The Role of Social Organization on Children Down Syndrome

Admission in Society

Nanik Handayani

and Joharotul Jamilah

Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Role of Organization; Social Exchange; Down Syndrome

Abstract: This study examines the role of social organizations in the acceptance of children with Down Syndrome in

the society, casestudy: at Rumah Ceria Anak Down Syndrome South Jakarta. This research aims to analyze

how the role of POTADS organization in encouraging society to accept the down syndrome children in the

community. This study uses a qualitative approach with observation and direct interview. The theoretical

framework that the researcher uses is the social exchange theory by Peter M Blau. From this results, the

programs, norms, and values can overcome the case of accepting down syndrome children in the family and

society in POTADS organization. POTADS, plays an important role to give benefits to parents like new

friends and family who feel the same way; making parents no longer feel alone, getting information about

down syndrome children, getting support from other parents, mutually reinforcing, getting love and affection,

and getting appreciation of what their down syndrome children do. It also makes parents slowly accept the

presence of their children. Although this admission case has not been entirely carried out well, POTADS will

continue to try to educate the public about Down syndrome children so that they canbe accepted in the family

and community.

1 INTRODUCTION

You’re the problem of people with disabilities in

Indonesia is considered a big problem. People with

disabilities often get unfavourable treatment from

society who think that the disabled peopleare a

parasite or a person who is not useful in the family or

the society. Various types of disabilities in Indonesia

still cannot be accepted in the family or society, one

of them is people with Down syndrome. The number

of children with Down syndrome is increasing every

year. In Indonesia, it is estimated that there are more

than 300.000 cases (3.75%) obtained from Badan

Pusat Statistik (BPS). The data from Persatuan Orang

Tua Anak Down Syndrome (POTADS) state that

there are 600 children with Down syndrome join the

organization from around Indonesia.

Down syndrome is the most common form of

congenital mental retardation, which is caused by

chromosomal abnormalities and occurs in 1 in 700

births in the United States. Even though women of

any age can give birth to children with Down

syndrome, this risk increases sharply for a mother

who is over 35 years old (Agustyawati & Solicha,

2009). Down syndrome is a problem of mental

retardation such as imperfections of standard human

physical form and delays in children development.

Those with a common disorder have a face or body

shape that is different from ordinary people in

general.

The negative response given by the environment

to children Down Syndrome is also a problem that is

often encountered in everyday life which is one of the

concerns of parents. Similar to Mangunsong's opinion

which stated that, generally the source of parents'

concerns came from the negative treatment of the

normal community towards their disabled children. A

mother who has Down Syndrome children, even often

gets negative views and ridicule from the surrounding

community regarding the limitations of their children.

Mangunsong said that parents will easily get criticism

from others about their problems in dealing with the

child's condition, besides that parents also often bear

the burden of negative responses given by the

community (Ghoniyah and Savira, 2015: Vol 03). Not

only set aside and get a negative response by the

community but, parents of Down Syndrome children

also get rejection or discrimination in terms of

1730

Handayani, N. and Jamilah, J.

The Role of Social Organization on Children Down Syndrome Admission in Society.

DOI: 10.5220/0009934317301736

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 1730-1736

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

education and health. Seen from the schools that are

devoted to those with special needs and distinguished

The problem of mental retardation as expressed

by Budhiman in the journal of Hendriani et al. needs

attention given that some writings since the period of

1981 have suggested that retardation or mental

retardation is a considerable problem in Indonesia,

regardless of the conditions experienced. Everyone

has the same rights to get happiness in life as well as

the right to grow and develop in a conducive and

supportive environment, including those who are

mentally retarded. Nevertheless, the reality does not

always meet the expectation. In many places, both

directly and indirectly, those with special needs tend

to be “set aside” from the environment. The Refusal

is not only done by the people who live around them

but even by their family (Hendriani & al, 2006)

According to POTADS organization, children

abnormalities cannot be handled from the medical

approach only, but these disorders have sociological

or social dimensions as well as psychological

dimension. In other words, physical abnormalities of

people living with Down syndrome are closely related

to the readiness of parents who have Down syndrome

children (POTADS organization data source).

