Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing

Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port

Abiyani C. Huda

, Widi A. Pratikto

, Suntoyo

, Anggie V. R. Dewi

and Destyariani L. Putri

Department of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Department of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Kalimantan, Indonesia

Keywords: Total Suspended Solid, Modeling, Remote Sensing.

Abstract: In relation to socio-economic development many construction projects have been carried out in Indonesia to

meet the requirements of urban, agricultural and industrial use. These projects include urban construction, for

example, metro construction, groundwater pumping, and reclamation in coastal areas. Activities that have a

significant influence on the environment are port operational activities. Teluk Lamong Harbor is the reclaimed

land product. Based on this, a physical impact study of the Teluk Lamong Bay Multipurpose Terminal

Development Port is needed to find out how much influence the impact of the reclamation has on marine

environmental resources. Therefore a flow pattern modeling is done, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) modeling

is based on remote sensing data to see the impact after the development of the Teluk Lamong Multipurpose

Terminal Port. The objectives to be achieved in this study are: Knowing the modeling of current patterns at

the Port of Multipurpose Terminal in Teluk Lamong 2020, Knowing the modeling of TSS concentrations at

the Port of Multipurpose Port of Lamong Bay in 2020. Stages Method: 1. modeling the flow patterns using

Mike 21 software before and after reclamation, 2. TSS concentration modeling using Mike 21 software based

on remote sensing data using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Model of the current pattern at low tide the

maximum water level at low tide is -1.0875 meters and -1.055 meters, the speed of the current under these

conditions ranges between 0.01 m / s for both points. For the current tide pattern model with the maximum

water level height at tide conditions are 0.7744 meters and 0.7640 meters, the current speed under these

conditions ranges from 0.008 m / s for the yellow dot and 0.008-0.016 m / s for both blacks. (D50) sediment

concentration of 0.0738 mm around the Port of Teluk Lamong with an average TSS value of 4.998 per area.

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has a coastal region that stretches from

Sabang to Marauke which is rich and a variety of

natural resources that have been utilized by the

community as one source of economic income. In

addition to providing a variety of resources,

Indonesia's coastal area has various other functions,

such as transportation in the form of a port, industrial

estate, agribusiness and agro-industry, recreation and

tourism, residential areas, and waste disposal sites.

One of the development ideas that is being discussed

by many Indonesians is the concept of reclamation.

Reclamation can be defined as an effort to improve,

utilize, restore capacity, and improve the quality of

land through the empowerment of various

technologies and community empowerment focused

on land that is naturally of low quality or as a result

of human influence that makes the land less

productive. With changes in environmental

conditions can make the coastal region undergo

complex changes. The development of Teluk Lamong

Multipurpose Port will have an impact on the

surrounding environment due to changes in

environmental conditions that adjust to

environmental changes due to coastal reclamation.

The construction of the Lamong Bay Multipurpose

Port regarding reclamation has been explained and

legalized as contained in Law Number 27 of 2007

article 34 junto Law 1 of 2014, concerning

Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands,

explains that reclamation has the meaning of

activities carried out by people in the context of

increasing the benefits of land resources in terms of

environmental and socio-economic aspects by means

of confinement and drying of land. Coastal changes

that occur due to abrasion and accretion, the main

causes of abrasion and accretion are the action of

Huda, A., Pratikto, W., Suntoyo, ., Dewi, A. and Putri, D.

Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port.

DOI: 10.5220/0010047100370046

In Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management (ISOCEEN 2019), pages 37-46

ISBN: 978-989-758-516-6

 2021 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reser ved

waves, wind and tides. The most influencing process

is waves. When moving towards the beach, the waves

undergo transformation which then generates

currents near the coast. Currents moving along the

coast move sediments, causing shoreline changes.

The change in coastline is related to sediment

transport that occurred at the port of Teluk Lamong.

The rate of sedimentation increases, so siltation at the

Port of Teluk Lamong will have an even faster impact

on other problems. Therefore, knowledge about

aquatic hydrodynamics is very important to

understand in order to predict the distribution of

sediment after reclamation. The results of the model

that have been validated and have shown correlations

or similarities with actual conditions in the field can

be used to predict the dynamics of various processes

that occur in the waters.

