The Influence of Sociodemography and Nutritional Knowledge of

Mothers on Stunting in Kampung KB, Medan City

Evawany Aritonang, Sorimuda Sarumpaet and Albiner Siagian

Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Stunting, Sociodemography, Nutritional Knowledge of Mothers.

Abstract: The WHO (2018) said in 2017 by 22.2% (150.8 million) children under five has stunted. Based on basic

health survey (Kemenkes RI 2013), the stunting prevalence in Indonesia amounted to 30.8%. The objective

of research was analyzed the influence of sociodemography and maternal nutritional knowledge on stunting.

The type of design was cross sectional study. The study was conducted in Kampung KB of Medan Marelan

and Medan Belawan sub district in Medan. The population was all infants recorded in Kampung KB. The

samples were taken proportionally as simple random 104 samples. Data was analyzed by chi-square test.

The proportion based on the highest age in the 20-35 year group amounted to 72.1%, higher education

(above Senior High School) of 52.8%, mother not working at 86.5%. The results showed that there was no

significant influence between maternal age and stunting (p= 0,752). Although in the case there is no

influence maternal age on stunting but the risk of greater stunting incidence in mothers whose reproduction

age was not ideal. There is no influence between mother's education on stunting (p = 1). This is because

higher levels of education do not mean that mothers have good knowledge of good nutrients. There is no

influence on the work of mothers on stunting (p= 0,174). This is because the parenting pattern is not

determined by the mother's work but the contribution of time given by mothers to children. There is a

significant influence between mother's knowledge of nutrition on stunting (p = 0.001).

1 INTRODUCTION

Stunting is a major nutritional problem facing

Indonesia. Based on nutritional status data for the

past three years, short has the highest prevalence

compared to nutritional problems such as

malnutrition, height, and fat. National health

problems are Stunting, Pulmonary TB, and

Immunization. Stunting is a problem that grows in

children under five because of malnutrition so that

the child is too short compared to his age. Stunting is

only seen after the baby has been removed for 2

years. Short toddlers (stunted) and very short stunted

(very stunted) are toddlers with body length or tall

bodies according to the 2006 WHO-MGRS standard,

z-scores less than -2SD are categorized as short

toddlers and z-scores less -3SD are categorized as

very short.

Based on data from the Republic of Indonesia

Ministry of Health 2017 stated that more than 22.2%

or around 150.8 million children under five were

stunted. While at the Asian level, Indonesia is the

country with the fifth highest stunting prevalence.

Based on the results of Riskesdas in 2013, there

were 37.2% of children under five who were

stunted. Of these, 19.2% were short children and

18% were very short. The lowest prevalence is in

Riau Islands, DI Yogyakarta, DKI Jakarta and East

Kalimantan <30% and the highest prevalence >50%

in East Nusa Tenggara (Kemenkes RI, 2013).

Stunting in North Sumatra Province in 2017

based on the results of Nutrition Status Monitoring

(PSG) obtained a prevalence of 28.4%, which means

an increase of 4% from the situation in 2016

(24.4%). PSG results in 2017 there are 22 districts/

cities in North Sumatra which have a prevalence of

short under-fives above the provincial prevalence.

The highest prevalence is West Nias Regency by

47.5% followed by North Nias Regency by 41.6%

(Sekretariat Wakil Presiden RI, 2017).

Based on the Medan City Health Profile in 2016,

the number of children under five who experienced

stunting in 2015 was 29.6% (Dinas Kesehatan Kota

Medan, 2016). Areas with high risk for stunting

occurrences are areas where the level of community

income is low and the number of children is large.

Aritonang, E., Sarumpaet, S. and Siagian, A.

The Inﬂuence of Sociodemography and Nutritional Knowledge of Mothers on Stunting in Kampung KB, Medan City.

DOI: 10.5220/0010012901390143

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 3 2019) - Social Engineering Governance for the People, Technology and Infrastr ucture in

Revolution Industr y 4.0, pages 139-143

ISBN: 978-989-758-472-5

139

KB Village is an area where the number of pre-

Prosperous Families (KS) and KS-1 (poor) is above

average and the number of KB participants is below

the average achievement of KB participants at the

village/ subdistrict level. The purpose of establishing

a KB village is to improve the degree of public

health including the nutritional status of children

under five.

Stunting problems illustrate the existence of

chronic nutritional problems, influenced by the

condition of the mother/prospective mother, the

fetus, and infancy/toddler, including illnesses

suffered during infancy. Therefore, improvement

efforts must include efforts to prevent and reduce

interference directly (specific nutrition

interventions) as well as efforts to prevent and

reduce indirect interference (sensitive nutrition

interventions). Specific nutrition intervention efforts

focused on the First 1,000 Days of Life (HPK)

group, namely pregnant women, nursing mothers

and children 0-23 months. Sensitive nutrition

interventions are contributions from other sectors

such as food security, availability of clean water,

sanitation, poverty, education, social, etc.

