Karo Ethnomedicine Tourism Development:

Opportunities and Challenges

Sabariah Bangun and Nurbani

Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Dr. A. Sofyan Nomor 1, Kampus USU,

Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Tourism, Etno-medicine, Karo’s Community.

Abstract: This paper explains the analysis of opportunities and challenges of how forest biodiversity and traditional

medicine from generation to generation become a potential for ethnomedicine tourism that can be developed

in Karo District. Based on the results of the field study, to date there have been 185 developers of traditional

medicine in the Karo District Health Office. Conventional markets in Karo District also have certain areas

where traditional healers gather to peddle their wares. The Karo Regency Tourism Office is currently in the

process of discussing the formulation of a 'traditional healer village' in one of the tourism development

programs. However, the Karo Regency government also has various obstacles in the development of

ethnomedicine tourism related to the procedure for obtaining a business permit and standardization of

traditional healers which is still difficult to do for its products and treatment techniques. The procedure of

establishing 'village tourism' based on traditional medicine is also still constrained by bureaucracy that is still

unclear regulations.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Indonesian Ministry of Health has declared

Indonesia a destination for medical tourism since

2012. In physical preparation, Indonesia itself has 19

hospitals internationally accredited by the Joint

Commission International with a total of 891,897

health workers in 2014. But until 2019, Indonesia still

not maximally developing health tourism when

compared to Malaysia and India.

Karo Regency is one of the main tourist

destination areas in North Sumatra Province which

has the potential to be no less interesting than other

tourist destinations in Indonesia. Karo District

tourism is well known to the people of Indonesia and

even foreign people. Karo Regency has many

attractions that can be visited such as nature tourism,

agrotourism, arts and cultural tourism, and historical

heritage tours and so forth.

Seeing the many potential tourist attractions that

exist, as well as the arts and culture of the Karo

community, it is very natural that the tourism sector

is determined as a mainstay in developing tourist

destinations in Karo Regency. If all the tourism

potentials above are well developed and sustainable,

and there is a strong commitment from the Karo

Regency Government and in particular the Karo

Regency Culture and Tourism Office will be able to

provide great benefits to the local government and the

people in the area.

One of Tanah Karo's tourism potentials is very

well-known biodiversity, which has been developed

as an agrotourism such as oranges, strawberries,

Dutch eggplants, coffee, vegetables (cabbage,

mustard greens, cucumbers, tomatoes), horticultural

crops, flowers, etc. This biodiversity is also an export

commodity from Tanah Karo. In addition to

cultivation plants for agrotourism, the diversity of

biological species in the forests around the Tanah

Karo area is also a source of medicinal plants used by

traditional Karo communities for generations.

The Karo community itself still uses the

traditional medical system. Traditional medicines that

are still being carried out and are believed by the Karo

community to date include yellow, erpangir, tasteless,

oil or carbohydrate, bursts, broken bones, and o

adequate or steam baths. Yellow for example can cure

diseases such as boils, itching, colds and to obtain

offspring. Erpangir is purification by washing or

washing the head (shampooing) by using a mixture of

various types of oranges, especially kaffir lime mixed

with lau meciho (white/clean water) in the lau river

334

Bangun, S. and Nurbani, .

Karo Ethnomedicine Tourism Development: Opportunities and Challenges.

DOI: 10.5220/0010019203340340

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Development (ICOSOP 3 2019) - Social Engineering Governance for the People, Technology and Infrastructure in

Revolution Industry 4.0, pages 334-340

ISBN: 978-989-758-472-5

by Sibaso teacher. So is the case with traditional

treatment of broken bones which are still used in

achieving health.

Karo traditional medicine has also begun to be

developed by the Karo people who have also begun

to spread to several areas such as Medan and its

surroundings. Karo traditional medicine is much in

demand by the community, so it is not uncommon for

people to visit Tanah Karo specifically to seek

treatment at certain places that have special treatment

methods such as Malumta, broken shamans, oukup,

etc. or to buy special medicines such as Karo oil,

spray, etc.

