Lanslide Risk Management in the City of Semarang
with Community based
Heri Tjahjono, Juhadi and Muhammad Miftahurridlo
Geography Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Taman Siswa St, Semarang City, Indonesia
Keywords: Disaster Risk Management, The Role of Education.
Abstract: The objective of this research were (1) analyzing risk landslides disaster management in Semarang City, (2)
analyzing how the role of education in the risk landslides disaster management in Semarang City.
Population of this research are community who living in the Semarang City. The variables researched
included 2 variables: (1) landslides disaster risk management variables; (2) The variable role of education in
landslide disaster risk management in Semarang City. Research sample determined by purposive, it’s
choosing people who live in areas that have experienced an avalanche or landslide potential in the region of
200 people. Data analysis was done by scoring. The results of the research show that (1) landslide disaster
risk management that occurs in the research area has three variations, that low risk management level,
medium risk, and high risk management level; (2) The role of education in landslide disaster risk
management in Semarang City included in the medium criteria. The results of the interview explained that
although the level of education was quite high, and the role of education in the medium criteria, but the level
of public awareness of the disaster was still low.
1 INTRODUCTION
The number of natural disasters in Indonesia which
have caused great loss of belongings and fatalities,
show that a disaster risk management in Indonesia is
still far from expectation. Therefore, the disaster risk
management should become a concern for all levels
of societies, especially those living in disaster-prone
areas (BPBD, 2017).
Landslides frequency in the city of Semarang has
been increasing. In 2012, the case of lanslides rises
from 39 to 123 cases in 2014. This occurance is
always followed by an escalation of fatality and loss
of properties due to the lack of disaster risk
management (BPBD, 2015). Hence, the condition
needs a more serious attention.
According to Sadisun (2006) disaster
management is an integrated, dinamic, and
sustainable activity, carried out during the period of
pre-disaster until post-disaster. Muta’ali (2014)
explains that the main focus in disaster management
is a concrete step expected to obtain safety from
disaster and to have a post-disaster fast recovery. As
said comprehensively by Khan and Khan (2008) the
definition of disaster management is sum total of
activities, programs and measure which can be taken
up before, during and after a disaster with the
purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or
recover from its losses.
Basically, the activities of disater management
covers 3 stages: (1) pre-disaster stage, which includes
(a) non-disaster situation, and (b) disaster-prone
situation. Pre-disaster activities are prevention and
mitigation; (2) emergency response stages, that are
carried out during a disaster; (3) post-disaster,
activities done after disaster, including recovery,
reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Disaster risk is the potential loss arising from a
disaster in an area within a certain period of time that
can be in the form of death, injury, illness, life
threatening, loss of security, refuge, damage or loss
of property, and disruption of community activities
(Law of The RI Number 24 year 2007).
As stated by BAKORNAS disaster risk is the
interaction between vulnerability and the threat that
exists. The extent of the risk can be expressed in the
amount of loss that occurs for a certain level of
events. Risk disaster in an area depends on some
factors, such as; (a) nature (geography/geology), (b)
neighbourhood vulnerability towards phenomena
(condition and numbers of buildings), (c) regional
strategic context, (d) community willingness for
emergency response and reconstructing.
160
Tjahjono, H. and Miftahurridlo, M.
Lanslide Risk Management in the City of Semarang with Community based.
DOI: 10.5220/0010013301600166
In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 3 2019) - Social Engineering Governance for the People, Technology and Infrastructure in
Revolution Industry 4.0, pages 160-166
ISBN: 978-989-758-472-5
Copyright
c
 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved

According to Rahmat (in Purnomo, 2010)
disaster risk management is all activities, covering
the aspects of planning and overcoming disaster
before, during, and after a disaster. Disaster risk
management or known as Disaster Risk Management
Cycle is aimed to (a) avoid life loss, (b) minimize
disaster victims distress, (c) give information to
society and authorized party about disaster risk, (d)
decrease damage of main infrastructures, belongings
and los of other economic resources, (e) provide
protection to refugees or people who have lost their
places when their lives are threatened, (f) accelerate
recovery.
Disaster risk management is disaster management
as an applied science seeking, of which by
sistematically observing and analyzing disasters to
improve measures, related to prevention, mitigation,
inventory, emergency response and recovery.
