The Impact of Globalization on Political System and

Governance in Indonesia

Citra Darminto and Ahmad Baidawi

Department of Government Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

Keywords: Globalization, Political Participation, Governance, E-Government.

Abstract: The background of this research is related to two things, namely: how the impact of globalization on

political system and how the impact of globalization on governance in Indonesia. The purpose of this study

is to analyze The impact of globalization on political system and governance in Indonesia. Talking about the

impact of globalization has given a big debate for globalization scholars, some say that globalization has too

much negative impact and some argue that globalization has brought many positive impacts. This study uses

a qualitative approach by analyzing data and literature sources related to The impact of globalization on

political system and governance in Indonesia. The study results show that Positive impact of globalization

on the political system in Indonesia is the increase in political participation, while the positive impact of

globalization on the government system in Indonesia is the existence of an electronic government system

(E-Government).

1 INTRODUCTION

The global era has a wide impact on various aspects

of human life. Not only in economic, legal, political,

social and cultural aspects but also in governance

aspects. In addition, the impact is also felt by all

groups. Starting from the top down, men and

women, leaders and subordinates, the rich and the

poor man.

Globalization is a process of a global community

that knows no boundaries. Globalization As a

process, it takes place through at least two

dimensions of interaction between nations, namely

the dimensions of space and time. The spatial

dimension is increasingly narrowed and the time

dimension is increasingly shortened in interaction

and communication on a world scale. Globalization

takes place in all areas of life such as ideology,

politics, government, economics, social culture,

defense and security. According to Heinemann

(2000), globalization is a process that is

characterized by the rapid development of the

doctrine of capitalism, i.e. the more revealing and

globally the role of markets, investment, and

production process of traditional companies.

According to Piotr Sztompka (2004), globalization

in general can be interpreted as a process that

produces a single world. That is, people throughout

the world become interdependent on all aspects of

life both culturally, economically, and politically, so

that the scope of interdependence is truly global. For

example, in fields politics, globalization has given a

new color in politics in the world such as the

phenomenon of democratization in several countries.

Talking about the impact of globalization has

been widely discussed by scientists. Some say

globalization has a negative impact and some say

globalization has a positive impact on the world

community. One of manifestation of globalization

can be seen through index KOF arrangement,

namely globalization index, that have been compiled

and-like Centre (Dreher, 2006).

The overall index of globalization composed of

various aspects of the social, economic, Indonesia's

foreign policy, government and political integration

in the right perspective applied in the policy, as a

response to the doubts openly indicator of economic

and external direct investment usually was used to

analyze the relationship between inequality and

economic globalization. Agree with Dreher, Stiglitz

(2002) believes that globalization can give the

benefit to all countries, both developed and

developing countries if can managed with well. In a

sense every country must have the right policy for

embrace globalization, according to its historical,

cultural, and cultural background it has. In line with

Darminto, C. and Baidawi, A.

The Impact of Globalization on Political System and Governance in Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0010001600050012

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 3 2019) - Social Engineering Governance for the People, Technology and Infrastructure in

Revolution Industry 4.0, pages 5-12

ISBN: 978-989-758-472-5

this, Hefner (2010) mentions that socially,

globalization can strengthen the unity and integrity

of humanity through cooperation, interdependence

and sharing of knowledge, expertise, personnel, and

resources.

From the positive impact of globalization on the

political system in Indonesia such as increased

public participation in politics, the existence of

freedom for the community in determining political

attitudes, while the positive impact in the field of

government can be seen from the progress of

innovation in information and communication

technology, the increasing role of Indonesia in

international relations,the impact of globalization on

Indonesia's foreign policy. Viewed from political

globalization, Indonesian government is now carried

out more openly and democratically. Because

government is part of a country, if the government is

run honestly, cleanly and dynamically it will

certainly get a positive response from the people so

that the sense of nationalism towards the country

increases. From the positive impact of globalization

on the economic sector, the opening of international

free markets, increasing employment opportunities

and increasing the country's foreign exchange and

the positive impact of globalization on social

culture, we can imitate good thinking patterns such

as a high work ethic, discipline and science and

technology from other nations that have advanced to

improve the progress of our nation (Aleksius, 2008).

However, in addition to the positive impacts

above we also cannot ignore the negative effects it

has in our lives. According to Buchanan and

Husynski (2002), globalization will impact on a

changecondition quickly. Starting from cyber

revolution, trade liberalisation, and homogeneity of

good and service in theworld. According to

Kiggundu (2002), globalization is a blame to

world’s unemployment situation though it brought

some jobs opportunities. Despite the fact that it

brought jobs opportunities to the global but it is still

a blame to the current situation. It‘s true that global

economic integration and increased travel have

resulted in increased competitiveness at the national

and enterprise levels, forcing producers to find ways

to cut costs, improve efficiency, and raise

productivity.

