Islamic Education Management in the Digital Era

Abdul Mu’id

Islamic Institute of Qomaruddin Bungah Gresik Postgraduate Program, East Java.

Keywords: Education Management, Digital Era, Educational Technology Development.

Abstract: Managing the Management of Islamic Higher Education is a breakthrough It is important how the direction

of the development of Islamic Higher Education will be developed. Therefore, in order to develop the

infrastructure of Management in Islamic Higher Education, the function is very important for Campus

Development, lecturers, practitioners, scholars, and prospective future thinkers of the nation who will

pursue and become a pillar in developing the mission and Vision of Islamic Higher Education for achieving

quality education goals in an increasingly sophisticated and modern era of life. For that the Problem of

Higher Education in the Digital Era is very complex. Because the demands of this era of life are fast-paced,

for the Campus, for lecturers and practitioners must master IT technology in order to develop learning

models with systems built in the digital era today. Just imagine if the management of education is destroyed,

it will have an impact on campus stakeholders. Therefore, the study of the management of Islamic Higher

Education in this digital era according to researchers, that higher education institutions without accountable

management, and transparent, then sooner or later the educational institution will be abandoned by its

students. So the important message in this paper is how to organize the management of Islamic higher

education can be better and more modern towards change towards an advanced era.

1 BASIC THOUGHT

MANAGEMENT OF ISLAMIC

EDUCATION DIGITAL ERA

In language, management comes from the word

manage, which means managing, managing,

implementing, managing. Meanwhile, according to

Asnawir, management comes from the word

managio which means management or managiare

which means training in managing steps. If viewed

in language that management implies responsible

active work, not just to organize themselves, but also

contains social elements to provide management

education to others, especially to their subordinates.

From the meaning of the language can be

understood that management is active work, the

opponent is passive. Thus, management is an active

activity to achieve something. If in an organization

there is no continuous and directed active

movement, then the organization does not have good

management. Therefore, managing good

management in an Islamic university is a necessity,

and is a good breakthrough. Mujammil Qomar in his

book which is entitled "Management of Islamic

Education" said that to handle a college can be good

and professional, if in managing The college focuses

on good and serious aspects of management in

managing it, if it wants the quality of a tertiary

institution to become a quality university,

(Mujammil Qomar: 2007: 100).

Furthermore, in mobilizing an organization it

will be difficult to materialize, if in managing the

organization without seriousness and without hard

work, in this vast and vast universe of nature, of

course there are those who regulate it, if no one

regulates it is impossible that nature will run

regularly, directed, neatly arranged. The existence of

nature moving regularly and neatly arranged must

have moved and compiled and controlled it. The one

who regulates and controls it is the Most Arranging

and the Most Terrible, namely Allah Almighty. And

Allah, there is no God but He who lives eternally

continually takes care of (His creatures); not sleepy

and not sleeping. His is what is in the heavens and

what is on the earth. No one can give the faith in

Allah's side without His permission? Allah knows

what is before them and behind them, and they know

nothing of the knowledge of Allah but what He

wants. God's seat covers the heavens and the earth.

and God does not feel heavy caring for both, and

Allah is Most High, Most Great.

Mu’id, A.

Islamic Education Management in the Digital Era.

DOI: 10.5220/0009943123832390

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 2383-2390

ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9

2383

Furthermore, the notion of management

according to many terms is put forward by several

opinions, namely according to Hersey and Blanchard

that management is cooperation through people or

groups to achieve goals. From the quotation, it can

be understood that management is a team work that

strives to realize shared dreams and ideals, shared

ideals and dreams are realized through cooperation

in teams that support each other in the same

organization.

As for Ramayulis' view, management is a process

of utilizing all resources through other people by

collaborating. From this understanding it can be

observed that management always needs other people

in the process of achieving a common goal, meaning

that in management requires others in achieving the

goals. Thus, management requires the cooperation of

more than one person in the framework of the

process of achieving common desires.

From the description it can be understood that

management is a process of active activities with

each other in an organization, an institution in order

to realize the common desires and goals in achieving

goals. Thus the management of higher education is a

process of active cooperation in a higher education

institution in order to achieve the goals of the

educational institution. The collaboration is based on

faith in God, as well as cooperation to reach the

pleasure of Allah, so that all active efforts together

to achieve the goals are carried out and directed in

the frame of faith. Because basically God tells us to

cooperate in goodness and help you in doing good

and piety, and do not help in committing sins and

transgressions, and fear you with Allah. Verily Allah

is very heavy in His punishment, (Al-Maidah: 5: 2).