The organization is a unity of people organized

regularly with certain division of tasks. Whereas

social means everything related to human interaction

in society. Social organization is an arrangement or

structure of various human relations that occur in

society, where the relationship is a regular unity

(Soelaeman, 1987)

The organization is a unity of people organized

regularly with a specific division of tasks.Social

organization is an arrangement or structure of various

human relations that occur in society, where the

relationship happens regularly unit (Munandar,

1987).

This research is fascinating for the researchers

because some families still cannot accept the presence

of down syndrome children. People who are still

afraid, and those who refuse to socialize with down

syndrome children. From this cases, researchers

know a social organization that overcomes these

problems, namely Organisasi Persatuan Orang

TuaAnak Down Syndrome (POTADS).

2 THE ROLE OF POTADS

ORGANIZATION IN THE CASE

OF ACCEPTANCE OF

CHILDREN WITH DOWN

SYNDROME IN THE SOCIETY

POTADS is a Parent of Down Syndrome Children.

Where this organization was formed by three great

women. They are parents who have children with

Down syndrome. (Data Source Website of POTADS

Organization, 10 April 2107) The POTADS

organization was formed aimed at those who have

Down Syndrome children who can easily find

information about their child's growth and how to

care for DS children according to the condition of the

DS child. Because in POTADS Organization they

don't want their parents to waste children who have

Down Syndrome. The POTADS organization seeks

to help restore the confidence of parents who have

children with Down syndrome so that they can

educate children with Down Syndrome to become

independent according to their shortcomings and

strengths.

In addition POTADS Organization also informs

the public that children with Down Syndrome are not

a hereditary disease or a curse, the karma that parents

receive to their children. (POTADS Organizational

Website Data, 10 Apri 2017) However, those Down

Syndrome children only experience delays in how to

think and grow and develop due to the chromosomal

deficiency or excess that the child has. So with his

parents' love and maximum parental guidance and not

differentiating their treatment from other normal

children trained and educated, they will be able to

achieve more than other normal children.

In essence, the main goal in POTADS Organization

is to empower Down Syndrome parents to always be

enthusiastic in helping to develop their special

children optimally, so that their children are able to

become independent individuals, even able to achieve

so that they can be accepted by the wider community.

Because basically those with Down Syndrome have

the same rights and treatment as other normal

children in the family and the wider community.

(Data Sources Website POTADS Organization April

10, 2017)

POTADS organization is a non-profit organization

formed by the chairman, secretary, treasurer, and

others. The POTADS organization is also assisted by

sharing fields such as in the fields of psychology,

health, education and fields related to Down

Syndrome child development. However, the fields of

health, psychology, and education and others were

The Role of Social Organization on Children Down Syndrome Admission in Society

1731

only presented when holding seminar events

conducted by POTADS organizations.

At first the POTADS organization association only

lasted three months, usually called KOPDAR or

ground coffee, which was held from house to house

the parents of Down Syndrome children. This

meeting aims for parents to share, share information

with other Down Syndrome parents in terms of

education, health, child development, and other

information. This is because POTADS does not have

a permanent home to hold these meetings. However,

now the POTADS Organization already has a

halfway house, namely the Ceria Down Syndrome

House or often called RCDS, this RCDS was only

established a year ago.

The role is someone who has done his rights and

obligation by his position. Between roles and

positions, both have functions that are interrelated

like two sides of a currency which means there is no

position without a role (Setiadi & Kolip, 2011).

From the result of an interview with the Chairman

of the external department of this organization has

been established since 2003 until now, stated that the

organization officially legalized in 2003 that

POTADS was established and developed until now

(AR, 2017)

Since the establishment of POTADS

organization, an organizational structure has been

created which includes the general chairperson,

chairperson I, chairperson II, treasurer, secretary,

volunteer instructors, and others. They all have their

respective roles to achieve common goals within

POTADS social organization. There are several

programs within POTADS organizations:

2.1 Kopi Darat (Kopdar)

Kopdar is an activity like a meeting, made forthe

parents who visit another parent with Down

syndrome child. This KOPDAR activity was initially

carried out every three months with an objective is to

share about the development and condition of their

down syndrome children.