The natural wealth and rich traditions of the Karo

people are widely known and make the tourism

potential of Tanah Karo very diverse and superior,

especially the wealth of medicinal plants and

traditional treatment methods, so this research was

carried out to see how the Karo community's etho-

medical based tourism development model is

developed.

2 MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

Until now, Indonesia has not paid attention to studies

and issues regarding the development of health-based

tourism, especially traditional medicine-based

tourism. This study is a new study which elaborates

between traditional medicine and tourism

development. Based on previous research, much

research is conducted around traditional medicine as

conducted by Syahruddin Lubis in 1995 showing that

there is a lot of knowledge about traditional medicine

in North Sumatra (Sembiring, 2011). According to

Agromedia Redaksi (2003) the tendency of

increasing use of traditional medicines is based on

several reasons as follows: (a) the increasingly high

prices of manufactured medicines, so that people

begin to accept alternative treatments that are cheap

and easy to obtain but are no less effective than

factory-made medicines. (b) the smaller side effects

caused by traditional medicine, even certain types of

plants show no side effects at all, and (c) the chemical

elements contained in traditional medicine actually

form the basis of modern medical treatment.

In addition, according to Katno (2008) traditional

medicine is also made an option because it can be

obtained, mixed and planted without medical

personnel. Traditional medicines that are also

obtained from traditional medicinal plants are used

and reported empirically by the community to

improve health and treatment of various diseases

(Santoso, 1992).

Study on Ethnomedicin in Internal Medicine of

the Dayak Tabun Tribe in Sungai Areh Village,

Ketungau Tengah District, Sintang District,

conducted by Wildayati, Lovadi, and Linda (2016)

explains that several types of plants have the property

to treat the same disease, for example the species

Adenanthera povania (root of canvass), Eurycoma

longifolia Jack (crank) which is used to treat hepatitis.

Plant species that are used to treat more than one

disease, for example the species Angiopteris avecta

(rock nails) that are used to treat tumors and cancer.

Plant species that are only used to treat one type of

disease, for example Lasia sp (snapped ginger) that is

used to treat uterine cancer. The same thing was done

by the Dayak Desah tribe in Sintang district who used

one plant for one disease or one plant for several

diseases.

The results of Silalahi's study (2017) on

Ethnomedicin Studies in Indonesia and the Research

Approach are also seen. Ethnomedicin studies in

Indonesia were initiated by Rumphius but until now

most have been centered on Java and Bali, while other

islands are still few.The results of studies on health

tourism so far that is famous is health tourism

developed by the Malaysian state which has been

built for 10 years. However, health tourism developed

by the neighboring country is modern health tourism

based on the latest treatment. One of the hospitals that

has the largest network in health tourism is KPJ

Healthcare Berhad, a member of the Johor

Corporation, owned by the Johor government which

has been established since 1981. Until now, the group

has 24 specialist hospital networks in Malaysia and

Singapore, and 2 hospitals in Indonesia, has served

more than 2.5 million patients each year consisting of

2.4 million outpatients, and the rest inpatients. These

patients come from various countries, and from the 20

most countries that do health care there, Indonesia

occupies the first position dominated by people from

Sumatra such as Medan, Aceh, Pekanbaru, Batam.

Meanwhile, the rest are from other Asean countries

such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand.

Furthermore, the country of India is also

becoming a country that is developing health tourism

which is growing rapidly at this time. The sector in

this country has continued to grow over the past five

years, reaching 25% of private sector revenues. Every

year, around 10,000-12,000 medical tourists travel to

India only for health care. It was found that the main

motivations of tourists from industrialized countries

to choose India include: the high cost of health care

in the country, the long waiting time for operations up

to several years and health insurance that is not

includes selective treatments such as plastic surgery.

Karo Ethnomedicine Tourism Development: Opportunities and Challenges

335

In fact, often the health insurance itself also offers

medical tourism to patients as an alternative. In fact,

it is also colored by the presence of tour packages that

include medical care, travel and hospitality and

sightseeing services. In the context of promotion, the

points of sale that are carried out are very unique,

such as cost effectiveness and its combination with

tourist attractions, often even packed with traditional

therapies and treatment methods. The slogan offered

is also very interesting namely "First World treatment

at Third World prices." The success of the promotion

certainly cannot be separated from the synergy of the

sellers of tourism products. Remarkably, India is able

to coordinate it well, for example Kerala as a medical

tourism destination, and AIMS as a provider of

medical treatment.

