organization advocates

for all residents including Israelis, Palestinians,

immigrant workers and foreigners in Israeli

territories and Palestinian Occupied Territories, in

order to protect them from the treatment of violence

and torture in interrogation, detention and the Israeli

high court (PCATI, 2014). In general, the scope of

PCATI's actions are as follows: legal advocacy,

enhancing community participation, intensive

lobbying and legislation, and also serves as the

information centres.

Whereas Adalah is the only legal centre for the

Arab minority in Israel. The name was taken from

Arabic letter ةلدع means "justice." This independent

institution that was established in November 1996

was formed to promote and defend the rights of

Palestinian Arabs in Israel, amounting to 1.2 million

people, or 20% from the population, as well as the

rights of Palestinians living in the occupied

Palestinian territories. Adalah ’s scope includes

Legal Advocacy, Civil Rights and Political Rights,

Criminal Justice, Palestinian Occupational

Territories, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Slightly different from the other two NGOs, the

Peres Centre for Peace is a non-profit, non-political

organization, as well as an NGO that fights for peace

between Israel and Palestine, and between Jewish

and Arab Israeli communities. The organization was

founded in 1996 by former Israeli Prime Minister

and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Shimon Peres. The

NGO is engaged in various development programs

and peace programs every year. Thousands of their

program involve Jewish and Arab or Israeli and

Palestinian communities consisting of children,

women, youth, professional workers and others to

meet together in the peace program every year. The

programs are deliberately designed to provide more

space for civil society to participate in building

peace from the grassroots level actively. Some of the

focus of the Peres Center for Peace activities are

providing medical aid and health facilities,

delivering peace education (sports, arts, and

technology), assisting business and the environment.

Peres Center for Peace is expected to be able to

eliminate various obstacles, eliminate various fears,

hold dialogues and build friendships, pave the way

for peace between two different civil society

backgrounds namely Israel and Palestine (Peres for

Peace).

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4 NGO STRATEGIES IN

ADVOCATING PUBLIC

POLICY

Policy advocacy is a systematic and organized effort

to influence and promote for policy changes that

gradually take sides in society. Therefore, advocacy

is more a social change effort through all channels

and tools of democracy, political processes and

legislation contained in the democratic system that

applies in a country (Zastrow, 2014). PCATI and

Adalah view that policy change can be realized, one

of which is through a series of advocacy actions that

are carried out in an argumentative, systematic and

organized manner. The term institutional elite shows

that the focus of policy advocacy is not always

targeted at the government, but other parties who

influence the policy system can also be the target of

policy advocacy (Mosley, 2006: 19). For example,

in 2014, Adalah sent two letters to the Minister of

Defense, the Minister of Public Advocacy and the

Attorney General to request a direct investigation to

address the violations of international humanitarian

law related to two different incidents in the Gaza

Strip.

The growing influence of NGOs in the local to

international conflict situation is caused by several

factors, namely, globalization and the level of

dependence between countries in the world.

Globalization makes relations between countries

even closer, emerging NGOs in Israel are able to

become facilitators between humanitarian defenders

in Europe and can be connected. NGO involvement

in every meeting and conference that addresses the

issue of child protection at the national to global

level also makes the role of Israeli NGOs in the

situation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and other

international conflicts are increasing.

A petition is also a form of a campaign strategy

that includes education and mobilization efforts.

Public education and mobilization tend to lead to

forms that show community support in particular

issues (Start and Hovland, 2004: 42).

Although founded by Israeli people, NGOs in

Israel have carried out their humanitarian actions

without much intervention from donors because they

are based on the principles of humanity, neutrality,

impartiality and independence. The principle of

humanity means that this action is carried out purely

to help and protect people from suffering. The

impartial principle means that this action is carried

out without discrimination on the basis of ethnic

origin, gender, nationality, political opinion, race or

religion. While the principle of neutrality is defined

as a state of not supporting both parties in disputes,

competition and war. And finally, the independent

principle is separate from the military, economic, or

political interests of certain groups (Brubacher,

2003).

This is evidenced by the fact that the journey of

these three NGOs did not always get a good

response from the Israeli government, but they

persisted with their respective defense methods. In

2010, a bill was presented by the MK Likud to the

Israeli parliament which specifically targeted anti-

violence peace organizations in the Israeli territory

to limit their funding from foreign governments.

According to this bill, NGOs are not permitted to

receive donations from foreign governments of more

than 5000 US dollars, because they are considered to

affect the political and policy discourse of the state

of Israel (Shoulder, 2012). Previously, since 2010

the Israeli government has also attempted to delimit

humanitarian NGOs that promote peace in the

conflict area of NGOs in Israel by describing it as an

anti-Israeli organization and called a traitor. This

was responded quickly by the CEO of PCATI Dr.