The negative impact of globalization on political

system in Indonesia can be seen from the emergence

of foreign intervention on the political system in the

Indonesian state, the Presence of foreign ideologies.

While the negative impact of globalization on the

government system can be seen from the

increasingly free community accessing government

sites will facilitate the occurrence of cyber crime.

Based on the explanation above, it is concluded

thatthe impact of globalization does not only occur

in the economic, legal, social and cultural sectorsbut

also occurs in other aspects, political aspects and

governance aspects. Therefore, in this article the

author wants to focus on the impact of globalization

on the political system and governance in Indonesia.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The term globalization is very familiar, maybe even

everyone often hears it and has a different

understanding of what globalization is. World

experts also have an understanding of globalization

with a different perspective.

Traditionally politics has been undertaken within

national political systems. National governments

have been ultimately responsible for maintaining the

security and economic welfare of their citizens, as

well as the protection of human rights and the

environment within their borders. With global

ecological changes, an ever more integrated global

economy, and other global trends, political activity

increasingly takes place at the global level.Under

globalization, politics can take place above the state

through political integration schemes such as the

European Union and through intergovernmental

organizations such as the International Monetary

Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade

Organization. Political activity can also transcend

national borders through global movements and

NGOs. Civil society organizations act globaly by

forming alliances with organizations in other

countries, using global communications systems,

and lobbying international organizations and other

actors directly, instead of working through their

national governments (Global Policy Forum, 2005).

According to Turner & Khondker (2010),

globalization as an extension of the reach of the

senses that goes beyond the boundaries of events as

far as the other side of the world as if we also feel

our physical taste there. Also added a concept which

then emphasized social relations, not merely a

matter of place or geography. Both opinions were

reinforced by Robertson (1992) with the concept of

"world as whole" and Rantanen (2005) who saw

globalization as unity in various ways. In a

communication perspective, we can understand

globalization as a social relationship that is in a unity

that cannot be separated by time and space.

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

According toJohn Baylis and Steve Smith (2008)

in their book “The Globalization of World Politics”

explained that globalization is a historical process

that widens, deepens, develops and causes

interconnections throughout the world.Globalization

is the most important part of the development of

world politics. World politics describes a political

interaction and process that not only occurs between

countries in the world, but the relationship between

non-state organizations, such as multinational

companies, terrorist groups, non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) commonly known as

transnational actors.

According to Clark and Norris (in Dreher 2006)

globalization is defined as the process of creating a

cooperation network among the principals are in

place, through a couple of current media such as

human, information and ideas, capital, and goods.

Globalizations are the process of critiquing the

boundaries of the State, combining the national

economy, culture, technology and Government, and

create complex relationships. Globalization is

classified into several dimensions, such as:

a. Economic globalization, characterized as the

flow of goods with long distances, capital and

services such as information and ideas that are

accompanied by the exchange market.

b. Political globalization is characterized by

thedisappearance of government regulations.

c. Social globalization, described as the

dissemination of ideas, information, imagery and

human.

3 METHODS

The research method for this study is qualitative.

Qualitative Research is a research that departs from

the perspective of the focus of research referring to

the quality of meaning (Maleong, 2014). The

method of data collection is library research

supported by print media such as books, magazines,

newspapers, journals, reports from many sources

and also electronic media, especially the internet

where data is a secondary source. These data will be

analyzed in a predetermined theoretical framework

to prove that the hypothesis is accurate and finally

able to answer the research question. The collected

data was analyzed using descriptive analysis to

better describe The Impact of globalization on

political system and governance in Indonesia. To

systematize the data collected, this analysis is

carried out through stages, namely: data reduction,

data exposure, description and verification as well as

drawing conclusions.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Impact of Globalization on

Politics

Globalization by removing geographical, political

and cultural borders, and also by pass dame of time

and place has changed attitudes, behavior and action

of individuals, nations, states and even socio-

political structure of societies. In politics scope,

globalization has created several evolutions which

some of them are as follows:

4.1.1 Globalization and New Political Actors

Another impact of globalization on politics is

appearance new political actorsin national, regional

and global scopes, and change in location of some

old andtraditional actors. These new actors, in inside

of state, are visible in form of groups,ethnic and

regional organizations, and in transnational

dimension, they are action inform of inter-

governmental international organizations and non-

governmentalinternational organizations. The

important point is non historic growth of

newdifferent organizations, especially transnational

organizations in late of 20

andbeginning of 21

The number of intergovernmental organizations has

increased from 37 at the beginning of 20

century to

300 at its end. The new actors due to have mass

capital and influence on politics andbehaviors of

other actors and even states are post important.