From the description of the verse, it can be taken

the idea that management in Islamic Higher

Education prioritizes active collaboration with other

people, both in educational institutions and outside

institutions. The collaboration was framed with the

spirit of God's pleasure, the spirit of teamwork to

achieve the goal of Islamic Education with nuances

of divinity. So, Islamic Education Management in

that sense distinguishes it from other management,

because management in Islamic education is based

on the Al-Quran and the Hadith of the Prophet

Muhammad in conducting its operations.

Furthermore, Islamic Higher Education

Management is based on Al-Quran and Hadith. This

basis is a differentiator from other management,

management outside the institution of Islamic

Education is only based on the thinking of the

management leaders and the ideology of the country

where the institution is located. While Islamic

Education management is not related to state

ideology. The irrelevance of Islamic education

management with state ideology because basically

the management of Islamic Education has no direct

connection, because the management of Islamic

Education merges with the values of the teachings of

Islam itself which are based on the teachings of the

Qur'an and Al Hadith.

Thus, the basis of Islamic Education

management will never mix with other management

ideologies, because of the spirit of Islamic Education

management based on the Koran and the Hadith of

the Prophet Muhammad. On the other hand, the

management of Islamic Education prioritizes

mutually beneficial cooperation to achieve a

common goal, because the cooperation is based on

the values of goodness which barometer is the

pleasure of Allah, then it will give birth to the final

value of all the goals of cooperation is none other

than the value of piety on the side Allah SWT. (Hadi

Nur Miftah, et.al: http.//barassayin.blogsport.com).

Then in the era of globalization today or called

the Age of Now, which is marked by various

advances in the field of information technology, and

communication that encourage various changes both

in the world of education and in the world of

management of educational institutions. Macro

changes have driven the acceleration of the

democratization process and equity in learning.

In relation to the development of technology and

the swift flow of information and technology, it will

affect teachers or lecturers who are teaching staff

who are no longer the only source in the learning

process. Nature that is stretched designed or not

designed can be a source of knowledge that is at all

times ready to present whatever students want, or

students. With the advancement of Information and

Communication Technology, there are several things

that we get, namely: First, the faster access to

information, second, communication with various

people not dependent on geography, and third, can

internalize an idea or thought in the form of text,

graphic sounds and images via media e-mail, twitter,

WhatsApp, Instagram, and so on. Looking at the

phenomenon above, education is no longer defined

as a process of transferring knowledge from

educators to students. This definition is very

personals (contact between adults and children is a

limit to the meaning of education), and has now

been abandoned by many people. Education is

revolutionized by learning technology. Where

students have flexibility in learning, whenever they

have to learn, what material must be learned, with

what help they must learn. All are presented like

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mineral water outlets along the way. Likewise with

Islamic education, now there is an era where

education is no longer centered on people or

educators, but more than that we are experiencing

what is called the era of digitalization of education.

The following article tries to give a few snippets

where education has penetrated the digital era that

has been present in front of us. Moreover, how do

we bring our respective universities that have

challenges not getting lighter, but increasingly

heavy, because the challenge is how we manage it

with well.

In connection with the above in this global era,

Muslims live in a modern era filled with challenges

and obstacles. In this era, Muslims are required to

have superior skills, knowledge and experience in

order to compete to seize opportunities. Muslims are

challenged to have a creative, innovative, dynamic,

open, democratic attitude, a high work ethic and a

strong spiritual. Living in this Era, the importance of

equipping yourself with knowledge, skills, IT

management, hard work, diligence and based on

literacy and strong data to develop universities in

order to showcase creativity, collide university

management, so that universities will be able to

compete in the middle of a global life that is fast and

responsive to the situation and conditions in the

millennial and digital era.

To change the direction of progress, there is a

series of activities in the form of management

processes of PT. in a collaborative effort of a group

of people who are members of the educational

organization, to achieve the educational goals that

have been set beforehand, in order to achieve the

objectives of an effective and efficient Education

Management (http: // dictionbahasaindonesia.org /

management: March 3, 2016).

