Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on

Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province

Erwin Wantasen

1,*

, Sintya J. K. Umboh

, E. K. M. Endoh

, F. N. Sompie

and J. R. Leke

Department of Socio-Economics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

Department of Animal Nutrition Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

Department of Animal Production Facuilty of Animal Husbandry, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

rinileke@yahoo.com

Keywords : Raising Pattern, Breeders’ Ability, Broiler

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the raising pattern and level of biosecurity

application conducted by broiler breeders in different types of topography in North Sulawesi Province. The

research location was the District of Minahasa representing the highlands and District of MinahasaUtara

representing the lowland region. The scale of broilers husbandry in the two study areas consisted of small

scale (<5000 broilers), medium scale (> 5000 - 10000 broilers) and large scale (> 10000 broilers) for each

of production periods. At each scale, 5 breeders were taken as respondents, so that the total of respondent

samples was 30 breeders. Data obtained then was analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The result

shows that broilers in the lowlands generally raised for 4-5 weeks with an average weight of 1.2 - 1.3

kg/broiler, while broilers were raised by breeders in the highlands had gained weight of 1.4 - 1.7 kg/broiler.

Raising broilers in small-scale business used all in-all out system withfamily workers, while breeders in

medium and large-scale husbandry in both topographic areas usedraising pattern and marketing gradually

using special labor. As many as 100% of breeders in the lowland areas within a large-scale husbandry had

already health programs under the supervision of veterinarians and 80% of large-scale breeders in the

highlands did the same. In both research areas, it showed that broiler breeders on the three scales made

effort to prevent the risk by burning and burying dead chickens with a percentage of 60-100%.

1 INTRODUCTION

One of husbandry commodities becoming source of

living and protein for society is broiler. Broiler is

relatively well-liked by breeders since it can gain

weight until 1,2 -1,3 kg within relatively short

period of raising, during 4-5 weeks. It may happen if

it is supported with a better management of

production conducted by breeders (Pakage et

al.,2018; Amid et al.,2015).

Recently, the condition of broiler has sometimes

dealt with less profitable situation, where there is

unstable price of production infrastructure in the

market. Such condition, then, is occurring annually,

so that small-scale breeders suffer from loss.

Technically speaking, there is a difference between

raising pattern and profitability in broiler cultivated

in low and high land. In any high temperature,

broiler’s performance drastically decreases, so there

is a different profitability with broiler cultivated in

fresher and more mild temperature.All those factors

will determine breeders’ productivity in raising

broiler, mainly on business’s pattern and scale.Both

business’s pattern and scale will result on business’s

productivity and efficiency (Rana et al.,2012)

Improvement of economic efficiency can be

performed by using a better technology, using total

of input and optimal raising scale (Tamdogan and

Cicek, 2016). The husbandry, theoretically, is

divided into four business’s pattern, namely side-job

business, branch of business, main business, and

industry.Those business’s patterns are necessarily

required in a better management of raising in order

to obtain broiler always in good performance and

condition, so that breeders can avoid any loss

occurred. Therefore, a step to be taken by breeders is

applying biosecurity technique. Biosecurity is

breeders’ effort to avoid disease’s penetrated

infection from one husbandry to other husbandries

(Martindah et al., 2014; Conan et al., 2012)

104

Wantasen, E., J. K. Umboh, S., Endoh, E., Sompie, F. and Leke, J.

Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province.

DOI: 10.5220/0010034800002967

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2019) - Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry, pages 104-110

ISBN: 978-989-758-530-2; ISSN: 2184-9870

North Sulawesi is one of regions producing

broiler by total of boiler’s population in 2018 of

7,7million broilers. Two districts having the largest

population of broiler in North Sulawesi are District

of Minahasa Utara, with total of population of 4.5

million broilers (58.4%) and production of broiler of

4,118 ton; and District of Minahasa, having total of

broiler’s population of 1.9 million broilers (25.3%)

with production of broiler of 1,516 ton [BPS Sulut,

2018) District of North Minahasa is located in the

lowland, while, contrarily, District of Minahasais in

the highland. This topographic different is

presumably assumed resulting on difference of

raising pattern and husbandry’s productivity due to

different physical environment. Non-conducive

environment will cause broiler vulnerably infected

by any disease, meaning that both breeders in these

districts should apply biosecurity principles.