2 THEORETICAL

The ecological coastal area is a transitional area

between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, which is

towards the coastal area including land areas, both dry

and submerged in water affected by marine processes,

such as tides, sea winds, and sea water intrusion,

while towards the sea area coastal areas include ocean

waters that are influenced by natural processes such

as sedimentation and freshwater flow, as well as those

caused by human activities on land (Dahuri et al,

1996). According to Law No.27 / 2007 article 1

paragraph 2, coastal areas are transitional areas

between terrestrial and marine ecosystems which are

influenced by regulations on land and sea. Coastal

waters are seas bordering the plains covering waters

as far as 12 nautical miles measured from the

coastline, waters connecting the coast and islands,

estuaries, bays, shallow waters, swamps, brackish,

and lagoons (Law No.27 / 2007 article 1 ). In coastal

areas there are interrelated ecosystems. Coastal

ecosystem is a unit that interacts between organisms

and the environment and together carry out their

respective functions in habitat (Odum, 1971). Coastal

ecosystems are a set of biological (biotic) and non-

biological (abiotic) components that are absolutely

necessary for life and improve the quality of life

(Bengen, 2004). Furthermore, biological and non-

biological components are functionally related to

each other and interact with each other to form a

system. If there is a change in one of the existing

systems, it will affect both the functional structure

unity and balance (Bengen, 2002). One form of

linkages between ecosystems in coastal areas is the

movement of river water, runoff, runoff with various

materials contained (nutrients, sedimentation, and

pollutants) which will all lead to to coastal waters. In

addition, this pattern of movement of water mass will

also play a role in the movement of aquatic biota

(plankton, fish, and shrimp) and pollutants from one

location to another (Bengen, 2004). Ecosystems in the

coastal and marine areas are natural and artificial.

Natural ecosystems located in coastal areas, namely

mangrove forests, coral reefs, seagrass, sand beaches,

rocky beaches, and estuary waters.

2.1 Reclamation

Coastal reclamation is carried out taking into account

the socio-economic conditions of the population,

given the increasingly rapid growth rate, which

causes the land for development increasingly narrow.

Reclamation makes watery areas that are damaged or

of less value become better and more useful. The new

area is usually used for residential, industrial,

business, and urban areas, ports, and tourist

attractions. In the theory of urban planning, coastal

reclamation is one step in city expansion. Usually the

reclamation is carried out by the state or big city with

the rate of growth and land needs increasing rapidly,

but experiencing constraints of land limitations. This

condition is no longer possible to expand to the

mainland, so new land is needed. Another alternative

is to form a vertical division by building a port as part

of the distribution of goods and anchoring ships.

Coastal reclamation is a subsystem of the coastal

system.

2.2 Impact of Coastal Reclamation

Based on the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation

(PERMENDAGRI) No. 1 of 2008 concerning coastal

reclamation, the implementation of coastal

reclamation must pay attention to environmental

interests, ports, mangrove forest areas, fishermen, and

other functions in the coastal area and the

sustainability of the surrounding coastal ecosystem.

Planning in reclamation activities should be aligned

with the city spatial plan. The new city spatial

planning must pay attention to the social and

ecological carrying capacity of the city. Reclamation

project activities around the coastal area require a

scientific feasibility study through a technical study

of how much environmental damage will be caused

and then conveyed openly to the public. It is

important to remember that reclamation is a form of

human intervention in the balance of the natural

environment of the coast. In a coastal ecosystem that

has long been formed and arranged as it should, it will

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

lose its balance due to reclamation activities. The

effect of these impacts is one of which affects the

lives of surrounding communities. Many fishermen

and workers in the fisheries sector will lose their

livelihoods due to the decrease in the number of fish

due to damage to the ecosystem due to runoff from

sediments (Francisca, 2017).

2.3 Limitations of Environmental

Carrying Capacity Due to Coastal

Reclamation

According to Dahuri (2000) the main problems in the

management of coastal areas are activities of

pollution, overfising, erosion, coastal sedimentation,

extinction of biota types, and conflicts in the use of

the region: due to the high environmental pressure

caused by the population along with all the gait of life

and development of the environment of the coastal

area which has a limited ability to support the concept

of the environment based on the idea that the

environment has the maximum capacity to support

the growth of organisms (Bengen, 2002). The

environmental carrying capacity classification

includes:

1. Ecological: The maximum level (both quantity

and volume) of the use of a resource or ecosystem

that can be accommodated by an area before

ecological decline;

2. Physical: The maximum amount of utilization of

a resource or ecosystem that can be absorbed by

an area without causing physical quality

degradation.