While the results of a study on health tourism in

Indonesia was carried out by Sumaryati (2015),

entitled Study of Oxygen Health Tourism Potential in

Gili Iyang, because Gili Iyang Island is famous for

having high oxygen levels. High oxygen is used as a

basis for development and development in Gili Iyang,

as a health tourism destination. Checking oxygen

levels on Gili Iyang is carried out by several agencies.

The results of measurements in the showed that

oxygen levels on Gili Iyang were in normal

conditions at 20.9%. The fresh air in Gili Gili is not

because of high oxygen levels, but because the air is

clean of pollutants. If there are measurements from

other agencies that show the presence of spots with

high oxygen levels above 22%, in fact high levels of

oxygen need to be watched out because high oxygen

levels can cause oxygen poisoning called hyperoxia

and potentially cause devastating fires. The results of

this study are still based on the potential and basic

studies of oxygen levels in Gili Iyang.

Another study on health tourism in Indonesia was

conducted by Rosalina et al (2015), on Opening the

Door to the Development of Medical Tourism in Bali,

in this study it was mentioned that Bali as one of the

top destinations in Indonesia, had also tried to prepare

an international hospital. Until now, there are at least

3 hospitals that are internationally recognized,

namely the Sanglah Central General Hospital, Bali

International Medical Center which also cooperates

with Courtyard Marriot Bali and Bali Royal Hospital.

Sanglah Hospital claimed to have prepared

quality and service with the focus of Medical Tourism

at the Amerta International Wing as asuperior

program. Some of the steps taken by RSUP include

standardization of service quality, competency

certification for health workers and increased

hospitality so that they can provide maximum service.

In addition, the Bali Royal Hospital even conducted a

promotion to Germany in the ITB (Internationale

Tourismus-Börse) Berlin in 2013 and 2014 in

collaboration with the Bali Provincial Tourism

Office. At the event, BROS had the opportunity to

launch a prime package specifically made to be

marketed in the medical tourism program. There are

four packages offered, such as: medical check-up

packages, IVF, plastic surgery and orthopedy

packages. In addition to having several international

hospitals, Bali also has health workers who support

the implementation of medical tourism in the future.

Expert doctors and medical and non-medical

personnel owned by Bali are relatively adequate. In

2013 there were 366 expert doctors and 2,438 medical

and non-medical personnel. This situation is

supported by the superiority of Bali which has a

variety of traditional treatments that can be combined

after medical treatment takes place.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Karo is a nation that has existed for hundreds or even

thousands of years and inhabits several regions in

North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, and at the same

time makes one of the names of the Regency in the

Karo Plateau, namely Karo District. Some of the

areas inhabited by the Karo people in North Sumatra

are called Tanah Karo, where these areas include

Langkat Regency, Deli Serdang Regency, Medan

City, Karo Regency, Dairi Regency, and also to

Southeast Aceh.

Karo community is a society that has a high

cultural civilization, and this can be seen from the

advances in technology and science that have been

developing for thousands of years in this area. As

proof of this in the Karo area, it can be found in the

presence of Siwaluh Jabu or also often called the Karo

Traditional House, which is a large and tall house, and

equipped with technology to withstand earthquake

shocks.

In addition to the existence of a traditional house,

the Karo community has also been familiar with the

culture of writing since hundreds of years ago. That

writing in general can still be seen on sheets of ulim

bark called Pustaka Laklak, the writing with the

character of Karo. Through the Laklak Library we can

find various writings, namely about prophecy

(katika), turi-turin (story), mangmang/tabas (mantra),

the book of abortion, lamentation (sayings), we

mayan (martial arts), ndung- ndungun (pantun), as

well as medicinal herbs. Specifically regarding the

existence of writings on the book of medicine, as well

as the ingredients of medicines that can be found in

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the Laklak Library, indicates that the Karo

community has traditionally developed medical

science since hundreds of years ago.