Managing disaster assistance is important for the top
management, which includes planning, organizing,
directing, coordinating and controlling (Khan and
Khan, 2008).
Flanagan (1993) said that risk management is a
system aiming to identify all risks, which are
conducted in bussiness activities or projects enabled
to overcome or control risks. The risk management
process’ framework has several stages, started from
risk identification, risk classification, risk analysis,
mitigation actions and risk management.
Disaster risk management is an applied
systematics of management policy, procedure, and
training, that include: ensuring disaster related
matters, identifying disaster risk that may emerge,
analysing, evaluating, and overcoming it. A constant
observation and research will enable disaster risk
management (Godschalk in Muta’ali, 2014).
The objective of this research are; (1) analysing
landslides disaster risk management in the city of
Semarang, (2) analysing in what way education takes
role in landslides disaster risk management in the city
of Semarang.
2 METHODS
The research is conducted in the City of Semarang.
The investigated variables are: (1) landslides risk
management variable, consists of 3 sub-variables: (a)
pre-landslides management, involving; landslides
prevention, landslides awareness, landslides early
warning, and landslides mitigation; (b) risk
management during landslides, covers: victims
salvage and evacuation activities, search and rescue
(SAR), saving properties, fulfilling basic needs,
protection, management of refugees, rescue and
recovery of infrastructures, post-disaster assessment,
emergency assisstance, logistical capacity and
facilities for delivering aids, information
communication and management, response to
survivors and their handlings; (c) post-landslides
management risk includes: development recovery
activities (rehabilitation; giving compensation or
material support to victims, recording and re-
registration of reinventation), reconstruction
(restructure), (2) educational role variable in
landslide risk management in Semarang City.
Research sampling is purposively determined by
choosing 200 population living in an area
experiencing landslides or that of landslide potential.
Primary data is collected by questionnaires and
interview, whereas secondary one is gathered through
documents in the relevant agencies. Data analysis is
completed by scoring, the lowest score = 1, and the
highest score = 5. The higher the score means the
better disaster risk management.
3 RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
3.1 Landslide Disaster Risk
Management: The Pre-disaster
Phase
The sub-variable assessment of community activities
in landslide pre-disaster risk management includes
landslides prevention, readiness, early warning and
disaster mitigation activities. The calculation result
of community’s activity value in landslide pre-
disaster risk management, based on researched data,
are dominated by a very low criteria (56,67% of the
respondents studied). Some of them (33,33%)
belong to the low criteria, and other 10% belong to
Medium criteria. Frequency of respondent data and
criteria for community activity in landslide pre-
disaster risk management can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1: Data of respondent frequency and criteria for
community activity in landslide pre-disaster risk
management in the City of Semarang.
Lanslide Risk Management in the City of Semarang with Community based
161

Based on the calculation result of the average
value, the lowest of community activities in
landslides pre-disaster risk management is in Mijen
sub-district with low criteria of 2,40. The highest
value belongs to West Semarang sub-district with
low criteria of 8,0. The average of the calculation
result is 4,87, which means it belongs to low criteria.
Data regarding the community activity in landslide
pre-disaster risk management can be seen in Figure
1.
Figure 1: Graph of the average value of community
activity in landslide pre-disaster risk management in every
sub-district in the City of Semarang.
3.2 Landslides Disaster Risk
Management: During Disaster
Phase (Emergency Response and
Lanslides Emergency Aids)
The result of research on community activities in
risk management during disaster is dominated by
low criteria (117 respondents), followed by 73
respondents for Medium criteria, and only 10
respondents for the high ones. Data on respondents’
frequency related to landslides disaster risk
management is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Data of respondent frequency and criteria of
landslide disaster risk management.
N
o
Value
Interval
Criteria Frequency (%)
1 0 < 1,6 Very
Low
0 0
2 1,6 < 3,2 Low 117 58,3
3 3,2 < 4,8 Medium 73 36,7
4 4,8 < 6,4 High 10 5
5 6,4 < 8 Very
High
0 0
Total 200 100,00
The result shows that the value of the risk
management during a landslide disaster is 3,26,
which means Medium in average. The lowest of the
average value of community activities in risk
management during disaster is gained by
Gunungapti sub-district with low category of 2.10.
