Antihyperglycemic Effect and Glucose Tolerance of Ethanol Extract

the Rind of Jengkol (Pithecollobium jiringa Jack) in Diabetic Rats

Muhammad Yanis Musdja

, Weldy Marison

and Ahmad Musir

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,State Islamic University, Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pancasila, Jakarta

Keywords: antidiabetes, jengkol rind, male rats, Pithecollobium Jiringa Jack, tolerance glucose.

Abstract: In traditional medicine, the rind of jengkol or skin of jengkol fruit (Pithecellobium jiringa Jack) has been

used by some people to reduce blood glucose levels in some districts of Indonesia. This study aims to

determine the antihyperglycemic effect and glucose tolerance of ethanol extract of the rind of jengkol

(Pithecollobium jiringa Jack) in diabetic rats. Jengkol fruit was bought from Kebonjeruk market, West

Jakarta and determination of jengkol rind was done at the Biology Research Center, Indonesian Institute of

Sciences, Bogor.Indonesia. Jengkol rind was separated from the fruit seeds. Preparation of jengkol rind

extract was done by cold maceration extraction technique using ethanol 70%. The male albino rats that

qualify for the experiment were made into diabetics using the alloxan method. The rats were divided into 7

groups, each group consisted of 5 rats. as positive control for anti-diabetic was used glibenclamide and for

glucose tolerance test was used acarbose, as normal control just given aquadest and for negative control

wass given a solution for suspending the test preparation (1% CMC Na). For extract of jengkol rind was

given low dose ( 24,5 mg/200 gr bw), medium dose (49 mg/200 gr bw) and high dose (196 mg/200 gr bw)

and glucometer tool was used to measure blood sugar levels. Statistical results with ANOVA test and

Kruskal-wallis test showed that small and medium doses of jengkol rind extract had the same antidiabetic

effect and glucose tolerance with positive control and were significantly different to negative controls.

(P≤0.05). and high dose was not significantly different to negative controls (P≥0.05).

1 INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization, In

2017, there are about 150 million people have

diabetes mellitus worldwide, this number may well

double by the year 2025. Majority of this increase

will occur in developing countries and will be due to

population growth, ageing, unhealthy diets, obesity

and sedentary lifestyles. It is estimated in 2025, most

people with diabetes in developed countries will be

aged 65 years or more and in developing countries

most will be in the 45-64 year. Around 1.6 million

people worldwide died due to diabetes in 2017. It is

estimated about 500 million people are living with

diabetes all over the world. By 2045, Therefore, in

recent years, diabetes has become one of the leading

causes of deaths worldwide (WHO, 2017)

There are 2 forms of diabetes that are most

common, i.e. Diabetes (type 1), This is known as

insulin-dependent, in which the pancreas fails to

produce the insulin. Majority of this form develops

in children and adolescents, but is being increasingly

noted later in life. Diabetes (type 2) This is known as

non-insulin-dependent which results from the body's

inability to respond properly to the action of insulin

produced by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is around

90% of all diabetes cases worldwide. It occurs most

frequently in adults, there are about 40% of diabetes

sufferers require oral agents for their blood glucose

control, and also there are about 40% need insulin

injections. (WHO, 2017)

Insulin is unaffordable in many poor countries.

On the other hand, the use of synthetic drugs for

diabetes has many side effects. Moreover, oral

diabetes medications rarely work double as a

decrease in blood glucose levels and work as a

glucose tolerance inhibitor (WHO, 2017).

Double work as a decrease in blood glucose

levels and works as a glucose tolerance inhibitor,

only possible on drugs that are sourced from natural

products. Because natural products are usually

chemical compounds that work as diabetes drugs not

Musdja, M., Marison, W. and Musir, A.

Antihyperglycemic Effect and Glucose Tolerance of Ethanol Extract the Rind of Jengkol (Pithecollobium jiringa Jack) in Diabetic Rats.