Applying principle of biosecurity is by reducing any

risk resulted by human’s mobility in the cages,

animals, organic or inorganic materials (Jubb and

Dharma, 2009). Particularly, principles of

biosecurity comprise of establishing, improving,

reducing, detecting, dimension, and selecting.Such

risk mentioned above should be avoided since it will

potentially become entrance of diseases’ seeds.

Research on biosecurity application has been done

by previous researchers (Ajewole et al., 2014;

Lestari et al.,2011; Umam et al., 2014). However,

information on biosecurity application by broiler’s

breeders in different topography, such as in the low

and highland along with its raising pattern, is

relatively limited.Hence, this research will analyze

different raising pattern of broiler, profitability, and

biosecurity application by breeders in both District

of Minahasaand District of North Minahasa.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Sampling Method and Data

Collecting Technique

The research was conducted in District of North

Minahasa representing the lowland and District of

Minahasa representing the highland. It was done on

January to February 2019. In each of districts, it then

was selected 2 (two) sub-districts purposively by

consideration that it had breeders having ever

obtained training and applied regional biosecurity

management with the largest population of broiler in

respectively every district (BPS Sulut, 2018). Sub-

district turned as research’s site was Sub-district of

Dimembe and Kalawat (District of North Minahasa),

Sub-district of Sonder and Tondano Utara (District

of Minahasa). There were three scales of broiler

husbandry in the District of North Minahasa, such as

<5000 broilers (32 breeders), >5000-10000 broilers

(16 breeders) and>10000 broilers (10 breeders).

Meanwhile, breeders in the District of Minahasa had

business scale of <5000 broilers (25 breeders),

>5000-10000 broilers (14 breeders) and >10000

broilers (10 breeders). In each of business scales, 5

breeders, thus, were purposively selected in each

district respectively (Knottnerus.,2003) by

consideration that those breeders had followed

training of biosecurity management in broiler’s

husbandry, so the total of samplings was 30

breeders.Further, data was collected by survey

technique using questionnaire. Data gathered then

was primary data comprising of technical data, such

as mortality, broiler’s weight, feeds consumption,

business scale, business model, raising pattern,

procurement model of production equipment,

income, and aspects of biosecurity application used

by breeders.

2.2 Data Analysis

Data collected was, hence, analyzed descriptively

and quantitatively. Descriptive analysis comprised

on characteristic of broiler husbandry, such weight,

raising pattern, marketing, business model,

procurement model of production equipment, labor,

raising period. Whereas, quantitative analysis

consisted on calculation of broiler’s index and

income using following formulation, [Tandogan et

al., 2016)

Broiler’s index =



% 



   ℎ/

   

(1)

Income= TR - TC (2)

Where:

TR = Total of income in broiler husbandry

(Rp/production period)

TC = Total of production cost in broiler husbandry

( Rp/production period)

Next, the calculation of biosecurity variable used

score obtained from data collected. Data

management utilized descriptive method and

statistical analysis. Each response of respondents

was classified into fivecategories and given score.

The score was stated in numerical of 1,2,3,4, and 5

for each answer, which the highest score was 5 and

the lowest was 1 (Haedari et al., 2011).Such score,

Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province

105

later, was categorized into 2 parts, namely Pre-

EntryandPoint of Entry. In addition, such score in

respective groups was calculated in total and a mean

was gained from it. Further, this score was analyzed

using Independent Sample tTestassisted by SPSS.22

program, by following formulation as follows,

(Gujarati., 2003)

t =

















(3)

Where:

Xa = mean of group a, Xb = mean of group b, Sp =

combined deviation standard, na = total of samples

in group a, nb = total of samples in group b.