Thus, the highest of the average value is for West
Semarang and Gajah Mungkur sub-districts with
high value category of 5,0. The datailed data is
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Graph of average value per sub-district related to
risk management during landslides.
The outcome value of risk management of
landslide disaster (emergency respons and landslides
emergency aids) based on respondents answers,
West Semarang sub-district owns the highest value.
Activities that belong to the community in managing
risks during landslide disasters are: (a) community
efforts to evacuate family members or disaster
victims to safer places; (b) there are parties assisting
in the evacuation process during disaster; (c) there is
a data gatering on thr number of fatalities and
material losses due to the landslides; (d)availability
of assistance from other parties during disaster; ( e )
the community can find out the form of assisstance
needed when a disaster occurs; (f) the community
participates in reporting the event of disaster.
However, from 200 respondents being studied, the
activity percentage is still in the low criteria for
58,3%, and Medium for 36,7%). While the high
criteria is only 5% of the surveyed respondents.
3.3 Landslisde Risk Management:
Post-disaster Phase
The calculation of the value of community activities
in disaster risk management in the aftermath of the
landslide disaster results mostly in the low criteria
3.46
2.50
5.00
2.10
2.20
2.60
5.00
3.22
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3
162

(73.3%), some others are in the medium criteria
(21.7%) and high criteria (5%).
The outcome result of the average value in
landslides post-disaster risk management is the
medium criteria (1.24). For more details, the
respondents' frequency data and criteria for disaster
risk management in the post-disaster phase of
landslides can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3: Respondents' frequency data and criteria for
disaster risk management in the post-disaster phase of
landslides.
No Value
Interval
Criteria Frequency Percentage
(%)
1 0 < 0,6 Very
Low
0 0
2 0,6 <
1,2
Low 147 73,3
3 1,2 <
1,8
Medium 43 21,7
4 1,8 <
2,4
High 10 5
5 2,4 < 3 Very
High
0 0
Total 200 100
The average value of community activities for
landslides post-disaster risk management at the
lowest level is in Gunungpati District with low
criteria (0.67).The highest one is in Gajah Mungkur
District with a high category (2.50). The detailed
data about the value of community activities in
disaster risk management in the post-disaster phase
of landslides can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Graph of average value per sub-district on
disaster risk management: phase post-landslides disaster
(Source: Research Result 2017).
The results of the calculation of the value of
community activities in disaster risk management
during the post-disaster phase of landslides, which
are based on respondents' answers, range from low
to high. This shows that there are,indeed, some
activities carried out by the community in the post-
disaster phase of the avalanche, such as: (a) there are
recovery activities for disaster victims; (b)
assistance’ availability from the government for the
post-disaster recovery process, (c) accessibility of
reconstruction activities (rebuilding) for landslides’
victims. In spite of these, the percentage of the
activities carried out by the community is still in the
low criteria.
3.4 Landslide Risk Management in the
City of Semarang
The variable assessment of community activities in
landslide disaster risk management in Semarang
City is a total assessment of all sub-variables of risk
management, applied for pre-disaster - during
disasters - and post-disaster landslides. The results
of the assessment in each sub-district can be seen in
Figure 4.
Figure 4:Graph of average value of community activities
in landslides management risk in the City of Semarang.
Figure 4 explains that community activities for
landslide disaster risk management in Candisari
Subdistrict, Gunungpati District and Mijen
Subdistrict are in low criteria. Whereas those in
Banyumanik, Ngaliyan and Tembalang sub-
districtsare measured medium.West Semarang
District and Gajah Mungkur Subdistrict have high
criteria. Thus, the average value of community
activity in Semarang City in landslide disaster risk
management is included in the medium criteria with
a value of 9.39.