The Mujamil Qomar interpreted the management

of Islamic education as a process of managing

Islamic Islamic education institutions by dealing

with learning resources and other matters related to

achieving the objectives of Islamic education

effectively and efficiently (Mujamil Qomar, 2007:

10). This understanding is specifically specified by

Muhaimin that Islamic education at least breathes

two important things, namely an educational activity

held with an intention that has manifestations of

Islamic teachings and values and an educational

system developed from and encouraged or imbued

by teachings and values. Islamic values. The

hallmark of Islamic education as seen by Abuddin

Nata is education that bases all of its learning

activities on the realm of ketauhidan (Abuddin Nata,

2012: 198).

One of the weaknesses of Muslims, even

scholars are the habit of stopping at normative

concepts, so that they seem to have been satisfied

only memorizing the arguments of the Koran and Al

Hatih. So it is only natural that in recent times there

has been a dearth of creative works, as a generator of

Islamic civilization in this era. In addition, Islamic

education serves to prepare humans as leaders who

represent God on earth. Humans who orient their

lives not only for the benefit of the world, but

transcendentally link all worldly activities as

provisions to trace a more eternal life, namely the

afterlife.

Furthermore, the problematic management of

Islamic Education means that all problems related to

the management of Islamic education include

management of leadership, personnel, students,

curriculum, finance, and management of facilities

and infrastructure. In the study of Dawn explained ",

Al-Thariqahahammu min al-maddahwalakinna al -

almudarrisahammu min al-thariqah (method is more

important than material, but teacher is more

important than method), meaning the role of HR is

important in order to organize the management of

Islamic Higher Education, (Mujammil Qomar, 2007:

129) In Mulyasa's view, he said that Islamic

Education personnel management aims to achieve

power that is effective and efficient in order to

achieve optimal results, but still in conditions that

are fun in any situation and condition, (Mujammil

Qomar, 2007: 130). For that the methodology we

use is in conducting studies this is a study that uses a

description of a phenomenon in the location of the

researcher tian. Whereas in compiling this study,

researchers used qualitative methods by presenting

descriptive data. Because, the data collected in this

study is in the form of words, not numbers. The

procedure for analysis is interpretation, not statistical

or quantitative. As expressed by Bogdan and Tylor,

which was cited by Lexy J. Moleong, that qualitative

methodology is a research procedure that produces

descriptive data in the form of written or verbal

words from people or observed behavior, (Lexy J.

Moleong: 2009: 4)

2 BASIC PRINCIPLES IN

ISLAMIC HIGHER

EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

According to Ramayulis the principles of education

management are sincere, honesty, trustworthy, fair,

responsible, dynamic, practical, and flexible. For

Islamic Education Management in the Digital Era

2385

details, a number of Al-Quran propositions will be

presented which underlie the principles of Islamic

Education management as follows:

First, Ikhlas attitude, the principle of sincerity in the

management of Islamic Education should be the

most important part of the leader and the one he

leads. If sincerity does not exist, then there will be

chaos in carrying out the task, the task they do not

consider as worship. Without sincerity, all his

actions in order to achieve common goals in

educational organizations and institutions will

remain in vain because they are carried out by force

or other than Allah.

Second, the Principle of Honesty, that God

commands every Muslim to act and be with honest

people. "O ye who believe, fear Allah, and be with

those who are righteous." In the verse it is implied

that when a believer in togetherness in a group or in

an institution or in an organization should be in the

line of honest people. If in the management of

Islamic education there are many honest people,

God will give a reward for the truth and honesty.

Third, this Amanah Principle should be owned by

every Muslim, when the mandate has been owned,

then in carrying out any task will be responsible,

will be mandated by the task given to him. Because

basically God tells people to convey the mandate to

those who are entitled.

Fourth, Prisip al-is, in the management of Islamic

Education the decision to be taken should pay

attention to the values of justice, so that the decision

does not harm other parties. The principle of justice

should be applied in all aspects of management, so

that there is no gap to commit tyranny against

others.

Fifth, the principle of the sense of responsibility, that

every component of management should have a

responsible person, so that in carrying out the task is

not just to be done, but to dare to be responsible for

all decisions, all actions in order to achieve common

goals. In Islamic education management, the answer

is not only to stop at the hands of the manager, but

also before Allah. The same thing was also

expressed by Ramayulis that all actions taken by

managers will be held accountable, both activities,

policies taken will be held accountable, both before

humans and before Allah.