2.2 MLM HATI

MLM Hati is a program that related to the heart; there

is a personal conversation between parents with

administrators through electronic media which they

have a hope that the more extended network becomes

wider to support parents who have down syndrome

children. This MLM Hatiis held as an alternative to

parents who are blocked by a distance that is too

farorhave no time to come to the RCDS. The

objective of MLM Hati is the administrator can help

to provide solutions for the problem that parents have

from Whatsapp, Website, Facebook supports. This

social media service used by POTADS to make it

easier for parents who want to share and find

complete information about down syndrome children.

2.3 Scientific Seminar

Scientific Seminar is a discussion forum which

invites experts in their fields. The purpose of this

scientific seminar is to educate parents and people

about down syndrome development, both regarding

education, health, and work.

2.4 Buku dan Compact Disk (CD)

The POTADS organization has also made several

books and CDs that contain how to take care and the

nurture new born down syndrome children with

appropriate therapy for down syndrome children.

2.5 Classes at Rumah Ceria Down

Syndrome Children

Rumah Ceria Anak Down Syndrome has established

POTADS organization. It holds an activity by

opening classes to train the interests and talents of

down syndrome children. The activity started about a

year ago and was filled by competent teachers in their

fields. In this Rumah Ceria Down Syndrome, every

members or administrator can register their children

to join some classes such as Djembe, cooking,

swimming, hip-hop, drum, arts and draft and Music.

This activity charges Rp. 250.000 per activities with

frequencies of meetings four times a month. The

purpose of the formation of these classes is to train

motoric and sensory children so they can focus,

increase self-confidence, discipline and have a sense

of cooperation. Although at first, it was challenging

to teach down syndrome children, it did not become

an obstacle for teachers to keep teaching them. One

of the classes that excel in RCDS is Djembe. This

Djembe class has been running for about one year.

This class is superior because down syndrome

children tend to like music because with a lively song

they can build their enthusiasm and from that moment

they will work with the team to build musical

rhythms. Those who take part in the djembe class

have appeared in various places not only in the city

but even abroad.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1732

3 SOCIALIZATION PROCESS OF

DOWN SYNDROME

SUBMISSION IN THE

COMMUNITY

This Socialization is one fundamental thing to our

development as a human. By interacting with others,

we learn how to think, feel, and behave. The result of

this socialization is the formation of our behavior

including thoughts and emotions by the wishes of the

community (Henslin, 2006).

The POTADS organization also has events every

year, which is the commemoration of down syndrome

children’s day, on March 21st. This program aims to

socialize and introduce down syndrome to the whole

community so that the environment can well receive

people with down syndrome, so they can socialize

and even create a functional environment for the

children to grow well.

This activity is a form of activity where POTADS

introduces down syndrome children and provides

information to the community that the presence of

down syndrome children is not a disgrace, a shameful

thing, a curse and not useful for others, but they also

have advantages and rights to get the same treatment

as other children in general.

People who underestimate down syndrome

children are because they do not know it. People do

not know that down syndrome children have the equal

rights of being trained and educated just like other

healthy children. Therefore, in every commemoration

even of the global Down Syndrome Children’s Day,

POTADS always introduces and provides

information and displays the talents of Down

syndrome children.

Based on this statement, the researcher also knows

that the central socialization is from parents who play

an essential role in educating their children. Gertrude

Jaeger suggested that in this early stage, parents are

the most important agent of socialization. The

importance of this socialization agent lies in the

ability to interact and communicate with others.

(Sunarto, 2004).

In the statement, parents must be the primary

agent to teach their children in any condition, both

their children with special or ordinary needs.

However, if the children do not get the best treatment

from the parents, they will not be able to be what we

expect them to be. For example, parents want their

children to be able to interact with other people, but

their children are never trained to do those

interactions, of course, they will not be able to do

those actions, they will feel afraid. Conversely, if we

teach them, give examples, and educate them, they

will be able to socialize in their daily life.

The POTADS organization in this socialization

activity also aims to give self-confidence to parents

so that they are not ashamed and introduce their

children to the community. Because there are still

some parents, who are ashamed to show their children

with special needs. Not only in the remembrance of

Down Syndrome children's day, but the researcher

also knew that at present the POTADS organization

had added its socialization activities to the Posyandu

about Down Syndrome to people in the city and

village. This activity aims to inform and socialize

down syndrome children to people who do not know

about down syndrome.

These benefits that are exchanged are intrinsic such

as love, affection, and appreciation and extrinsic such

as money or other material goods.