DOI: 10.5220/0009941322452250

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2245-2250

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2245

only one chemical compound, but can be more than

one chemical compound, namely the form of

synergy of several chemical compounds. Therefore

the discovery of diabetes drugs from natural

products is very necessary (WHO, 2017; Muslim

and Majid, 2010; Zurhana et al., 2018)

Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) or called as Jengkol

in Indonesia, jering in Malayasia, krakos in

Combodia and niang-yai in Thailand (Muslim N,

2010). The seeds or beans of jengkol fruit is

delicious to make curry or fried with chili. and many

people are addicted to eating jengkol because of its

delicious taste. Generally, the rind of jengkol fruit

seeds or the skin of jengkol fruit is not eat, usually

not used for anything, and just thrown away as

organic waste. (Muslim and Majid, 2010; Zurhana et

al., 2018; Bunawan et al., 2013)

In traditional medicine, usually jengkol used, to

treat toothache, gum pains, chest pains and skin

ailments in the old Indonesia and Malaysian folk.

Raw eaten jengkol fruit seeds are believed to help to

purify the blood and to serve as anti-diabetic agent

and to induce urination. (Bunawan et al., 2013).

As the research was conducted by Ruzilawati et

al (2012) and Zurhana et al (2017), that jengkol fruit

also works as antimicrobial and anti-jamur,

including the bacteria Trychophyton

mentagrophytes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and M.

gypsum (Zurhana et al., 2018; Ruzilawati et al.,

2012; Charungchitraka et al., 2011)

Jengkol was reported containing chemical

compounds among others : five flavan-3-ol

derivatives which include new flavan-3-ol

gallatesgallocatechin 3‘- and 4‘-O-gallates as well as

gallocatechin 7,3‘- and 7,4‘-di-O-gallates ,

procyanidinds B-3 and B-4 and prodelphinidin B-1,

as well as flavan-3-ols. The metabolites identified

were generally found to be fatty acids, terpenoids,

ally sulphur, vitamin E, Djenkolic acid and alkaloid.

(Bunawan et al., 2013)

The specific and stinging smell of jengkol is

sourced from djenkolic acid which is contained by

jengkol fruit (figure 2). Because the taste of jengkol

is very delicious, many people consume jengkol

excessively and cause poisoning known as

Djengkolism, In other words, djenkolism is an

uncommon but important cause of acute kidney

injury. It sporadically occurs after an ingestion of the

jengkol bean (Zurhana et al., 2018; Bunawan et al.,

2013).

1a 1b

Figure 1a. the Jengkol rind and 1b. Jengkol seed

Figure 2: Djenkolid Acid

2 METHODS

Jengkol fruit was purchased in the Kebon Jeruk

market, West Jakarta and the taxonomy

determination of plants was carried out at the

Biology Research Center, Indonesian Institute of

Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia.

The making of simplicia was done as follow; A

total of 700 g of jengkol rind powder was extracted

by repeated maceration method by using 70%

ethanol solvent and stirred occasionally until the

solution obtained was clear. The obtained filtrate

was evaporated by using a vacuum evaporator. The

extract obtained was dried in an oven at 70 °C.

Screening of chemical compound groups of

jengkol rind extract were done based on Harbone

methods, in this cases, analysis of chemical

compound groups were done for groups of alkaloid,

flavonoid, saponin, steroid, triterpenoid, tannin,

quinone and essential oil (Harborne, 1998).

The male white rats, strain of Sprague-Dawley

with 3-4 months old (weight 190-250 g) were

acclimatized for two weeks. The rats qualified for

the experiment were divided into 7 groups. each

group consists of 5 rats, before the experiment

begins, the rats was fasted for 10 hours.

The animals were fed with standard pellet diet

and water was given ad libitum. This study was

carried out in the animal house of State Islamic

University, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta and this

study was approved by the Institutional Ethical

Committee. The grouping of rats for experiment as

shown in table 1.