Sixth, the dynamic principle, management of Islamic

education should always be dynamic, in the sense of

making changes that may need to be changed, and

trying not to be static in doing managerial in Islamic

education, and all dynamics should be directed and

adapted to Islamic education itself. In the study of

this journal article, the author attempts to describe

the reviews based on field observations, where the

results of this paper illustrate how many Islamic

higher education institutions require serious, and in-

depth handling in order to become a healthy

university with a ratio of students, lecturers,

facilities, human resources and all its needs. From

various studies in various regions, the authors

compiled an article of this research using qualitative

meanings.

3 MAIN FUNCTIONS IN

ISLAMIC HIGHER

EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

3.1 Planning Function

Planning is a process carried out by a manager in

determining goals and taking steps to ensure that

these goals can be achieved. Meanwhile, according

to Ramayulis planning is the first step that must be

considered by managers and managers of Islamic

education. planning is an important thing that should

exist in the management of Islamic education.

Planning in Islamic education institutions is not only

to meet the target of Islamic education goals in a

certain range, but the planning of Islamic education

goes beyond worldly limits. The point is that Islamic

education planning is directed to achieve happiness

in the world and the world. This is reinforced by the

opinion of Ramayulis, that the planning of Islamic

education is not only directed to achieve the

perfection of world happiness, but also happiness,

meaning that in planning Islamic education needs to

consider the balance between the goals of the world

and the world. , not much different from managing

the management of the institution outside of a high

level of struggle.But the difference between

managing PT. Is much heavier and more

complicated, because it manages PT. Must be ready

for everything.

Asnawir stated that the steps in planning are as

follows:

a) Determine and formulate the objectives to

be achieved.

b) Examine the problems or work that will be

carried out.

c) Problems or information needed.

d) Determine the stages or sequence of

actions.

e) Formulate how the problems will be solved

and how the work must be completed

thoroughly.

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f) Determine who will do what influences the

implementation of the action.

g) Determine how to make changes in the

preparation of plans.

3.2 Organizing

Asnawir stated that organizing is a formulation

activity, the formation of working relationships

between people so as to realize a business entity in

achieving the stated goals. Ramayulis states

organizing in management as an effort to determine

the structure of roles by making concepts of

activities needed to achieve goals. This further

clarifies the position of the organizer in

management, the concept of organizing clearly

provides an illustration that in management there are

efforts to carry out different roles in order to realize

a common goal, even though they vary in roles, but

all these roles and activities lead to one the goal is to

achieve previously agreed targets. The achievement

of these targets is the actualization of the concepts

previously planned. This gives an understanding that

there is a kind of active and continuous movement of

various elements within institutions, organizations

and institutions to conduct various activities that are

structured and neatly arranged, so that interrelated

relationships are established to achieve the end

result, the end result is the goal.

3.3 Movement

Management has a scaling function, the scaling done

by managers allows the organization to run and

planning is carried out. Thus scaling is carried out

by important managers in management. Managers

who are able to move their subordinates certainly

have certain tips, such as giving motivation, giving

motivation is an attempt to arouse, the business of

awakening is one of Allah's asthma namely Al-Ba'its

which means to awaken. Based on Allah's Asma, the

manager should have these characteristics, so that it

is expected that in his managerial he is able to

arouse the work spirit of his subordinates.

3.4 Supervision

Supervision is an effort to supervise or observe so

that the implementation does not deviate from the

planned plan. According to Ramayulis, supervision

is an attempt to observe the implementation of

operational activities in order to ensure that activities

run in accordance with the stipulated provisions.

Based on Ramayulis' opinion, supervision is an

effort to control so that the implementation does not

deviate from the agreed terms. According to

Ramayulis supervision in Islamic education has the

following characteristics: supervision is material and

spiritual, monitoring is not only the manager, but

also Allah SWT, using humane methods that uphold

human dignity. With these characteristics it can be

understood that the implementers of various plans

that have been agreed upon will be accountable to

their managers and Allah as the most knowledgeable

supervisor. On the other hand, supervision in the

concept of Islam prioritizes using a humane

approach, an approach imbued with Islamic values.