3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Business Model

The result of this research demonstrates that

breeders in the highland, District of Minahasa, and

the lowland, District of North Minahasa, had a

varied scale of broiler raising, ranging from 750

broilers up to 22.000broiler in each period of raising.

In this research, three business scales were obtained:

small scale (<5.000 broilers), middle scale (>5.000-

10.000 broiler) and large scale (>10.000 broilers).

Distribution of business scale in the broiler raising

from four Sub-districts representing the lowland and

highland respectively was hardly equally distributed.

It, then, was varied between 1.000 to 20.000broilers,

and there were only some breeders raising above

20.000 broilers and some had 750 broilers. In detail,

the different business scale of broiler husbandry had

a relation with business’s model and objective.

Typically, breeders raising broiler under small-scale

husbandry only aimed for side job and broiler’s cage

was placed close to breeder’s house and residents.

Contrastingly, breeders raising under medium and

large scale of broiler husbandry had separated cages,

which were far enough from residential.

Table 1: Mean of maximal and minimal temperature, and

humidity in the lowlands and highlands

Detail

The Lowlands

(Dimembe+Kal

awat

The Highlands

(Sonder

+Tondano

Utara

)

Mornin

After

noon

Morn

ing

After

noon

Minimal

Temperature

(

25,87 26,46 19,75 23,54

Maximal

Temperature

(

)

30,25 33,00 29,50 30,25

Humidit

(

)

84,60 75,00 89,00 79,00

Climatological environment in two research’s sites

based on data derived from BMKG of North

Sulawesi (BMKG Sulut, 2018) is shown in

following Table 1.Further, broiler’s strains raised

and commercial ransom given, in general, were

depended on supply of local poultry shop. In the

lowlands, broiler’s strains raised wasIndian river

andLohmann, and the ransom used was product of

Comfeed and Charon Pokhpan. While, in the

highlands, broiler’s strains was Arbor and Anwar

Sirat, using ransom of Charon Pokhpanand Cargill.

Specifically, the result of this research against

broiler’s performance in the lowlands and highlands

can be seen from below Table 2.

Table 2: Broiler’s performance in the lowlands and

highlands of North Sulawesi

Details

The Lowlands The Highlands

Business Scale Business Scale

SM L S M L

Weight

(kg/broil

er)

1,32 1,19 1,26 1,53 1,40 1,69

Ration

conversi

2,03 1,83 1,87 1,89 2,07 2,13

Broiler’s

index

1,72 1,74 1,92 1,63 1,58 1,53

Mortalit

y (%)

9,50 5,14 7,04 5,30 5,62 7,24

Raising

period

per

producti

period

(

37 36 35 40 41 42

Profit

(Rp/broi

ler)

11.2

11.375 11.850 10.64

9.500 9.250

Business

model

Side

job

Semi-

comm

ercial

Comm

ercial

Side

job

Semi-

comm

ercial

Comm

ercial

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

106

Raising

pattern

and

marketin

All

in-

all

out

All in-

all out

All in-

all out

All in-

all out

All in-

all out

All in-

all out

Pattern

producti

equipme

Part

ners

hip

Partne

rship

Partner

ship

Partne

rship

Partne

rship

Partner

ship

Labor Fam

ily

Famil

y and

hired

labors

Family

and

hired

labors

Famil

y and

hired

labors

Family

and

hired

labors

S=Small, M=Medium , L= Large

According to data mentioned in the Table 2, it

depicts that typical breeders in the lowlands raised

broilers within 36 days by its average weight of 1,2-

1,3 kg/broiler. In the highlands, breeders raised

generally broilers for 41 days with its average

weight of 1,4-1,7 kg/broiler. It was due to market’s

demand in certain areas was likely different. In all

business scales, all in-all out system was used since

breeders run their business under partnership

program with the main company, so that

procurement of production equipment (feeds, seeds,

medicines, vitamins, and technology) was mostly

supplied by the main company, excluding labor,

cages, and cage’s tools.Theall in-all out system

means that total of incoming and outcoming broilers

going to be harvested is similar due to similar age.