4.1.2 Globalization and New Political Culture

Another main and important output and

consequences of globalization is it’sinfluence on

political culture in national and international level.

Gabriel Almond defines political culture as set of

norms, values, emotions, information and

politicaltechnique. Almond argues political culture

has three basic dimensions; 1. Knowledgedimension

(the measure of information and knowledge of

citizens about political rolesand system). 2.

Sentimental dimension (emotion of loyalty,

dependence and relationto political system). 3.

Value dimension (judge about function of political

system). Before globalization age the culture and

identity of nations have been defined byintervention

The Impact of Globalization on Political System and Governance in Indonesia

of state, but in globalization age due to reduction

influence of states, thepolitical culture of people has

changed independently. Globalization has created

akind of common political culture among people in

the world, and has causedsimilarity in political

culture. So, common values like peace, justice,

equality, freedom, democracy, competition and free

election as common humanity values, arepublishing

by globalization. Nowadays, the insight and

knowledge of people about political system

andpolitical behavior of governors have been

changed, and they only and without any fear are

evaluating the function of system officers.

4.1.3 Globalization and Democracy

The phenomenon of globalization as a new

paradigm, in influence of economic evolutions, has

excellent changed human societies from half century

past. In late decades, the scientific and academic

societies, especially political science, and some

other matters like political systems, states, and

democracy, has conceptual redefined by

globalization. Some main questions about the

democracy and globalization are: which form of

democracy did influence by globalization? Did

ideology of democracy, or political culture of

democracy influenced by globalization? Or

democracy is as a governance pattern?

Based on different goals and definitions of

democracy, there are many various models of

democracy. According to mass direct or indirect

participation, it disports to direct and indirect or

participative democracy. And according to isonomy

and equality of economy, there are liberal and social

democracy and social democracy disport to

industrial and corporate democracy (Loin, 2000).

And according to different geographical scopes, and

many religions and races groups, the indirect

democracy disports to current democracy and

multiracial and associative democracy (Bashirieh

2000). Democracy has main characteristics that

some of them are: Free elections, it means everyone

and groups can have chance to reach power. This is

a main index to evaluation democracy in political

systems, Rationality of political actors. In fact, this

index is basic of democratic system, and is

democratic structures formation. However, the

measure rationality of actors is different in various

countries, Separation and monitoring of powers,

Liberally decision making power of representations.

The representations should be making decision

making liberally and without internal and external

threat and impacts, Freedom of parties, political

groups, social forces, in political actions. Josef

Schumpeter belief that, this index is essential for

democratic decision making, civil liberties and its

safeguard. It includes freedom of expression,

press,conscience, information, association, action,

and etc. This index, obtains the context of political

participation, codification of constitution and respect

it. In fact, the constitution appearance general will

and guaranties democracy, and political and social

equal opportunity for all citizens.

There are many different outlooks about

effective of globalization on structures of political

system and democratization process. Because of

globalization and democracy are complex, fluid and

universal concepts. Some thoughtful argued,

globalization explodes and reinforces the measure of

democracy in national and supranational level. And

others said it’s a serious challenge for

democratization process. Some thinkers believe, it's

negative and positive effectives are different

invarious countries, and it dependence to conditions.

The effective of globalization on democracy is

not limited to special scope. Some thoughtful beliefs

that globalization affects on all foundations of

democracysuch as: freedom of expression, freedom

of belief and religion, civil community,citizenship

rights, confine of state activity, legitimacy of

governors, freedom of press, and etc. In principle

there are some ways and methods of effective of

globalization on democracy that follows:

1. The evolution on concept of democracy:

democracy, in influenced of globalization, has

more changed in relative to its traditional

concept. Democracy in its new concept is not

just participation process, election,

representation, reign of low, and political and

urban freedom. But it should be define as:

measure of formation civil institutions in

societies and its combine on global culture.

2. The spread of civil society: civil society is

essential and structural request fordemocracy

realization. Behind the three columns of

democracy, namely: responder state, freedom

elections, urban and political rights, the civil

society are fourth and important column of

democracy. So, democracy doesn't realize, unless

independent institutions of civil society be

institutionalized in societies. Falk (2000)

believes globalization not only created civil

society in national level andinside of nation-

states, but also caused creation civil society in

supranational level, namely; global civil society.

Global civil society includes all organizations,

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

movements and associations that are ultra-

individuals and understate.