1. Intrinsic advantages (such as love, affection, and

appreciation)

From the case studies that researchers carefully

researched, POTADS's organization saw social

exchange within the organization. social

exchanges were realized from several programs

held in POTADS organization. One of the benefits

gained from joining the POTADS organization is

that parents who have Down Syndrome children

find it easier to find information about their

children's growth, not only through social media

but also with seminars held by POTADS

organizations.

In addition, the benefits can be in the form of love

and affection that is manifested from the

KOPDAR program, which is sharing parents with

administrators and other members. This sharing

makes them not feel alone but, since joining them

it is like having friends who also feel the same

way, thus making its members like having a new

family that strengthens, supports and gives love to

each other. From these advantages the researcher

saw that there was a social reality with this blunt

theory that was in accordance with the facts on the

field that the researchers found.

Not only love and affection, the benefits gained

are in the form of awards. Since joining the

POTADS organization DS children have also

been given the opportunity to participate in

activities that exist to train the interests and talents

of DS children. The realization of these activities

made them have many achievements not only at

the national level but also at the international

level. From the achievements and talents of the

DS children, also as a realization of the benefits of

The Role of Social Organization on Children Down Syndrome Admission in Society

1733

getting the appreciation and appreciation gained

from their efforts.

2. Extrinsic benefits (such as money or other material

goods)

The benefits gained in the POTADS organization

are extracurricular in the form of donations

obtained from several private institutions or

companies that care about the existence of Down

syndrome children. Usually these donations are

used for the activities carried out by POTADS and

to help Down syndrome children in need.

Benefits in the form of money can also be

obtained from the sale of cassettes or CDs that are

freely traded to the community who want to know

more information about caring for DS children.

From this sale, the community who bought it did

not only donate their donations to POTADS, but

also gained useful information and knowledge

from the contents of the CD. Likewise POTADS

organization not only can help people who want

to know about Down syndrome but also get

donations in the form of money that can be used

to sustain POTADS organization activities

4 SOCIAL EXCHANGE ON

POTADS ORGANIZATION

Use Based on the idea that expressed by Blau, social

interaction initially occurred within social groups.

Where individuals are attracted to a particular group

because they feel that they relate to that group and

will get more rewards than other (Ritzer& Goodman,

2004).

Blau intends to analyze a more complex social

structure, surpassing Homans's focus on basic social

forms. Homans is satisfied working at the level of

behavior, but according to Blau such work is only a

tool to achieve greater goals: "The main purpose of

sociology that studies face-to-face interaction is to lay

the foundation for understanding the social structure

that develops and gives rise to social forces that mark

its development that ”(Ritzer and Goodman, 2004:

368)

Blau focuses on the exchange process which he

thinks governs most human behavior and underlies

relationships between individuals and between

groups. Blau imagines four sequential steps, from the

exchange between personal to social structure to

social change:

Step 1: exchanges or transactions between individuals

that increase to ...

Step 2: Differentiation of status and power leading to

...

Step 3: Legitimacy and organization that spread seeds

from ...

Step 4: Opposition and change.

Micro to Macro. At the individual level, Blau and

Homans are interested in the same process. However,

Blau's concept of social exchange is limited to actions

that depend on the reaction of giving gifts from

others. Actions that stop immediately if the expected

reaction does not come. People are attracted to each

other for various reasons that persuade to build social

groups. After the social group is formed, the gifts they

give each other will help maintain and enhance ties.

Gifts exchanged can be in the form of something

intrinsic, such as love, compassion, and respect, or

extrinsic values such as money and labor and physical

labor. People who are involved in group ties do not

always get equal prizes because that will lead to

differences in power within groups (Ritzer and

Goodman, 2004).

Blau's opinion in Ritzer's book is in accordance

with the case that the researcher wants to do that the

researcher knows that the individuals who join the

POTADS organization join because they want to

benefit from the interactions carried out within the

organization. the benefits are information about the

growth and development of Down Syndrome

children.

If one person cannot get something from another

person, then there are four possibilities. First, the

person will force others to help him. Second, the

person will look for other sources to meet their needs.

Third, the person will try to continue to get along well

without expecting anything from others. Fourth, the

person will submit to others thereby giving others the

same respect (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004).