Research Ni'mah, et al. (2015) about the factors

that influence the incidence of stunting in infants in

the working area of the Tanah Kali Kedinding

Health Center, Surabaya. Variable length of low

birth babies (OR = 4,091; CI = 1,162-14,397),

toddlers not exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 4,643; CI

= 1,328-16,223), maternal knowledge about

malnutrition (OR = 3,387; CI = 1,410-10,658) , low

family income (OR = 3,250; CI = 1,150-9,187) and

low maternal education (OR = 3,378; CI = 1,246-

9,157) are factors that influence the incidence of

Stunting in infants with p values <0.05. Based on

Aridiyah's research (2014) about the factors that

influence the incidence of Stunting in children under

five in rural and urban areas in Jember Regency.

The specific objectives of this study are as

follows:

1. To analyze the influence of sociodemography

(age, education, occupation) on Stunting events.

2. To analyze the effect of mother's knowledge on

the Stunting incident

2 METHOD

This research model is an observational study with a

cross sectional design in which the free and bound

variables are measured once at the same time. The

population of this study were all children under five

years old who were registered in KB Village,

namely Environment VII, VIII, IX of Payah Pasir

Sub-District, Medan Marelan District and

Environment V and IX of Sicanang Sub-District,

Medan Belawan District. The sample was a number

of children under five years old who were registered

in KB Village, namely Environment VII, VIII, IX of

Payah Pasir Village, Medan Marelan District and

Environment V and IX Sicanang Village, Medan

Belawan District. The number of samples in this

study was 104. Respondents were mothers of

children under five who were registered in KB

Village, namely Environment VII, VIII, IX, Payah

Pasir Sub-District, Medan Marelan District and

Environment V and IX Sicanang Sub-District,

Medan Belawan District. The sampling technique

was carried out by proportionally with simple

random sampling taken from the data of children

under five years old who were registered in KB

Village, namely Environment VII, VIII, IX, Payah

Pasir Sub-District, Medan Marelan Sub-District and

Environment V and IX, Sicanang Sub-District,

Medan Belawan District. Data collection techniques

were carried out interviews using a questionnaire

that has been tested and tested for validity and

reliability testing. Data analysis technique was done

by using Univariate Analysis to present data on the

frequency distribution of proportions from cases and

controls and Bivariate Analysis performed a chi-

square test to assess the degree of significance (p)

and PR to determine the magnitude of the influence

of the independent variable on the dependent

variable.

3 RESEARCH RESULT

3.1 Univariate Analysis

Based on the research conducted in Medan KB

Village, the distribution of the proportion of

respondents found in the Table 1. It can be seen that

the distribution of the proportion of respondents by

age is highest in the age group of 20-35 years which

is 72.1% (74 people) and the lowest in the age

group> 35 years which is 27.9% (29 people). The

distribution of proportions based on the highest

education in high school graduates was 43.3% (45

people) and the lowest at the Diploma level was

3.8% (4 people). Based on the results of categorizing

education, it was found that the proportion of

respondents with high education was 52.8% (55

people) and the proportion of respondents with low

education was 47.1% (49 people). Based on work

the highest proportion of respondents in mothers

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

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who did not work was 86.5% (90 people) and

followed by entrepreneurial work 9.6% (10 people)

then laborers were 3.8% (4 people).

Table 1: Distribution of proportion of respondents by

sociodemography in KB Village in Medan City.

Characteristics f %

Age

>35 29 27,9

20-25 74 72,1

Education

Primary school 19 18,3

Junior high school 30 28,8

Senior high school 45 43,3

Diploma 4 3,8

Bachelor 6 5,8

Education Category

Low (≤SMP) 49 47,1

High (>SMP) 55 52,8

Occupation

Not Working 90 86,5

Working 4 3,8

Entrepreneur 10 9,6

Total 104 100

3.2 Bivariate Analysis

Based on the results of research conducted obtained

factor analysis that affects the incidence of stunting

in toddlers in the Medan City KB Village as stated

on Table 2.

Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the

proportion of mothers who have Stunting children in

the> 35 years age group is 55.2% and the lowest in

the 20-35 years age group is 49.3%. From the results

of the statistical test analysis, the value of p = 0.752

was obtained, which means there was no influence

between maternal age on the incidence of stunting in

KB Kampung Medan City. This is in line with

Agustiningrum's (2016) study which states that there

is no relationship between maternal age and the

incidence of stunting. The results of this study are

also in line with research conducted by Astuti (2016)

which states that there is no relationship between

maternal age and the incidence of stunting. Based on

the table above it can be concluded that the reason

why there is no relationship between maternal age

and the incidence of stunting in the KB City

Kampung Medan because the majority of

respondents are mothers of reproductive age and no

respondents under the age of 20 years. The risk of

stunting is greater in women under the age of 20

years and above 35 years, this is because the age

below 20 years is an adolescent age that is still

immature in terms of reproductive health, mental,

and economic while mothers aged over 35 years are

nearing age menopause where the condition of the

egg has decreased. Based on research by Irwansyah

et al (2016) states that there is a relationship between

maternal age under 20 years with the incidence of

stunting with a risk of 2.62 times greater.

Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the

proportion of mothers with high education has

stunting children at 50.9% and mothers with low

education have stunting children at 51%. From the

results of the statistical test analysis, it was obtained

that the value of p = 1, which means there is no

influence between maternal education on the

incidence of stunting in KB Kampung Medan City.