To know broiler’s technical performance, the

calculation of broiler’s index was performed to show

that small-scale business in the highlands had better

technical performance than large-scale business;

though, its value of broiler’s index was smaller than

large-scale broiler’s husbandry in the lowlands. It

was caused by the outbreak infection of broiler’s

disease in the highlands during the research

performed. A disease is one of determining factors

in decreasing productivity of broiler. Therefore,

broiler’s profitability in a large-scale business in the

lowlands located in the District of North Minahasa

was greater than a small-scale business, and

profitability in a small scale-business of broiler’s

husbandry in the highlands had apparently relative

higher than other business scales.

3.2 Total of Breeders Applying

Biosecurity

Biosecurity is management action performed to

prevent spreading of disease’s seed existing in any

husbandryand contaminating other husbandries or

surrounding residential. In this research, it focused

on application biosecurity observed and assessed.

The biosecurity procedure in two application levels

is in the Pre-entry, or before coming to husbandry’s

site, and Point of entry, or on-husbandry’s site.

These biosecurity applications performed in two

different sites are aimed to prevent disease’s seed

directly interacted with broilers raised. Whereas any

disease’s seeds successfully penetrated the first level

(Pre-entry), there is one level mandatorily secured

by breeders to prevent such disease’s seed

contaminating other broilers within cages, which is

biosecurity in the Point of entry. Hence, the finding

of the research shows that total of breeders applying

biosecurity in the Pre-entry located in the District of

North Minahasa (the lowlands) and District of

Minahasa (the highlands) had no significantly

different. This can be seen from following Table 3.

Based on Table 3, it describes that biosecurity

application in the Pre-entry conducted by breeders in

the lowlands (District of North Minahasa) was

higher than breeders in the District of Minahasa (the

highlands) of all ownership scale.

Table 3: Biosecurity application by broiler’s breeders in

the Pre-entry

Details

District of North

Minahasa (%)

District of Minahasa

(%)

Business scale Business scale

SML S M L

There are no

other

breeders

within the

range of 1

40 40 60 0 0 0

There is no

sharing of

equipment

with other

reeders

60 80 80 20 20 20

All

transportation

tools are

sprayed with

disinfectant

20 20 40 20 20 20

Poultry’s

waste is not

taken back

into the cage

100 80 100 40 40 20

S=Small, M=Medium, L= Large

It was caused by husbandry’s site in District of

Minahasa relatively close to residential; while

broiler’s husbandry in District of North Minahasa

was far enough from residential. This husbandry’s

site far from residential would be able to minimize

direct contact of poultry and human, or with other

poultry, so that it could reduce human’s mobility,

animals, disease’s seed from one cage to residential,

and vice versa. The further the husbandry’s site from

Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province

107

residential and other husbandries, the smaller the

possibility of disease’s seed contamination [Jubb

and Dharma., 2009; Ndem and Ogba.,2017; Ali et

al., 2014).The designing of broiler’s cages in District

of Minahasa, initially, was far from residential, but

the massive and rapid development of population

made husbandry’s site close to residential

eventually.Also, another biosecurity having been

implemented by breeders in both Districts of North

Minahasa and Minahasa was spraying with

disinfectant. In the level of Pre-entry,spraying was

performed in broiler’s distribution tools aimed to

eliminate disease’s seeds derived from outside of

husbandry [Steenwinke et al.,].The breeders in the

District of North Minahasa had better waste

management than breeders in the District of

Minahasa, nearly almost 100 % of breeders not

taking broiler’s waste to other husbandries that could

spread disease’s seeds. Further, breeders in the

District of Minahasa were just 20-40% performing

better waste management.

In the

level of point of entry, breeders apply

biosecurity aimed to prevent diseases, if there is

disease contamination derived from the Pre-entry up

to coming to the cages. This biosecurity applications

are establishing fence and locking key, hiring

medical expert, having bathroom and additional

clothes for labors, maintenance using all in-all out

system and removing unsold products from the

cages (Table 4).