3. Increase of middle class: globalization increased

and developed middle class, by increase of urban

institutions, party, national and supranational

groups and movements. Increase of middle class,

whit various and vast demands, is a social

context of democracy. In otherwise, it signs non-

growth of democracy.

4.2 The Impact of Globalization on

Government in Indonesia

The effect of globalization on the life of the nation's

people is not only on the economic, social and

political aspects. But also in the government system.

As we know, Indonesia is one country that adheres

to a democratic system in its government, of course

the impact of globalization on the Indonesian

government is very large. Below are some forms of

the impact of globalization on Indonesian

government.

4.2.1 Government System Based on Electronics

(E-Government)

One of the national development missions in

accordance with the mandate of Law Number 17 of

2007 concerning the National Long-Term

Development Plan (RPJP) for 2005-2025 is to

realize a competitive nation. This mission can be

carried out through the development of the state

apparatus which includes institutions, management,

public services, and human resources (HR) of the

apparatus. The purpose of the development of the

state apparatus is to realize good governance,

improve the quality of government administration,

and increase public participation in the

implementation of development. The readiness of

the state apparatus is needed to anticipate the

process of globalization and democratization so that

the government makes fundamental changes to the

systems and mechanisms of government, the

breakdown of development policies and programs

that open up space for public participation, and

public services that meet the aspects of transparency,

accountability, and high performance.

Meanwhile, in the midst of the current

globalization where information and communication

technology (ICT) revolution provides an opportunity

for the government to innovate the development of

the state apparatus through the application of

Electronic-Based Government Systems (SPBE) or e-

government, namely the administration of

government that utilizes ICT to provide services to

government agencies, state civil servants, business

people, the community and other parties. SPBE

provides opportunities to encourage and realize

open, participatory, innovative and accountable

governance, increase collaboration between

government agencies in carrying out government

affairs and tasks to achieve common goals, improve

the quality and reach of public services to the wider

community, and reduce the level of abuse of

authority in the form of collusion, corruption, and

nepotism (KKN) through the implementation of an

electronic-based system of community supervision

and complaints.

The acceleration of development for the state

apparatus is also carried out by carrying out

bureaucratic reforms as stipulated in Presidential

Regulation Number 81 of 2010 concerning the

Grand Design of the Bureaucracy Reform 2010-

2025 with 8 (eight) areas of change, namely the

structuring and management of supervision,

accountability, institutional, governance, human

resources apparatus, laws and regulations, public

services, mindset and work culture. Specifically the

application of SPBE is part of the area of

governance change where the application of

systems, processes, and work procedures that are

transparent, effective, efficient, and measurable is

supported by the application of SPBE. In addition,

the SPBE in general supports all areas of change as a

fundamental and comprehensive effort in the

development of the state apparatus that utilizes ICT

so that the professionalism of the state civil

apparatus and good governance can be realized.

The government realizes the important role of

SPBE to support all development sectors. Efforts to

encourage the application of SPBE have been

carried out by the government by issuing sectoral

laws and regulations which mandate the need for the

implementation of information systems or SPBE.

Related to regional autonomy, Law Number 23 Year

2014 concerning Regional Government as amended

several times, the latest by Law Number 9 Year

2015 concerning the Second Amendment to Law

Number 23 Year 2014 concerning Regional

Government regulates the authority of the central

government and regional governments in

management of e-government. So far the ministries,

institutions, and local governments have

implemented SPBE individually according to their

capacity, and achieved a very varying level of

national SPBE progress.

To build synergy in the application of legal-

binding SPBE between ministries, institutions, and

The Impact of Globalization on Political System and Governance in Indonesia

local governments, a National SPBE Master Plan is

needed which is used as a guideline for Central

Agencies and Local Governments to achieve an

integrated SPBE. The National SPBE Master Plan is

prepared by taking into account the policy

directions, strategies, and policies in the field of

SPBE governance, SPBE, ICT, and HR services to

achieve the strategic objectives of the SPBE 2018-

2025 and the objectives of the development of the

state apparatus provided in accordance with the

National RPJP 2005-2025 Grand Bureaucratic

Reform Design 2010 - 2025.

4.2.2 Smart City Concept

In the current era of globalization and digital, fast,

precise and accurate information services are

needed. Because today's society is a society that

needs information, where space and time are

notbarrier to getting all the information needed.

Smart City is the application of the concept of the

citysmart with the use of technology and

communication to realize better community services.

The smart city concept will also increase public and

government participation in utilizing data

application, providing input and criticism easily. The

concept of smart city is becoming big issues in big

cities around the world encourage an active role and

participation in the communitycity management uses

a citizen centric approach so that interactions occur

more dynamically and closelybetween citizens and

service providers, in this case the regional

government.