This is in line with the results of Amin and Julia's

research (2014) which states that there is no

influence of maternal education on the incidence of

Stunting with a value of p = 0.5. The same thing

with the results of Candra's (2013) study stated that

there was no effect of maternal education on the

incidence of stunting with a p value = 0.27.

However, the results of this study differ from the

research of Lestari, et al. (2018) which states that

there is a relationship between maternal education

and the incidence of stunting. It can be concluded

that a high level of education of the mother does not

guarantee that the child will be protected from

malnutrition because a high level of education does

not mean that the mother has good knowledge about

good nutrition. Thus education is not a risk factor for

stunting in children under five in the Medan City KB

Village.

Table 2. Effects of maternal age on stunting events in KB Village Medan City.

Age

Toddler Status

RP(95%Cl) p

Stunting

Normal Total

f % f % f %

1,118

(0,749-1,669)

0,752

>35 16 55,2 13 44,8 29 100

20-35 37 49,3 38 50,7 75 100

The Inﬂuence of Sociodemography and Nutritional Knowledge of Mothers on Stunting in Kampung KB, Medan City

141

Table 3. Effects of mother's education on the stunting incident in KB Village Medan City.

Education

Toddler Status

PR(95% CI) p

Stunting

Normal Total

f % f % f %

1,002

(0,687-1,462)

Low 25 51 24 49 49 100

High 28 50,9 27 49,1 55 100

Table 4. Effect of Mother's work on stunting occurrence in KB Village Medan City.

Occupation

Toddler status

PR (95% CI) P

Stunting

Normal Total

f % f % f %

1,495

(1,007-2,220)

0,174

Working 10 71,4 4 28,6 14 100

Not Working 43 47,8 47 52,2 90 100

Table 5. Effects of mother's knowledge on stunting events in KB Village Medan City.

Knowledge

Toddler status

PR (95% CI) P

Stunting

Normal Total

f % f % f %

2,021

(1,329-3,072)

0,001

Low 35 68,6 16 31,4 51 100

Hign 18 34 35 66 53 100

Based on Table 4 it can be seen that mothers who

work have a proportion of stunting children by

71.4% and mothers who do not work have 47.8%

stunting children. Based on the results of the

statistical test analysis, the value of p = 0.174 is

obtained, which means there is no influence of the

work of the mother on the stunting incident in the

KB Kampung Medan. This is in line with research

by Rukmana et al (2016) which states that there is

no relationship between maternal work and the

incidence of stunting (p = 0.89). Similar results from

research conducted by Halik et al. (2018) found that

there was no relationship between maternal work

and the incidence of Stunting (p = 0.181). From the

results of the study of Aridiyah et al. (2015) who

conducted research on the factors influencing the

incidence of stunting in rural and urban areas it was

found that there was no significant relationship to

the incidence of Stunting in children under five

between in villages and cities. But the results of this

study contradict Wahdah's research (2015) which

states that there is a relationship between maternal

work and the incidence of stunting (p = 0.032).

In this study the majority of respondents were

mothers who did not work, so mothers who did not

work generally had more time to pay attention to

their children's health. However, mothers who have

lots of time but do not provide good parenting to

their children, the risk of stunting will tend to occur

in infants. It can be concluded that mother's work is

not the only factor in the occurrence of stunting in

Kampung KB Medan City.

Based on Table 5 above it can be seen that

mothers with low knowledge tend to have a

proportion of stunting children at 68.6% and

respondents who have high knowledge have a

proportion of stunting children at 34%. Based on the

results of the statistical test analysis, it was found

that the value of p = 0.001, which means there is a

significant influence between the mother's

knowledge of the stunting incident in the Medan KB

Village. In addition, a PR value of 2,021 (95% CI:

1,329-3,072) shows that mothers with low

knowledge have a risk of having Stunting 2 times

greater than mothers with high knowledge. This is in

line with the results of Ni'mah and Nadhiroh's

research. (2015) states that there is a relationship

between maternal knowledge and the incidence of

stunting in infants with p = 0.015 and OR = 3.877

(95% CI: 1,410-10,658).

Based on this it can be concluded that the

mother's knowledge about good nutrition in

preventing stunting in the KB City Kampung Medan

is still lacking. This has an impact on children's

parenting in providing food with nutrients that fit the

child's needs. Mother's knowledge in feeding

children is a factor that determines a mother to

behave to provide appropriate food for her child.

Based on research Rahmayana (2014) states that

there is a relationship between child parenting

(feeding practices, psychosocial stimulation,

ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3

142

hygiene/ hygiene practices, environmental sanitation

and health service utilization) with stunting events.

4 CONCLUSION

1. There is no relationship between age, education,

mother's occupation with the occurrence of

stunting in KB Kampung Medan City

2. There is a significant influence between the

mother's knowledge of the stunting incident in

the Medan City KB Village

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the Talent Research Institute of North

Sumatera University who has given the research

fund with the contract number: 4167/UN 5.1.

R/PPM/2019 dated 01 April 2019.

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