3.1 Types of Traditional Karo

Treatment

Karo traditional medicine, which in Karo is called

Tambar Kuta, is a traditional medical practice that has

developed for hundreds of years in the Karo

community. The treatment practices include herbal

medicine, acupuncture, sauna bathing (oukup), and so

forth.

Although the existence of traditional Karo

medicine has been known for generations by the Karo

community for hundreds of years, but in reality so far

it has not been too popular among the wider

community. The lack of popularity of traditional Karo

treatment is not because this treatment technique is

not effective in treating diseases. The Karo

community has a medical philosophy of "Lit Can Lit

Tawar" which means that there is a cure for every

disease. In accordance with the sex of the community

members and also the age level, these drugs can be

divided into:

1. Tambar Danak-Danak “Obat Anak-Anak”

2. Tambar Pernanden “Obat Kaum Ibu”

3. Tambar Perbapan “Obat Kaum Bapak”

4. Tambar Sinterem “Obat Orang Banyak”

3.2 Tambar/Tawar in the Karo Medical

Tradition

Tawar Karo is a traditional medicine that is useful for

curing various types of minor ailments. Bargaining

itself has the meaning of medicine or herbal medicine.

The existence of bargaining as a medicine has been

passed down by the Karo tribe from generation to

generation. Even in this modern era, the existence of

bargaining as a family medicine is still widely used

by the Karo community.

Bargains are usually made from basic ingredients

of rice flour mixed with various spices. The method

of making it is quite simple, by smoothing the

available concoctions of spices. After the spices are

finely ground, then mixed with rice flour, and then

moistened with water.

A mixture of fine spices and rice flour that has

been moistened and then mixed evenly. After the

stirring process is complete, the mixture of spices and

rice flour will look like cake batter. The dough in the

form of the dough is then rounded to the size of a

marble, and after the finish is rounded then dried.

After the drying process is completed, the

bargaining is ready to be used to treat various types

of diseases, such as itching, mild fever, aches, colds,

stomach ailments, and other minor ailments.

How to use bargaining itself can be done in two

different ways, namely the first way to mix the

tasteless with white water, then applied to the itchy

part of the skin. This is also done when bargaining is

intended to treat mild fever, which is smeared on the

head, in the abdomen when catching a cold, and

smeared bargaining on the stomach when catching a

cold. How to use both bargains can be eaten

immediately and it is intended to treat various internal

diseases, such as gastric disease and so forth. Usually

tasteless as an alternative medicine, can be easily

found in various traditional markets in the Karo area,

such as the Pancur Batu market, Kabanjahe, Berastagi

and also in the Tigabinanga market.

3.3 Minyak Alun (Alun Oil): Typical

Tanah Karo in Medical Traditions

Sorting or in Karo language is the square is a

traditional treatment method which is also known in

English as massage. Especially for the Karo

community, the method of treatment by massage has

been known for generations, and is applied to cure

various types of diseases.

In general, the healing of diseases that are often

done by the Karo community by massage is when

there are parts of the body that feel achy and tired,

body parts are dislocated, catching cold, and even the

massage method is also applied to married couples

who have difficulty getting offspring.

Particularly for the recovery of the body's

freshness from fatigue at work and colds, in general

there is a specific massage oil that is often used by the

Karo people for generations from their ancestral

heritage. The sequential oil known as cooking oil has

been passed down from generation to generation for

hundreds of years, and is still preserved by almost all

people, especially for those who live in rural areas,

not even for Karo people who live in the city.

So far there are indeed many types of Karo-

specific massage oils and are produced through

home-based businesses. However, some of the

massage oils have also been produced more

professionally, one of them is for example the

Kemkem massage oil for example.

The existence of herbs that have been processed

to become massage oil so far is indeed still a secret.

But in general, the herbs used for the production of

massage oil are made from various spices typical of

Karo and are generally obtained from leaves, stems

Karo Ethnomedicine Tourism Development: Opportunities and Challenges

337

and roots of shrubs, and also trees that grow in the

middle of the forest.