Smart city can be interpreted simply as smart

cities or smart cities that canprovide a better quality

of life and comfort for the people. Smart city

considered a more humanizing city its citizens.

Smart city is a concept of city planning, structuring

and management integrated with all aspects of life to

support an intelligent society, educated, have morals

as well as improvement sustainable quality of life.

Smart city will help with the use of information

technology and communication. Currently, the

concept of smart city is still being debated. Some

experts define the concept of smart city based on

cities and developers respectively. Below some

experts try to define smart city based on scientific

fieldseach.

According to Caragliu in Schaffers et al. (2010),

Smart city is defined as a city that is able to use HR,

social capital, and modern telecommunications

infrastructure to realize sustainable economic growth

and high quality of life, with wise resource

management through participation-based governance

public. Meanwhile, according to Kourtit and

Nijkamp (2012), smart city is the result of the

development of intensive knowledge and creative

strategies in improving the socio-economic,

ecological, and competitive quality of the city. The

appearance of smart city is the result of a

combination of human capital (for example the labor

force) educated), infrastructure capital (for example

high-tech communication facilities), social capital

(for example community networks that are open)

and entrepreneurial capital (for example creative

business activities). Strong government and can be

trusted accompanied by people who are creative and

open-minded increase local productivity and

accelerate the economic growth of a city. Below is a

dimension in smart city based on some literature on

smart city.

1. Technological dimension, development is needed

a city that is digital and integrated with physical

infrastructure support, smart technology, high

mobility devices and networks adequate

computer.

2. Human resource dimension, required creativity,

knowledge, education and learning as the main

driver smart city formation, where problems that

are manual transformed with knowledge into

models digital systems through creativity and are

presented in the form of complete learning need

to be consistent to be implemented.

3. Institutional dimension, support from

government and policies for governance as the

basis for the design and implementation of cities

smart one. Policies not only support but also

plays a role, which is formed relationship

between government agencies and parties non-

government, and other sectors in building an

administrative environment integrated.

4.2.3 Smart City in Jambi City

Jambi City is one of the cities that has implemented

the concept of smart city in Indonesia. Jambi is also

one of the regions in Sumetera which first had the

city operation center room named Jambi City

Operation Center (JCOC). The room is a control

room of the City of Jambi that monitors activities

that occur in the City of Jambi, including having the

function of monitoring traffic by implementing the

Area Trafict Control System (ATCS) application. In

addition to also displaying city information, JCOC

also monitors public complaints through the

SiKesaL application. To support the implementation

of JCOC, almost every intersection in Jambi City

has been installed CCTV.

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

In addition to applying the SiKesalapplication,

Jambi City has also implemented Electronic Traffic

Law Enformence (E-TLE) or what is called an

electronic ticket. Jambi City is the second area to

implement E-TLE in Indonesia after DKI Jakarta.

Figure 1: SiKesal application of Jambi City (Source:Website

of Jambi City Government).

In implementing this E-TLE, the Jambi City

Government is working with the Jambi Police to

quickly, effectively and efficiently monitor traffic

violators in Jambi City.

Figure 2: Electronic traffic law enforcement socialization poster

(E-TLE) in Jambi City.

Until 2019, the Jambi City Government has

launched 14 electronic technology based

applications to support the Jambi City Government's

performance and public services. The 14

applications include: E-TLE, SiKesal (Online

Community Complaints Information System),

Dishub Sign On, Smart Dishub, Si Raja Koja (Jambi

City Government Goods Procurement Information

System), Licensing Application, PBB Online Info,

Jambi City Application (Information about the City

of Jambi), Digitalization of Personnel Archives,

Digital Clipping Applications, and PPID

Applications or Public Information Requests (Hfz,

2019).

With the presence of various community service

applications, Jambi City Government hopes that

government services to the community can run

effectively and optimally, and can answer the

challenges in the current era of globalization, where

people need a service system that is fast, integrated,

inexpensive and efficient.

5 CONCLUSION

The results of the research conducted in this analysis

get its conclusion as follows:

1. The flow of globalization has brought many

impacts both negative and positive for all

aspects, economic, social and cultural. especially

the impact on politics and government.

2. The impact of globalization in the political

Sector in Indonesia is very numerous, one of

which is in the Indonesian democracy system,

where Indonesian democracy which was not

initially open in making a policy has become

deliberative, community participation in

elections is higher than before and many political

parties.

3. The impact of globalization on government in

Indonesia is the presence of technological

innovation and communication in the

government system. For example, the emergence

of the concept of electronic-based governance

(smart city) in several cities in Indonesia.

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