Table 4: Biosecurity application by broiler’s breeders in

the level of point of entry

Details

District of North

Minahasa (%)

District of

Minahasa (%)

Business scale Business scale

S M L S M L

Having fence and

locking the

cages’ doors

40 20 40 60 80 60

Hiring medical

expert

60 80 100 80 60 80

Having bathroom

and additional

clothes

40 60 80 0 20 20

Maintenance

using all in-all

out system

80 80 100 60 80 80

Unsold products

not returned to

the cages

100 100 100 100 100 100

Dead poultry was

urnt/buried

60 80 100 80 80 80

Conducting early

disease detection

80 80 100 60 80 100

Having SOP in

conducting any

activity in the

20 20 40 0 0 20

cages

Vehicles should

be cleaned as

entering

husbandry’s site

20 20 10 0 0 20

S=Small, M= Medium, L= Large

Then, the findings of this research describe that

breeders in both districts almost applied biosecurity

measure.40% and 60% of breeders located in

District of North Minahasa and Minahasa had fence

and locked door. Locking the cage’s doors was one

of efforts to limit human’s mobility, domestic pets

and wild animals, which it was supported with

previous researches [Lestari et al., 2011; Umam et

al., 2014)stressing that fence and door locking are

significant to limit human’s mobility and vehicles

that can assumedly bring disease’s seeds coming

inside of husbandry.Accordingly, breeders in both

districts werebreeder conducting partnership, where

its product/broiler marketing was performed by main

company.As consequence, main company prohibited

partner breeders to sell their broiler by themselves

(retailing). Therefore, none of breeders did they sell

their broiler in market, and there were no broilers

back to the cages as they had been brought by main

company to be sold. Broiler’s health became main

priority of both breeders in the research’s

site.Significantly, broiler’s health during their

raising had to be taken care by medical expert in

order to take preventive caution whereas any issues

related to broiler’s health.To do so, most breeders

had tohire medical expert in disease prevention

program in their husbandry. In the context of raising,

most of breeders had applied all in-all out system,

implying that total of incoming and outgoing

broilers had to be exactly the same in order to take

supervisory of broiler’s health. This finding is in line

with previous research (Ali et al., 2014; Steenwinke

et al., 2011; Herawati et al., 2016), stating that

breeders adopt and apply principles of biosecurity to

prevent contamination of disease’s seeds in and out

of husbandry’s site. From above data in the Table 4,

it depicts that breeders in the District of Minahasa

were mostly not having bathroom and additional

clothes for their labors and owner since the distance

to their house was relatively near, while breeders in

the District of North Minahasa (the lowlands) had

bathroom and additional clothes for their labors and

owner since the husbandry’s site was relatively far

from their house (residential). If broiler was infected

and dead by any disease, breeders would take

preventive caution of disease contamination by

burying and burning dead broilers (60-100%).

Moreover, breeders in both districts within all

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

108

business scales had performed activity in detecting

broiler’s disease. For biosecurity aspect concerning

that vehicles entering husbandry’s site had to be

cleaned, only small part of breeders in the District of

North Minahasa had applied it, but, contrastingly,

most breeders in the District of Minahasa did not

apply such biosecurity aspect. As reasons,

particularly, breeders in the District of

Minahasacould not clean vehicles since there were

many vehiclespassing through husbandry, so that it

required additionally huge costs used to clean each

vehicle. Meanwhile, small part of breeders in the

District of MinahasaUtaraperformed such

biosecurity action since there was only one vehicle

from main company delivering day old chick (DOC)

and feed supply entering husbandry’s site.

3.3 Statistical Analysis of Biosecurity

Application by Broiler’s Breeders

The finding of this research demonstrates that the

level of biosecurity application in the pre-entry

located in the District of apNorthMinahasa

wasreallydifferent (P<0.05) with biosecurity

application conducted in the District of Minahasa.

Furthermore, biosecurity application in the level of

point of entry was really similar (P>0.05) between

breeders in both districts within all business scales

(Table 5).