As for what we find is dil

4 NEW CHALLENGES

MANAGEMENT OF ISLAMIC

HIGHER EDUCATION

INSTITUTIONS IN THE

DIGITAL ERA

In MujammilQomar's view in his book entitled

"Management of Islamic Education, 2007: 106), he

said" that the party most responsible for managing

Perguraun high is the Chancellor or High School

Leader, because building a university is building

human-intellectual professionalism in order to be

able to get along in the midst of a global community

dynamically, creatively, and innovatively.

Therefore, globalization is often translated

"worldwide". An entity, however, anywhere,

anytime, quickly spreads to all corners of the world,

in the form of ideas, ideas, data, information,

production, development, rebellion, and so on, once

conveyed, at that time everyone in the world knew.

The development of globalization in general rests on

the advancement of science and technology,

especially in the field of information and new

innovations in technology that facilitate human life,

the existence of free trade that is supported by the

advancement of science and technology, the ease of

regional and international cooperation that has

united life together from nations without knowing

national borders, and increasing awareness of human

rights and human obligations in common life, and in

line with that the increasing awareness of common

in the realm of democracy. The advancement of

science and technology which is accompanied by the

increasingly fast globalization of the world brings its

own impact to the world of education. For example,

various levels of education ranging from high school

to public and private tertiary institutions open

Islamic Education Management in the Digital Era

2387

international class programs, giving rise to problems

in Islamic education institutions, which no longer

respond to market needs for quality labor. This

raises several problems from the development of

globalization which can be detailed as follows. The

flow of globalization has an influence on the

development of the world of Islamic Higher

Education.

Because of that the space of globalization which is

characterized by various kinds of advances in the

field of information technology, and communication

has led to various changes in both the world of

education and learning. Macro changes have driven

the acceleration of the democratization process and

equity in learning. Teachers, lecturers, and teaching

staff are no longer the only sources in the learning

process. Actually, learning resources can be

obtained from a variety of sources, including one

that is nature that is stretched designed or not

designed can be a source of knowledge that at all

times is ready to present whatever students want for

their learning resources depending on their hard will.

With the advancement of Information and

communication technology there are several things

we get, namely: a) The faster access to information,

b) Communication with various kinds of people is

not dependent on geography, and c) Can internalize

an idea or thought in the form of text, graphics,

sound and picture. Looking at the phenomenon

above, education is no longer defined as a process of

transfer of knowledge, transfer of knowledge), from

educators to students. This definition is very

personalism (contact between adults and children is

a limit to the meaning of education), and has now

been abandoned by many people. Education is

revolutionized by learning technology. Where

students have the freedom to learn, how come he

must learn, what material must be learned, with what

help he must learn. All are presented like mineral

water outlets along the way. Likewise with Islamic

education, now there is an era where education is no

longer centered on people or educators, but more

than that we are experiencing what is called the era

of digitalization of education. The following article

tries to give some footage where education has

penetrated the digital era that has been present

before us. Whatever we want we can access, it

depends on how we use this digital age technology

to add insight into our knowledge. In order to create

quality education and be able to be accessed by

anyone, technology management is a direction to

develop the world of education today.

Changes are very clear before our eyes. Then the

period and era that always goes forward so quickly,

has brought various kinds of changes from various

points of view of human life. Not only in the pattern

of life but more specifically it can be said to have

influenced the way of thinking and the ethics of

thinking. This has presented the progress of the field

of science and technology, which demands humanity

to follow its development if it wants the continuation

of its life in this modern world. While the most

important thing for the achievement of progress and

civilization, can not escape from an educational

process that can lead to achieving an integral

thought process for the changes and development of

applied science and technology. Because what is

happening now is, who controls science, technology

and information, they will be able to influence and

determine the direction of society in this digital era.

So, whatever you want to achieve, Muslims can

strive and realize it through the ability of high

quality Muslims, so that they have the ability to

interact and communicate healthily in the global

pluralism of cultural society in this digital era.

Globalization currents which are often referred to as

free markets and at the same time free competition,

have opened many lines of communication between

humans through electronic media, and have shifted

the agents of human socialization that took place

traditionally. The progress of the information sector

will ultimately affect the psyche and personality of

the community. So that only those who are forward-

oriented can survive, and who are able to turn

knowledge into policy and those who have the

characteristics of modern society. In these

circumstances, the existence of a nation with another

nation has become one, both in the social, cultural,

economic, and even management settings of the

world of education, let alone those dealing with

managing Islamic education should not be left

behind with education other than Islamic education.