The existence of increasingly narrow forests

today, makes the existence of special Karo oil-

making materials in general already very difficult to

obtain. To anticipate this shortage of raw materials,

some of the oil producers have sought alternative

sources of raw materials, namely by trying to

cultivate tanamban of these raw materials in the

garden and also in their home yards, where the

existence of these plants will not be recognized by

someone who lay.

Even though the existence of Karo-specific

massage oil has been a part of the life of the Karo

community since hundreds of years ago, and even

today it has also been used by people outside the Karo

community, but its existence has not yet been

medically investigated, so the potential existence of

this local alternative treatment should be touched by

even more harsh handling. Scientific research and

coupled with increasingly modern packaging, will

certainly be able to boost the existence of massage oil

becoming more widely accepted among the public.

Certainly it would not be impossible if the

existence of sequential oil is managed more

professionally, then the existence of Karo serial oil

can also be one of the Tanah Karo brand images that

can be widely accepted by all people of the world.

3.4 Oukup; Traditional Karo Sauna

Oukup is a traditional sauna bath typical of the Karo

tribe that utilizes various types of plants as a

concoction. This sauna bath is beneficial for the

health of new mothers, and is believed to be able to

treat various types of diseases; such as blood sugar

disease, rheumatism, gout, and so forth.

In general, the oukup method is very similar to a

sauna bath that is commonly found in beauty houses.

But the thing that distinguishes it is enough to use the

special ingredients of Karo to produce a refreshing

aroma which is then efficacious for healing diseases.

In addition to being able to cure various types of

diseases, when doing therapy, the body will ooze a lot

of sweat and this will make blood flow. In addition,

this typical Karo sauna is also efficacious to eliminate

body odor, and eliminate fat in the body.

The existence of oukup which has been known for

generations by the people of Karo, and was

previously done by cooking water accompanied by

various herbs. After the water boils, then removed

and put in a container in the form of a bucket. The

bucket is then placed under the chair, the person who

is going to do enough therapy then sits on the chair

while wrapped in a blanket, so that hot water vapor

from the bottom will force sweat out. Along with the

release of sweat when doing enough therapy, it is

useful to remove the remaining impurities from the

body, as well as make the body healthy.

At present the existence of Oukup has been

commercialized. Various oukup houses can be easily

found, especially in the city of Medan. Along with

oukup'sincreasingly widespread commercialization,

the processing of spices has also been modernized.

The existence of spices has been boiled in a special

container, from the container will be connected with

a pipe to the Oukup room. When the spices are heated,

then through the pipes will be channeled water vapor

that heats the Oukup space.

The adequate room is usually designed closed, so

when someone enters it will feel the hot steam, while

to breathe while taking a steam bath, the client will

get fresh air through a small hole provided in the wall

of the room which also serves to prevent excessive

perspiration.

Although so far there has been no official medical

research which states that it is quite beneficial for

health, but its existence is growing because of

relatively high demand. From some of the

information obtained, at least in Medan currently has

around 60 institutions scattered in various places.

3.5 Kuning Melas Karo Traditional

Medicine

Yellow is Karo traditional medicine which is used in

healing diseases and health care. In the Karo

community various types of yellow are known and

one of them is yellow weld. This drug has the

properties of melas or heat because it is made from

basic ingredients such as ginger, pepper, kencur,

onion and garlic. The use of yellow melas is usually

used to warm up and restore the body's freshness.

Besides being used to warm and restore the

freshness of the body, yellow welds are also used so

that users can sleep soundly at night. Especially for

children with yellow melas, it is also beneficial to be

asleep, and to prevent urination during the night.

The materials used in making yellow melas are

grouped into several parts, namely the group of herbs

that are purchased, the group of herbs of plant leaves,

groups of plant flowers, and other groups of

ingredients. The ingredients for making yellow melas

consisting of various groups, among them are as

follows: Ingredients needed: Ginger (1 ounce),

pepper (1 ounce), kencur (1 ounce), shallot (1 ounce),

garlic (1 ounce). Herb leaves: scales of dragon scales

(six strands), ukat-ukat leaves (six strands), calung-

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calung leaves (six strands). Herb flower pot: kiung

flower (handful), hibiscus flower (six sheets). Other

ingredients: pulut rice (1 kg).