3.5 Role of Education in Landslide
Disaster Risk Management in
Semarang City
The role of education in landslide risk management
is inseparable from the condition of education in the
community. The description of the conditions of the
education level of the respondents studied can be
seen in Table 4. Based on that, it can be explained
that the education level of respondents in the
research area is still dominated by Medium criteria
Lanslide Risk Management in the City of Semarang with Community based
163

or 35.5% of respondents studied have graduated
from high school / vocational / MA. Whereas those
who graduated from junior high school are included
in the low criteria for 25.5%. The respondents
graduated from elementary school belong to very
low criteria as much as 24.5%. Other respondents
having higher education level or graduated from D1,
D2, D3 are relatively small at 5.5%, and those with
very high education or graduated with a Masters
degree are 9%.
Table 4: Condition of respondents educational levels in
reseached area.
No Education Number
(people)
(%) Criteria
1 SD 49 24,5 Very Low
2 SMP 51 25,5 Low
3 SMA/SMK 71 35,5 Medium
4 D1, D2, D3 11 5,5 High
5 SI , S2 18 9 Very High
Total 200 100
The calculation result of the value of education
role in lanslide disaster risk management in
Semarang City based on research data is dominated
by medium criteria (38.50% of the respondents
studied). While others (28.50%) of the surveyed
respondents are included in the low criteria, 25% of
them are in the very low criteria. Only 6.5% of the
respondents have high criteria and 1.5% have very
high criteria. In details, the respondents' frequency
data and the criteria for the role of education in
landslide risk management in Semarang City can be
seen in Table 5.
Table 5: The role of education in landslide risk
management in the City of Semarang.
No Value
Interval
Criteria Frequency (%)
1 0 < 1,4 Very Low 50 25
2 1,4 < 2,8 Low 57 28,50
3 2,8 < 4,2 Medium 77 38,50
4 4,2 < 5,6 High 13 6,50
5 5,6 < 7 Very High 3 1,50
Total 200 100,00
4 DISCUSSION
The research outcome of pre-landslide disaster risk
management is dominated by a very low criteria,
that is 56,67% of surveyed respondents, 33,33%
belongs to low criteria, and 10 % is included into
medium. This result shows that the community
activities for prevention, readiness, early warning,
and landslide disaster mitigation are still very low
(insufficient). This means that the community
unprepred to encounter the landslide disaster due to
their lack of attentiveness. Rationally, during its
occurance, landslide disaster causes such a great
loss, both properties and fatalities.
The result presents that, 117 respondents or 58.3
of the surveyed population dominate the community
activities for disaster risk management and
unfortunately, they belong to the low criteria. The
rests are 73 respondents or 36,7% for medium
criteria and only 10 respondents (5% of the
surveyed) for high criteria. This means that the
community activities for landslide disaster risk
management is lacking and needs improving. In this
case, the society are not prepared in dealing with an
impulsive landslide disaster, especially during rainy
season. Factually, the community activities have
already been performed, for example (a) community
efforts to evacuate landslide victims to a shelter; (b)
community attempt to record the number of
casualties and material loss due to the disaster; (c)
community effort in requesting aids from other
parties during the landslide disaster; dan (e)
community effort to participate in reporting a
landslide disaster to the authority. Nevertheless,
these actions are done only by a small part of the
community living in the disastrous area. In contrast,
most of the people in the disaster area are still
passive or have not yet carried out activities to
manage landslide disaster risk, consequently
landslide disaster risk management has not
optimized.
Post-landslide risk management covers: activity
to development recovery, rehabilitation (assistance/
material support for disaster victims, recording and
recollecting data on reinvantation), and
reconstruction. According to this research,
community activities for post-landslide disaster risk
management are mostly in low criteria (73,3 %),
others go to medium criteria (21,7%) and the rest
5% is high criteria. It shows that community
activites related to landslide disaster risk
management is still unsatisfactory and require
improvement. People are unprepared managing
disaster risk, while landslide possibly occurs at
anytime. It is actually reported that the community
have acted out some activities, such as (a)
development recovery for landslide victims, (b)
community effort in gaining government assistance
ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3
164

for post-disaster recovery, (c) community activity
for reconstruction (restructuring) of disaster’s
victims. These, however, are only completed by a
small part of the community. The passiveness of
most of the community to manage post-landslide
disaster risk has made the management disaster-risk
less optimal.
The role of education related to landslide disaster
risk management certainly cannot be separated from
the condition of community education. The
education level of respondents in the research area is
still dominated by moderate criteria, that is 35.5% of
the surveyed respondents high school (SMA) and
vocational school (SMK, MA) graduates.