Ishai Menuchin, in his open letter mentioned in the

previous discussion. PCATI asserted that it would

continue to carry out humanitarian actions in various

ways against Israeli violence. The threat of the

proposed law will not deter other humanitarian

activists. Non-violent NGOs established in Israel

have integrity and neutrality in upholding human

values in every policy. Neutrality and independence

as NGOs that grow in conflict countries will indeed

be tested by attacks from various parties involved in

the conflict, especially the government.

NGO influence in public policy is also supported

by media. The advancement of information and

communication technology also strengthens these

non-state actors who are able to survive and thrive to

expand networks and support. NGOS in Israel builds

networks between grassroots / grassroots

organizations and publishes reports / press releases

in the context of publications and campaigns through

social media and the internet. PCATI itself has long

working with ‘Adalah and building networks with

Israeli and Palestinian NGOs such as the Association

for Civil Rights in Israel, the Physician for Human

Rights, B'Tselem, the Public Center for Human

Rights (PCHR) of Palestine, and Defense for

Children International (DCI) -Palestina and others.

While the Peres Center for Peace, which has a lot of

work in the realm of sports, collaborates with the

Palestine Center for Conflict Resolution, FIFA

(Football for Hope), The Jewish Federation, and

The Strategy of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Israel for the Protection of the Palestina Children in Israel Palestine Conﬂict

1719

others. In addition, reports, press releases and social

media campaigns in an effort to increase public

awareness of the importance of protecting

Palestinian children also continue to be encouraged.

Several published reports include: reports on the

Livni Halts Practice of Placing Detained on

Palestinian Children in Outdoor Cages (Livni

Requesting the Termination of Placement of

Detainees of Children in Iron Cages) published by

PCATI and Childhood is not a Privilege but a Right!

(Childhood is not a Privilege but a Human Rights) in

responding to Israel placing prisoners including

children in an iron cage. (PCATI, 2014)

5 ANALYSIS OF

INTERNATIONAL

HUMANITARIAN LAW AND

INTERNATIONAL ADVOCACY

In addition to public policy advocacy, these Israeli

NGOs also collect international support in efforts to

encourage the implementation of human rights,

international humanitarian law, and the Convention

on the Rights of the Children in the Israeli and

Palestinian conflict areas. Protection of children's

rights in situations of armed conflict includes the

following 2 (aspects) which are, the involvement of

children in military activity as combatants and

children the victims of conflict (Majekodunmi,

1999). Children rights violations committed by

Israel can be seen in several forms, the first is

making children the target of attacks. As a result of

years of conflict, children suffer not only physical

violence and short-term trauma, but also the

possibility of prolonged trauma, mental stress, and

other psychological disorders until the victims enter

adulthood. A study in the Gaza Strip and West Bank

stated that Palestinian children living in an armed

conflict environment are at high risk of suffering

from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which

is one type of ongoing trauma without an end

(Sehwail, 2005); mental stress, and other

psychological disorders (Qouta & El-Sarraj, 2004).

Since 2006, DCI-Palestine (2014) has

documented several cases of recruitment of children

as child soldiers by both parties, Israel and Palestine.

Israel employs many child detainees as informants

and spies. Israeli Shabak intelligence forces child

detainees to be informants and spies to monitor

Hamas and Fatah forces, some children who refuse

to be trapped with videos of sexual abuse or other

violence.

One of the essential things besides the attacks

and recruitment of children in conflict is the arrest of

children in prison, violence received as child

custody, and demands in the Israeli High Court. It

should be noted that Palestinian children who are

systematically detained and held by the Israeli High

Court have always experienced various violence and

ill-treatment.

The next violation was the destruction of

children's facilities such as health and education

facilities. The right of the child to continue to enjoy

education must be fulfilled by both parties to the

dispute regardless of the difficulty of the situation,

as guaranteed in Articles 28 and 29 of the

Convention on the Rights Children 1989. However,

the fact that occurred was Israeli military operations

in early 2014 destroyed 232 schools. The blockade

carried out by the Israeli army also hampered

learning materials such as books to enter Gaza (DCI-

PS, 2014).

6 ANALYSIS OF NGOS

EMPOWERMENT

STRATEGIES IN THE

CONCEPT OF

PEACEBUILDING IN CIVIL

SOCIETY

The strategy of empowering children is divided into

several sectors, including health, education,

sports,and skills training. In the health sector, the

Peres Center for Peace has a special program for the

protection of children's health during the conflict.

The program has gathered more than 60 Palestinian

and Israeli doctors to treat various diseases suffered

by children.