Then from the point of view above, education is an

important role holder in the process of developing

thought and culture, and human lifestyle both

directly and indirectly. For that reason, the change

should start from the institutional side, educational

material, teacher, lecturer as the implementer of

learning, methods, facilities, and so on from all

aspects and supporting factors of the educational

process, must be able to look carefully and be able to

build a new paradigm in the form of new culture

regarding education in a global era that is full of

challenges, so that it can provide new space for

several opportunities that can provide new insights

and contribute to the development of the global

world. One example to build a culture of discipline

in higher education, for example PT. apply the

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2388

Finger Print system, to encourage discipline of

lecturers in order to improve campus work ethic.

Therefore, according to A. Qodri Azizy, offers four

kinds of concepts to develop the management of

Islamic Higher Education. First, Morality

Commitment, both building system and Climate,

third building lecturer culture, fourth building staff

and leadership, (Mujammil Qomar: 2007: 118 -119)

While the challenge to bring religious colleges in the

future is not easy. At the very least, first, it must be

supported by strong institutional human resources.

Secondly, supported by adequate higher education

funding. Third, the availability of adequate

infrastructure. Fourth, supported by a conducive

environment. The fifth is supported by a conducive,

stable and good climate. . Well, on average, why are

many of our colleges still weak, because the five

devices are inadequate, eventually experiencing a

weakness in the field. In the writer's observation, in

East Java we still find many universities whose

management is mediocre in managing their

respective universities, in Gresik there may be three,

Surabaya, there are three, Sidoarjo there are two,

poor there is one, Ponorogo one and the other are

actually also we still find a lot.

5 CONCLUSIONS

From the explanation of the article above, it can be

concluded that etymologically management comes

from the word manage which means taking care of,

regulating, implementing, managing. Then in terms

of Islamic education management is a process of

active cooperation in an educational institution in

order to achieve the goals of educational institutions.

The collaboration is based on faith in God, as well as

cooperation to achieve God's blessing. In order to

make Higher Education advanced and in demand,

the best effort would be to improve the management

system of the Higher Education institution

thoroughly and work hard. Human resources are

important, strong sources of funding, adequate

infrastructure, a conducive environment, a strong

institutional structure.

The principles in Islamic education management are

based on sincerity to God, honesty, trustworthiness,

fairness, responsibility, dynamic, flexible. While

aspects of management in Islamic education are

institutional, structural, personnel, information,

engineering and environmental aspects. Then the

management function of Islamic education is a

function of planning, organizing, scaling and

supervision. The most prominent difference in the

management of Islamic education with secular

management or other management lies in its basic

principle, namely the Al-Quran and Hadith, on the

other hand supervision is comprehensive, not only

involves the manager in supervision but there is a

higher supervisor namely Allah SWT.

To develop PTI, it is necessary to identify the major

problems faced by PTI, namely, First, low

productivity; secondly, limited capacity; third

limitation of developing ability; fourth, the

imbalance between various universities; and fifth,

unbalanced distribution in the fields of science

provided by universities, especially between the

social sciences and the humanities with the exact

sciences. To overcome these weaknesses, programs

need to be as follows: First, increase the productivity

of universities; second, increased capacity; third,

improving service to the community; fourth,

improvement of scientific sciences or science and

technology; fifth, increased ability to develop. All

exposures, discussions, solutions, and findings need

to be used as important inputs for the advancement

of the management of higher education which is

increasingly a challenge in this digital era, including

educators or lecturers in all universities. Therefore,

in the future Competition, Management, Preparation

of HR, Infrastructure preparation is absolutely

indispensable, Supervision is very necessary,

because the more modern the management of

Universities, the more costs incurred by Higher

Education. Then all PTI. Not being able to manage

universities with capital as they are, but need to

make new innovations that are able to become

competitive for the progress of the college.

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(Surabaya, Airlangga Publisher, 2007).

Asifuddin, Ahmad Janan, Leading the Pillars of Islamic

Education (Philosophical Review), (Yogyakarta:

SunanKalijaga Press, 2009).

Ismadi, Bambang, "Strategic prerequisites for the

development of science and technology in the era of

globalization", http://pdfmachine.com

Jalal, Fasli, Education Reform in the Context of Regional

Autonomy, Yogyakarta: Adicita, 2001

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