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The dose of acarbose and glibenclamid given to

rats were calculated based on effective doses for

humans (50-200 mg / kg bw for acarbose and 5 - 10

mg/ kg bw for glibenclamid) and converted based on

the conversion of Paget and Barnes ie the dose for

every 200 g of rat equivalent to 0.018 x human dose

(Watts, 1984)

Table 1: The grouping of rats for experiment

Group Treatment

1 Normal control, given aquadest 3ml/200 g

2 Negative control was made diabetes,

given (50 % glucose, 1%, CMC Na,

aquadest) each 1ml/200 g bw

3 Positive control was made diabetes, given

(acarbose 1,8 mg in1%, CMC Na, 50%

glucose, aquadest) each 1ml/200 g bw

4 Positive control was made diabetes, given

(glibenklamid 0,09 mg in1%, CMC Na,

50% glucose, aquadest) each 1ml/200 g

5 Low dose was made diabetes, given

(jengkol rind extract 24,5 mg in 1% CMC

Na, 50% glukose , aquadest ) each

1ml/200 g bw

6 Medium dose was made diabetes given

given (jengkol rind extract 49 mg in 1%

CMC Na, 50% glukose , aquadest ) each

1ml/200 g bw

7 High dose was made diabetes, given

(jengkol rind extract 98 mg in 1% CMC

Na, 50% glukose , aquadest ) each

1ml/200 g bw

To make rats become diabetic was given alloxan

through intravenous injection. Rat blood

measurements were carried out before giving

alloxan. Alloxan dosage was calculated based on the

effective dose to make the rats become diabetic,

i.e.13 mg / 200 g bw of rat. On the days 7th until

14th usually the blood sugar levels of rats became

stable with diabetes. (Kurniati, 2007). The method

for administering test animals and animal grouping

in more detail is shown in Table 1.

The rats blood were taken through intravenous and

their blood sugar levels were measured by using a

glucometer tool. Furthermore, rat blood was taken at

30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes. Data of blood

glucose level obtained was calculated by using

statistical with methods of Levena, ANOVA and

Kruskal Walis.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The result of the taxonomic determination of the

plants that was carried out in Biological Research

Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences showed that

plant was used in this research was Pithecollobium

jiringa Jack

The results of phytochemical screening of methanol

extract of jengkol rind showed that the group of

chemical compounds contained in this plant Was as

shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The content of groups of chemical compounds of

jengkol rind extract

Chemical group Results

Alkaloids +

Flavonoids +

Saponin +

Tannin +

Quinone +

Steroids &

Triterpenoids

Essential oil +

Qoumarine -

Results of measurement of blood glucose levels

of test animals before treatment and after treatment

was shown in Table 3 and Figure 1.

Table 3: Results of measurements of average blood

glucose levels for oral glucose tolerance in experimental

rats

minutes

Average of blood glucose level (mg / dl)

NC C(+) C(-) LD MD HD

0 114 110.75 118.5 149 134.5 199.75

30 106.75 107 161.75 115.5 135.5 219.75

60 123 105 280.75 120.75 114.5 206.25

90 105 118.75 285.25 122.25 119.25 192

120 111 100.25 244.5 139.75 119.75 185.25

150 134.25 114.75 237 137.25 128.5 182

180 143.5 139.25 228 168.25 131.75 194

Notes :

NC : Normal Control LD: Low Dose

C(+) : Positive Control MD: Medium Dose

C(-) : Negative Control HD: High Dose

As shown in Table 3 and Figure 1. On the

negative control of rats group, due to glucose

administration in diabetic rats, in observation every

30 minutes, there was a gradual increase in glucose

levels compared to 0 minutes (118.5 mg / dL) with

an increase value for 30, 60, 90 minutes were

161.75; 280.75; 285.25 mg / dL, respectively. Based

on Statistical test was significantly different. Then it

starts to decrease bit by bit at 120, 150, 180 minutes

with a value of 244.5; 237; 228mg / dL,

respectively(P≤0.05).