Eventhough the dominance of education is in
moderate criteria, it should be noted that the
percentage of renpondents with low and very low
education is still quite large, namely 25.5% of
respondents are junior high school graduates or in
low criteria, and 24,5% are elementary school
graduates or belong to very low criteria. Total
amounts of low and very low criteria for education
are 50%. Meaning, although education has been
dominated by moderate criteria, lack of landslides
risk management happen due to the low and very
low education level. Thus, it is necessarily important
to enhance the level of education for improving
management in disaster risk. Regarding the role of
education in landslide disaster risk management, it is
still dominated by moderate criteria (38.50% of the
respondents studied), 28.50% of the respondents
suveyed are included in the low criteria. Analysing
further, the low and very low criteria have the total
percentage of 53.5%. It means that the role of
education in landslide disaster risk management is
still in the low criteria.
Factually, it is reported that (a) there has been a
effort from the community to discover causative
factors of landslide, leading to great losses, (b) there
have been efforts by the community to locate the
landslide-prone area, (c) there have been community
efforts to landslides countermeasure, (d) there have
been efforts from the community to participate in the
dissemination of disaster education, (e) there have
been efforts by the community to take part in
simulations facing landslide . However, the xisting
efforts are only carried out by a small number of
people in the disaster area. Whereas most of people
are still not active in the management of landslide
disaster risk.
The result of the interview explained that
although some communities have a significantly
high level of education and the role of education is
in the criteria of being moderate, the level of
community concern for disaster is still low. Some
people are not aware to participate in managing
disaster risk, and some others simply hand over the
task of disaster risk management to the kelurahan
apparatus, RT heads and RW heads.
5 CONCLUSION
Based on the result of the reasearch and discussion it
can be concluded that (a) the average value of
community activities in Semarang City for landslide
disaster risk management is included in the medium
criteria with a value of 9,39. Landslide disaster risk
management itself includes pre-disaster, during
disaster, and post-disaster managements. Landslide
pre-disaster risk management has an average value
of 4.87 which means entering into low criteria. Risk
management during a landslide disaster, has a
moderate average value (3.26), and landslide post-
disaster risk management has an average value in
medium criteria (1.24); (b) the role of education in
disaster risk management for landslide in Semarang
City is still in the low criteria. Most of the society
are passive and unaware of disaster risk
management. Although some people have a high
level of education, and the role of education is in
moderate criteria, nonetheless, the level of public
awareness to disaster is still low. If the education
level of the community is better, it is hoped that the
role of education in landslide disaster risk
management is also increasing.
6 RECOMMENDATION
The role of education in landslide disaster risk
management in the city of Semarang is indeed, still
in low criteria. The community needs to work along
with government and private sectors landslide
disaster risk management. By having a good
management, it is expected that disaster risks, such
as loss of properties and lives, can be minimized.
REFERENCES
BPBD, 2015. Annual disaster data of Semarang City
(Semarang City: Disaster tackling agency of region).
Semarang.
BPBD, 2017. Annual disaster data of Semarang City
(Semarang City: Disaster tackling agency of region).
Semarang.
Lanslide Risk Management in the City of Semarang with Community based
165

Flanagan, R., Norman, G., 1993. Risk management and
construction. Wiley-Blackwell. Gadjah Mada, 16 – 17
September 1994, Yogyakarta. p. 228.
Khan, H., Khan, A., 2008. Natural hazards and disaster
management in Pakistan, Munich Personal RePEc
Archive (MPRA), Paper No. 11052. Online at
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11052.
Muta'ali, L., 2014. Region development planning based
disaster risk decrease, Geography Faculty Publisher
Corporation, Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.
Purnomo, N.H., 2012. Landslide disaster risk on farming
area in volcano complex region Arjuno Quarter Strato
East Java. Doctoral dissertation. Gadjah Mada
University: Yogyakarta.
Sadisun, 2006. Role and function procedure operational
standar in mitigation and nature disaster handling,
central of applied geology disaster mitigation. Institut
Teknologi Bandung: Bandung.
ICOSOP 3 2019 - International Conference on Social Political Development (ICOSOP) 3
166