Table 5: Analysis of biosecurity application in the District

of North Minahasa and Minahasa

Biosecurity’s Site

District

STD

North Minahasa Minahasa

Prior to enter husbandry’s

site

2,38

1,18

0,43

On-husbandry’s site 0,79

0,71

0,51

Note: Value of different letters in the similar row shows really

different (P<0.05). STD is Standard Error of Treatment Means

The biosecurity application in the level of pre-entry

in the District of North Minahasa was much better

than biosecurity application in the District of

Minahasa (P<0.05). It can be seen from above Table

5, where breeders located in the District of North

Minahasa had mostly applied biosecurity aspects in

this level than breeders in the District of Minahasa,

only small part of breeders applying biosecurity in

this level. One of causing factors was that

husbandry’s site involved in this research, District of

North Minahasa, was far from residential, and

husbandry’s site located in the District of Minahasa

was close to residential.Subsequently, biosecurity

application in the level of point of entry was

relatively similar (P>0.05) conducted by breeders

located in both districts. It means that those breeders

in both districts had mostly mastered better

technique of broiler cultivation and they also

concerned on surrounding environment.Breeders had

understood significance of biosecurity aspects to

minimize loss risk in managing broiler husbandry

since they had obtained training on how to plan,

apply, and evaluate biosecurity aspect [Ndem and

Ogba., 2017; Ali et al., 2014; Herawati et al.,

Abdurofil at al., 2017.,Balamrigan at al., 2014).

3.4 Sustainability of Biosecurity

Application and Raise Pattern on

Broiler Farming in North Sulawesi

Province

How far is the implementation of biosecurity in

sustainable broiler chicken business in North

Sulawesi? In general, various principles of

biosecurity in broiler chicken farms in North

Sulawesi have been carried out at a certain level, for

example at the level before entering on the farm and

point of entry of farming. To ensure the

sustainability of this program, there is a need for

ongoing coordination and cooperation between

related institutions such as the Agriculture and

Livestock Services, partnership companies, farmers,

and the community. Cooperation and coordination

have not been going well. This is what needs to be

corrected immediately given the importance of

sustainable biosecurity for the protection of humans,

animals, plants and the environment, including

farmers from the threat of unwanted organisms that

can harm all parties. The use of detector devices for

parasites and germs around broiler farms can be

considered to be applied so that it can minimize the

threat of decreasing broilers’ productivity.

The results of this research showed that the

application of biosecurity by farmers was quite good

because they had already received previous training

but to ensure the sustainability of the application of

the technology it was necessary to evaluate it

regularly so that it could be identified repair.

Biosecurity sustainability in broiler farms will have

a positive impact on livestock health and the

environment around the farm so that it will

positively influence broiler chicken technical

performance and farmer’s income.

On the

side the performance of broiler chicken

farms in North

Sulawesi, the partnership business

pattern that has been running so far must be

maintained to ensure the availability of raw materials

such as seeds, superior feed, vitamins and medicines

Raise Pattern and Biosecurity Application by Broiler Breeders on Different Topography in North Sulawesi Province

109

continuously and market guarantees that are often

obstacles for breeders who have consequences at the

close of business. Therefore various of cooperation

agreements made must benefit both parties, namely

core companies and farmers.

4 CONCLUSION

1. Raising pattern of broilers in the lowlands of

District of North Minahasa and the highlands

of District of Minahasahad no different,

excluding raising period of each production

period. In detail, raising period in the lowlands

was averagely 36 days, and 41days in the

highlands.Small-scale business in the

highlands had better technical performance

than large scale; though, its broiler’s index was

lower than broiler husbandry in the lowlands

under large-scale business.

2. The biosecurity application performed by

broiler’s breeders in the pre-entry level in the

District of Minahasa was much better than

breeders in the District of Minahasa.

Meanwhile, the biosecurity application

performed by breeders in both research’s sites

in the point of entry level did not show

significant difference.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank to Directorate of Research and

Public Service (DRPM), DIKTI of the Republic of

Indonesia for its research funding under Excellent

Fundamental Research Scheme of Higher Education.