Antihyperglycemic Effect and Glucose Tolerance of Ethanol Extract the Rind of Jengkol (Pithecollobium jiringa Jack) in Diabetic Rats

2247

In normal group rats, or rats that did not have

diabetes, due to glucose administration there were

no increase in glucose levels. The results of

measurement of glucose levels every 30 minutes to

180 minutes, only fluctuated and based on statistical

tests did not differ significantly (P≥0.05)

In the group of positive control, the rats with

diabetes were given drugs that acted as glucose

tolerance, due to glucose administration in diabetic

rats, no increase in glucose levels. The results of

measurement of glucose levels every 30 minutes to

180 minutes, only fluctuated and based on statistical

tests did not differ significantly (P≥0.05)

On the low dose of jengkol rind extract, the rats

with diabetes, due to administration of jengkol rind

extract, showed decrease in glucose levels compared

to the 0 minute (149 mg / dL) with decrease value

for 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes were 115.5; 120.75;

122.25; 139.75; 137.25 mg / dL, respectively and

increased at 180 minutes with a value of 168.25 mg /

dL.

While, on the middle dose of jengkol rind

extract, the rats with diabetes, showed decrease in

glucose levels compared to the 0 minute (134.5 mg /

dL) with decrease value for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180

minutes were 114.5; 119.25; 119.75; 128.5; 131.75;

mg / dL, respectively, work effect of this middle

dose was same with work effect of positive control

(acarbose), only different on 180 minutes, where

positive control at 24 days was still high i.e. 139.25

mg/dL or higher than 0 minutes (110.75 mg/dL).

On the high dose of jengkol rind extract, the rats

with diabetes, showed decrease in glucose levels

compared to the 0 minute (199.75mg / dL) with

inrease value for 30, 60, minutes were 219.75;

206.25 mg / dL, respectively and decreased at 90,

120, 150 and 180 minutes with a value of 192;

185.25; 182 and 194mg / dL, respectively. As shown

in Table 3 and Figure 1.

Figure 1. Results of measurements of average blood

glucose levels for oral glucose tolerance in experimental

rats.

Notes :

NC : Normal Control LD: Low Dose

C(+) : Positive Control MD: Medium Dose

C(-) : Negative Control HD: High Dose

Table 4: Results of measurements of average blood

glucose levels in experimental rats

ays Average blood glucose level (mg / dl)

NC C(+) C(-) LD MD HD

0 84.75 85.5 83.75 84.75 86.25 82.75

14 88.5 172.25 106.25 149 134.5 199.75

17 121.5 72.5 130.25 124 117.75 128.75

22 104.25 77 158.25 99 114.5 135.5

28 90.5 78.5 152 84 94.75 111.5

The Results of measurements of average blood

glucose levels in experimental rats, as shown in

Table 4 and Figure 2. On the negative control of rats

group, due to glucose administration in diabetic rats,

on measurement at 14, 17, 22 and 28 days, there

were a gradual increase in glucose levels compared

to 0 day (83.75 mg / dL) with an increase value for

30, 60, 90 minutes were 106.25; 130.25; 158.25 and

152mg / dL, respectively. Based on Statistical test

was significantly different (P≤0.05).

In normal group rats, or rats that did not have

diabetes, due to glucose administration there was no

increase in glucose levels. The results of

measurement of glucose levels at 14, 17, 22 and 28

days, only fluctuated and based on statistical tests

did not differ significantly (P≥0.05)

In the group of positive control, the rats with

diabetes were given glibenclamid that acted to

decrease glucose, due to glibenclamid administration

in diabetic rats, no increase in glucose levels. The

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2248

results of measurement of glucose levels at 14, 17,

22 and 28 days, only fluctuated and based on

statistical tests did not differ significantly (P≥0.05)

On the low dose of jengkol rind extract, the rats

with diabetes, due to administration of jengkol rind

extract, showed increase in glucose levels compared

to the 0 day (84.75 mg / dL) with increase value for

14 and 21, days were 149 and 124 mg / dL,

respectively and decreased at 22 and 28 days with

value of 99 and 84 mg / dL. and so for the middle

dose of jengkol rind extract. Work effect of low dose

and middle dose of jengkol rind extract were same

wit work effect of positive control (glibenclamid) in

decrease glucose.