The method of making yellow melas starts from

first cleaning the materials purchased and then ground

until blended. Likewise with materials that are

classified as leaves and flower plants are cleaned first,

then ground until blended. The materials that have

been ground are then mixed with rice flour, stirred

evenly and then printed in a round shape and in the

sun.

To use yellow, this can be done by applying smear

to the body or eaten. Before use, the yellow is first

thawed using cold water, then applied to all parts of

the body. Yellow can also be eaten directly for the

treatment of diseases and health care from the body.

3.6 Karo’s Ethnomedicine Tourism:

Opportunities and Challenge

The Karo District Government currently in the

development of tourism has a program related to

regional arts through the preservation of the original

Karo traditional clothing which is currently often

modified so it looks modern. Likewise with

traditional dances which are considered today no

longer reflect the actual Karo regional dances. The

Karo Regency Tourism Office is currently trying to

coordinate and collaborate with the Karo Regency

Education Office in the preservation of the Godang

arts culture. The planned program is carried out in the

form of Godang extracurricular activities in schools

in Karo District.

The Department of Tourism is also in the process

of preparing a procedure for submitting a Tourism

Village and Medical Village from the Karo District

government to the central government. It is hoped that

through this program, the development of traditional

Karo-based tourism tourism can be carried out. This

program is constrained because the operational and

technical guidelines for the selection and formation of

the Tourism Village have just been completed by the

central government in 2017 since 2015 this program

was announced.

The Health Department has conducted data

collection and mapping of traditional healers in Karo,

but has never made a meeting or coordinated with

regard to traditional healers in the development and

preservation of traditional medicines. There are 124

Traditional Medicines in the Regency consisting of

physicians or drugstores, fracture experts, rib therapy

and steam baths (enough), etc. The Health Office also

experienced human resource shortages and the lack of

human resources who understood traditional

medicine, so the Health Office only did mapping and

data collection.

The Karo Regency Industry and SME Office has

conducted socialization activities related to the

management of traditional healers' business licenses.

Until now there are only 3 drugstore business licenses

registered at PTSP Karo Regency. The constraints

faced by traditional healers in the administration of

business licenses are related to the composition of

traditional medicines that are formulated, and the

names of the ingredients used are unknown. This

happens because of the lack of knowledge of

traditional healers associated with the names of plants

that are used as ingredients for medicine. They

usually know the name of the plant only in the Karo

regional language, do not know the name of the plant

in Indonesian let alone in the scientific language of

biology.

In the development of tourism, the Karo District

government does not yet have cross-institutional

coordination. Each institution runs it separately, so

that some programs seem interrupted and unrelated.

Regarding the development of ethno-medical tourism

based on Karo healers, there is still no coordination

and communication between related institutions.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Health is something that is expensive in human life

because if the body is in an unhealthy state then the

activities of human life cannot run smoothly.

Therefore, humans do several ways to maintain

health, for example by modern or traditional methods.

In health care, there are times when done through

modern and traditional methods side by side. Health

management through traditional methods is

considered to have smaller negative side effects when

compared to modern methods because traditional

medicine uses natural ingredients.

Traditional medicine is often called traditional

medicine (folk medicine). Traditional medicine (folk

medicine) is a way of treating diseases related to the

culture of an ethnic group that inhabits a certain area.

The addition of the traditional word to traditional

medicine is related to the way the disease is diagnosed

(disease analysis) and the treatment is carried out

such as: who does it and the material used as

medicine.

Karo traditional medicine, which in Karo is called

Tambar Kuta, is a traditional medical practice that has

developed for hundreds of years in the Karo

community. The treatment practices include herbal

Karo Ethnomedicine Tourism Development: Opportunities and Challenges

339

medicine, acupuncture, sauna bathing (oukup), and so

forth.

Although the existence of traditional Karo

medicine has been known for generations by the Karo

community for hundreds of years, but in reality so far

it has not been too popular among the wider

community. The lack of popularity of traditional Karo

treatment is not because this treatment technique is

not effective in treating diseases. The Karo

community has a medical philosophy of "Lit Bisa Lit

Tawar" which means that there is a cure for every

disease.

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