Also, I would like to convey my deepest thank to all

members in team of researchers for their

advantageous cooperation to complete this research.

REFERENCES

Pakage S, Hartono B, Fanani Z, Nugroho B.A, Iyai D.A

2018. Analisis struktur biayadan pendapatan usaha

peternakaayam pedaging dengan menggunakan closed

house system dan open house system. J Pet. Indonesia

20(3):193-200

AbdurofiI, Ismail MM, Kamal HAW, Gabdo BH. 2017.

Economic analysis of broiler production in Peninsular

Malaysia.Int Food Res J 24(2): 761-766

Amid S, Gundoshmian TM ,Rafiee S, Shahgoli G. 2015.

Energy and economic analysis of broiler production

under different farm sizes. Agric 78:29688-29693

Ajewole, Oladele Ch ,Akinwumi, Ayodele A.2014

Awareness and practice of biosecurity measures in

small scale poultry production in Ekiti State,

Nigeria.IOSR J Agric Vet Sci 7 (11):24-29

Ali MM, Abdelgadir AE, Ismail HM. 2014. Evaluation

of biosecurity measures on broiler farms in Khartoum,

Sudan. J Vet Med Anim Health 6(5): 138-144

Badan Pusat Statistik Sulut. 2018. Sulawesi utara dalam

angka. Kantor statistic Sulut, Manado

Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Sulut.

2018. Data rata rata suhu dan kelembaban udara di

Provinsi Sulawesi Utara tahun 2017.Kantor stasiun

BMKG Sulut.

Balamurugan V, Manoharan M. 2014. Cost and benefit of

investment in integrated broiler farming: A case Study.

Int J Current Res Academic Rev 2(4):114-123

Conan A, Goutard FL, San S, Vong S. 2012. Biosecurity

measures for backyard poultry in developing

countries: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 8:240

Gujarati, DN. 2003. Basic econometric.Fourth

dditionMcGraw Hill, New York.

Heidari MD, Omid A, Akram A. 2011 Using non

parametric analysis (DEA) for measuring technical

efficiency in poultry farm.Brazilian J Poultry Sci

13(4):271-277

Herawati, Haryono D, Lestari DAH. 2016. Daya saing

budidayaayamras pedaging pada berbaga polausaha.

JIIA 3:277-284

Jubb T, Dharma D.2009. Biosecurity risk management

planning, A training course manual book.

Knottnerus, P. 2003. .Sample survey theory: Some

pythagorean perspectives. Springer Science Business

Media New York.

Lestari VS, Sirajuddin SN, Kasim K.2011. Adoption of

biosecurity measures by layer smallholders. J.

Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric 36: 297-302

Martindah E, Ilham Ny, Basuno E. 2014. Biosecurity level

of poultry production cluster (PPC) in West Java,

Indonesia. Int. J. Poultry Sci 13(7):408-415

Ndem JU, Ogba EI.2017. Biosecurity measures needed by

rural poultry farmers for effective disease

prevention.Int J Advance AgricSci Tech 17-28

Rana, KMA, Rahman MS, Sattar M.N. 2012. Profitability

of small-scale broiler production in some selected

areas of Mymensingh. Progressive Agric 23(1-2): 101

– 109

Steenwinke lSV, Ribbens S, Ducheyne E. 2011. Assessing

biosecurity practices, movements and densities of

poultry sites across Belgium resulting in different

farm risk groups for infectious disease introduction

and spread. Preventive Vet Med 259-270

Tandogan M, Cicek, H.2016. Technical performance and

cost analysis of broiler production in

Turkey.Brazilian J Poultry Sci . 18 (1):169-174.

Umam MK, Prayogi HS, 2014. Nurgiartiningsih VMA.

Penampilan produksi ayam pedaging yang dipelihara

pada system lantai kandang panggung dan kandang

bertingkat.JIIP 24 (3):79-87

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

110