While, on the high dose of jengkol rind extract,

the rats with diabetes, showed glucose levels on days

compared to the 0 day (86.25 mg / dL) with decrease

value for at 14, 17 and 22 days with the value

199.75; 128.75 and 135.5 mg/dL, respectively, then

a little decrease at 22 days, i.e 111.5 mg/dL. As

shown in Table 4 and Figure 2.

Figure 2: Results of measurements of average blood

glucose levels in experimental rats

If this study (Jengkol Rind as an antidibetic) was

compared with the research of Rahanah et al (2011)

by using jengkol seeds as antidiabetic, then jenkol

rind is stronger than jengkol seeds as an antidibetic.

Because jengkol rind extract with a low dose

(24.5 mg / 200 g bw) could reduce blood glucose

levels within 28 days, while in the results of research

of Rahanah et al (2011) Jengkol beans extract could

reduce glucose levels on day 84 or 12 weeks.

Whereas for the effect of glucose tolerance of

jengkol rind extract can also inhibit glucose

tolerance in 48 hours or in 2 days after

administration of jengkol rind extract for moderate

dose or 49 mg / 200 g bw.

On the test for hypoglycemia effect on oral

glucose tolerance ethanol extract of jengkol rind

could reduce blood glucose levels, as shown wit not

significantly differet at low doses of 24.5 mg / 200 g

bw and 49 mg/200 g bw with normal and positive

controls (P≥0.05) and significantly different between

the test dose with negative control (P≤0.05) in the

and 90th minutes. At high doses it had no effect

because there was no difference significant between

high doses with negative controls in the 60

, 90

120

, 150

and 180

minutes.

On the hypoglycemia effect test, on diabetic rats,

the ethanol extract of jengkol rind was proven to

reduce blood glucose levels, this was shown, with

there was no significantly different at low doses of

24.5 mg / 200 g bw of rats and middle doses of 49

mg / 200 g bw of rats with normal and positive

control (P≥0.05), and there were significantly

different between the test dose with negative control

(P≤0.05) on the 22nd and 28th days. And at high

doses did not have an effect because it was not there

were significantly different between high doses and

negative controls on days 17 and 22.

If this study (Jengkol Rind as an antidibetic) was

compared with the research of Rahanah et al. (2011)

by using jengkol seeds as antidiabetic, then the

jengkol rind is stronger than jengkol seeds as

antidabetic.

Because jengkol extract with a low dose (24.5

mg / 200 g bw) could reduce blood glucose levels

within 28 days, while in the results of research of

Rahanah et al (2011) Jengkol beans extract could

reduce glucose levels on day 84 or 12 weeks.

Whereas for the effect of glucose tolerance, jengkol

rind can also inhibit glucose tolerance in hours or 2

days after administration of jengkol rind extract for

moderate dose (49 mg / 200 g bw). In research of

Rahanah et al., Studied for glucose tolerance testing

were not conducted

Based on research of Yanti et al 2017, Jengkol

protein could reduce interleukin-6 and leptin as

compound for trigger obesity, as we know obesity is

one of trigger diabetes disease. (Yanti et al, 2017)

4 CONCLUSION

Ethanol extract of jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa

Jack) rind Pram was potential to reduce blood

glucose levels, both with oral glucose tolerance test

and alloxan diabetes test.

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Antihyperglycemic Effect and Glucose Tolerance of Ethanol Extract the Rind of Jengkol (Pithecollobium jiringa Jack) in Diabetic Rats

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