To this point, Blau's opinion is the same as

Homans, but Blau's theory extends to the level of

social facts. The example he says is that we cannot

analyze social interactions apart from the surrounding

social structures. This social structure arises from

social interaction, but after a separate social structure

emerges its existence and influences the interaction

process (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004).

Social interaction first occurs in social groups.

Individuals are attracted to one particular group

because they feel that intercourse offers gifts more

than any other group offers. Because they are

interested in one particular group, they want to be

accepted, they must offer gifts to other group

members. The efforts of newcomers to impress group

members generally lead to group unity, but

competition, and finally social differentiation will

occur if too many people make an impression. The

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1734

person who gives the best prize, the greatest chance

is to occupy the position of leader. Inevitable

differentiation in group life so that being a leader and

followers creates new needs as integration. as soon as

they recognize the leader's status, the followers' needs

for integration are even greater. (Ritzer and

Goodman, 2004).

All these descriptions are reminiscent of

Homans's discussion of exchange theory. However,

Blau moves at the level of society and distinguishes

between two types of social organizations. The

organization is the first type of process of exchange

and competition. The second organization did not just

appear but was deliberately set up to make a profit. In

observing this social organization, Blau focuses on

the subgroups contained in it. He stated that groups of

leaders and opposition exist in both types of

organizations. both groups were born from the

interaction process. In the second type of

organization, leaders and opposition groups are built

in organizational structures (Ritzer and Goodman,

2004).

Norms and Values. Hiring Blau, the mechanism

that mediates between complex social structures is the

norms and values that exist in society.

Collective agreements on values and norms are used

as a medium of social life and as a link that connects

social transactions. Norms and values allow social

exchange in complex social structures and determine

organizational development and social reorganization

in it (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004).

There are other mechanisms that strengthen the social

structure, but Blau focuses on consensus and values.

This consensus and value replace exchanges that

indirectly become direct. A member must conform to

group norms and get approval because the adjustment

is due to the fact that self-adjustment contributes to

maintenance and stability (Ritzer and Goodman,

2004).

The concept of norms according to Blau diverts

attention to the level of exchange between individuals

and collectivities, but the concept of value shifts its

attention to the level of social life on the widest scale.

Blau said: Shared values which consist of various

types can be imagined as social transaction media

which extends the boundaries of social interaction

and social relations structures through time and social

space. Consensus in social value provides a basis for

expanding the distance of social transactions beyond

the boundaries of direct social contact and

perpetuating social structures beyond the age brick of

man (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004).

According to Blau, this value is seen as a media

or social tool that serves to expand social transactions.

In this case there are four values. First, values that are

specific or particular. particularistic values function

as a medium of integration and solidarity. This value

helps unite members with a group with regard to

things such as patriotism or about the quality of the

school or company. Second, universal values. Third,

values that are legitimizing authority. Fourth,

opposition values. (Raho SVD, 2007)

Blau replaces this individual role with various

types of social facts for example,Blau discusses

groups, organizations, collectivity, society, norms

and values.

In the case, the researcher found that the

beginning of the formation of POTADS organization,

POTADS organization is from the interactions of

parents whose are waiting for their Down Syndrome

children to do therapy at Harapan Kita Hospital. From

their meeting, they usually discuss their child's

growth and development, education, and how they

can be accepted in society. These meetings and

discussions continued until 1997. Moreover, in 2003

this organization, namely the Persatuan Orang Tua

Anak Down Syndrome (POTADS) are legally and

formally established. POTADS organization is a

place for parents to interact and also exchange

information.

Many parents joined the POTADS organization.

The reasons for those who joined this organization are

they want their children to interact with others, get

information, and share about their child's growth and

development. Blau in Ritzer states in his book that

they hope for a reward from the interaction they have

in the POTADS organization.

According to Blau, differentiation of power is

inevitable in a group so there will be leaders and

followers and it will create new needs for the

integration (Ritzer and Goodman, 2004: 370). This

differentiation is in KOPDAR, MLM Hati activities,

Scientific Seminars, socialization at Posyandu and

other activities. Usually, these activities are

coordinated by small and integrated committees.

There are a leader and followers in every activity.

When the researchertook part in the socialization

activities at Posyandu, the researcher only saw

several parents of Down Syndrome children who

participated in this activity. There were parts played

by the organizers in the socialization activities at

Posyandu, and some of them became informants who

gave information about the growth and development

of Down Syndrome children and others.