In the education sector, Peres Center for Peace

programs includes, Twinned Peace Sports Schools

(TPSS) was released in 2002 to gather Jewish and

Arab or Israeli and Palestinian children who are

aged around 6-18 years. They createsports program

and peace education to eliminate boundaries

between them and instill attitude tolerance with each

other (Peres for Peace, 2014). The organization also

created an International Youth Exchange; along-

term program provided for Israeli and Palestinian

teenagers to conduct cultural and educational

exchanges and vacation programs abroad. This

program develops global friendship and tolerance

among children.

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While in the sports sector, the Peres Center for

Peace focuses a lot on football, for example, the

Mini-Mondial program, soccer matches initiated by

the Peres Center for Peace for Israeli and Palestinian

children every year. Israeli and Palestinian children

train with local trainers twice a week and compete

together once. Directly this program does not only

train football skills but also reduces the sense of

trauma and fear of children after conflict and

changes the children's mindset about seeing each

other regarding humanity. Sport is an international

language, which does not need to be understood

verbally. When everyone plays, all the differences

disappear. With sport, they establish good

communication and friendship.

Another program is, Football Village for Hope -

This program provides Israeli and Palestinian

children aged 10-14 years from remote villages with

limited access to football holidays and training in the

Israeli Kibbutz; AFL Peace Team - This program

brings together Israeli and Palestinian youth through

Australian Football (AFL) Foreign sports programs

in the Middle East that provide training, dialogue to

create strong football teams even though they come

from different backgrounds, races or languages; Fair

Play program, this program was developed by Street

Football World in collaboration with Kickfair who

believes that football plays a role in social change,

as well as being a game full of responsibility, justice

and tolerance between players.

To motivate Israeli and Palestinian children in

the field of football, this NGO also held an

International Sports Network program. This program

is carried out to elevate the name of sport as a

medium of peace and appoint international sports

athletes to convey messages of peace to children.

Also, by participating in international sports

conferences and international sporting events, the

Peres for Peace seeks to promote its vision and

mission to foster international awareness of using

sports as a medium to promote peace.

Through these various empowerment programs,

children are expected to be able to restore the joy of

their childhood, revive the spirit of learning and

reinvigorate hopes for both nations that are even

better. These programs are carried out to teach peace

to children as future generations of the two nations

involved in the conflict, planting tolerance and new

views from each other regarding humanity. This

people-to-people based strategy complements

various agreements and policies from state building

in creating solutions for the protection of the

Palestinian children.

7 CONCLUSION

The existence of NGOs in Israel has become a

significant initiative of the civil society in the

participation of child protection efforts and the

creation of peace conflicts between Israel and

Palestine. Public Committee Against Torture

(PCATI), the Arab Minority Rights Law Center and

the Peres Center for Peace have collaborated with

local and international partners to protect and

empower Palestinian children who are affected by

the conflict situations. By upholding the principle of

NGO neutrality as a non-state actor engaged in the

humanitarian field, these three NGOs have three

strategic steps in efforts to protect Palestinian

children in conflict, among others, advocacy

strategies on public policy, international advocacy

strategies, and empowerment strategies. In order to

influence the rules and public policies of the Israeli

government that commit various acts of violence

against children, as well as the demands of children

in the Israeli Military Court, public policy advocacy

is carried out in various ways. Some of them

included sending petitions and open letters to the

government rejecting violence against Palestinian

children during the operation and assisting children

during the court process. The second strategy is

international advocacy which is carried out to gather

international support to encourage Israel to

implement child protection rules that have been

stated in international humanitarian law and the

Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. One of

the international advocacy efforts is a

collaborationof ‘Adalah with the United Nations

Children's Rights Committee in drafting demands

addressed to Israel for committing acts of violence

against children. While the third strategy is the

empowerment strategy carried out for Palestinian

children who are victims of war, who have lost

much of their childhood fun due to armed conflict.

Some of the empowerment programs are carried out

in the education, sports, arts and technology sectors.

The most popular empowerment program that is in

high demand is the football.

The various obstacles faced by these three NGOs

do not stop the protection of Palestinian children in

the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The existence of

international support related to the upholding of

human rights and the protection of children has

encouraged various efforts promoted through this

civil society movement.

As a continuation of academic learning, this

thesis hopes that further research can develop and

explore more motivation and NGO strategies or civil

The Strategy of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Israel for the Protection of the Palestina Children in Israel Palestine Conﬂict

1721

society movements in other fields, such as protection

of women and other civilians, or see how child

protection is carried out by a number of non-

governmental organizations such as the ICRC, or

other international NGOs. The study is considered

necessary to compare how the output obtained

through the protection mechanism and assistance

that did not provided by the state.

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