Difference creates legitimacy or trust in every

activity that will be held by POTADS organization.

So later every activity will be made by the

committees. From the committee will be chosen who

The Role of Social Organization on Children Down Syndrome Admission in Society

1735

can occupy the role that is in the structure of the

activities committee. This legitimacy aims to

strengthen every program or activity that POTADS

organization will make. The opposition arises where

every formation of an organizational structure of each

program will create conflict or disagreement about

the individual who occupies the position or role

within the structure. However, this opposition is not

in the POTADS organization. The researcher has not

found a conflict from the structures of each program

in POTADS organization.

4 CONCLUSION AND SUGGEST

Based on the results of the data and analysis that the

researchers got in the POTADS organization about

the concept of social exchange triggered by Peter M

Blau, it turned out to be true. The data and findings

are obtained by researchers from the results of

observations and direct interviews with the

administrators, members and communities involved

in the activities of the organization. The concept of

social exchange that exists within this organization is

in the role played by cases of acceptance of Down

Syndrome children in the community and manifested

in programs run by the social organization POTADS.

Added The concept of social exchange that exists

within this organization lies on the role that is in the

effort to educate people and community to accept

down syndrome children and manifested in the

program that runs by the social organization

POTADS.

There is a social exchange of action in the

interaction behavior that carried out by the

management in the program. Parents and the

community who expect that the interaction or

relationship that they do will have a positive impact

on them. The effects are intrinsic such as love,

affection, and appreciation), and extrinsic such as

money or other material goods. Also, the benefits

exist in the norms and values of POTADS

organizations.

The results of the socialization that carried out by

POTADS organization are successful in raising

awareness among people and community who

participated in the event. Although some people were

initially afraid, after following this activity, the

society knows the information about the down

syndrome children. It also makes people accept the

existence of down syndrome children.

The norms and values that exist in social

exchanges are manifested in the regulations that are

in the POTADS organization. Where members must

comply with existing regulations so that they can be

gazetted as members of the organization as well as not

being able to discuss the issue of SARA and Politics.

Whereas the value in social exchange in

POTADS organization is realized in four values.First,

the special value of providing comfort and well-being

for its members to strengthen POTADS's

organizational ties.Second, general values, namely by

sharing with each other with members. Third, the

value that legitimizes authority, namely the value of

the POTADS organization leader who has social

control to its members to supervise and ensure the

organization is in a stable condition. Fourth, the value

of the opposition, which is manifested in the values

of change desired by its members, namely the

existence of new programs that support the growth of

DS children.

The research her suggests to the next researchers

in the field of sociology, especially the sociology of

the organization, to be able to continue this research

which focuses on the socialization and stigma that

exist in the society by analyzing in-depth and

complete study. The researcher also suggests

furthering the discussion of children with special

needs in other organization in order to enrich the

knowledge and information about it. This research

can also be carried out around the area where there

are down syndrome children.

REFERENCES

Agustyawati, & Solicha. 2009. Psikologi Pendidikan Anak

Berkebutuhan Khusus. UIN Jakarta: Jakarta.

AR, C. I. 2017, April 10. Data Interview. (N. Handayani, &

J. Jamilah, Interviewers)

Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Pendekatan

Kualitatif, dan Metode Campuran. Pustaka Pelajar:

Yogyakarta.

Hendriani, W., & al, e. 2006. Penerimaan Keluarga

Terhadap Individu yang Mengalami Keterbelakangan

Mental. INSAN, 8 no. 2.

Henslin, J. M. 2006. Sosiologi dengan Pendekatan

Membumi. Erlangga: Jakarta.

Munandar, S. 1987. Ilmu Sosial Dasar Teori dan Konsep

Ilmu Sosial. Eresco: Jakarta.

Neuman, W. L. 2013. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial

Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. PT Indeks:

Jakarta.

Ritzer, G., & Goodman, D. 2004. Teori Sosial Modern.

Prenada Media: Jakarta.

Setiadi, E. M., & Kolip, U. 2011. Pengantar Sosiologi.

Kenacana: Jakarta.

Sunarto, K. 2004.Pengantar Sosiologi. Fakultas Ekonomi

Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta.

ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation

1736