3. Social: The level of comfort and appreciation of

users of a resource or ecosystem to an area due to

the presence of other users at the same time.

4. Economy: The level of scale of effort in the

utilization of a resource that provides maximum

economic benefit on a sustainable basis.

According to Scones (1993) the carrying capacity of

the environment is divided into two namely

ecological carrying capacity and economic carrying

capacity. Ecological carrying capacity is the

maximum number of organisms on a land that can be

supported without causing death due to density

factors, as well as the occurrence of permanent

environmental damage. While economic carrying

capacity is the level of production of businesses that

provide maximum profit and is determined by the

business objectives economically.

2.4 Tidal

Knowledge about tides will be very important when

we plan to build a port by coastal reclamation. The

ups and downs that occur in each region are not the

same. In general, tides in various regions can be

divided into 4 types:

1. A single daily tidal (diurnal tide)

In one day there is one tide and one tide with a tidal

period is 24 hours 50 minutes.

2. Install double daily shrinkage (semi diurnal tide)

In one day there are two tides and two tides with

almost the same height and tides occur regularly.

The average tidal type is 12 hours 24 minutes.

3. Tidal mixture tends to a single daily (mixed tide

prevalling diurnal)

In one day there is one tide and one tide, but

sometimes temporarily there are two tides and two

tides with a very different height and period.

4. Tidal mixture tends to double daily (mixed tide

prevalling diurnal)

In one day there were two tides and two times low

tide, but the height and period were different.

According to Haryono (2004), tides are the result of

gravitational forces and centrifugal effects.

Centrifugal effect is the movement or push towards

the outside center of rotation of the earth. The

influence of the moon's gravitational force is two

times greater than the force of the sun in generating

the tides, because the distance of the moon is closer

than the distance of the sun to the earth. Within a

month, the daily variation of the tidal range changes

systematically to the lunar cycle. The tidal range also

joins to the shape of the volume of the water and the

shape of the ocean floor undergoing movement.

Vertical water movements associated with the ups

and downs of the tides, accompanied by horizontal

water movements called tidal currents.

2.5 Wave

The main energy that forms the coastal system is

waves. Ocean waves are a natural phenomenon in the

form of raising and decreasing water slowly and can

be found throughout the world. Waves in the sea often

appear irregular and change frequently. This can be

observed from the surface of the water which is

caused by the direction of wave propagation that is

very varied and irregular waveforms, especially if the

waves are under the influence of the wind. According

Pratikto (2000) said that the shape and propagation of

waves that vary and irregularly greatly affect the

characteristics of the waves that occur in these waters.

In addition to changes in height, length and speed of

waves also occur other phenomena such as silting,

refraction, diffraction and reflection before the wave

breaks. The process resulted in changes in wave

Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port

speed. Sea waves that move into coastal waters

experience a high increase which makes the waves to

increase. Furthermore, the speed of water particles at

the peak of the wave approaches the speed of the

wave, so that when the water particles are greater than

the speed of the wave, the wave becomes unstable and

breaks (Duxbury, et. Al., 1994).

2.6 Current

The current is a very broad movement of water, often

occurring throughout the ocean. Waves that come

towards the coast can cause nearshore current.

Currents are also formed due to the wind blowing in

a very long time interval, can also be caused by waves

that form the beach obliquely. It can also be caused

by waves coming towards the coastline. Currents can

also carry suspended sediments or those found at the

bottom of the sea. Circulation of ocean currents is

divided into two categories, namely surface

circulation and circulation in the sea (intermediate or

deep circulation). Sea surface currents are generally

driven by wind stress acting at sea level. Wind tends

to push the layer of water on the surface of the sea in

the direction of the movement of the wind. But

because of the influence of the earth's rotation or the

influence of the Coriolis force. The variation of

currents generated by the wind against depth is

explained theoretically by Ekman (1905).

2.7 Total Suspended Solid

TSS are suspended materials (> 1µm diameter) that

are held in a filter with a pore diameter of 0.45 µm.

TSS consists of mud and fine sand and

microorganisms. The main causes of TSS in waters

are soil erosion or soil erosion carried into water

bodies. TSS concentration if too high will inhibit the

penetration of light into water and cause disruption of

photosynthesis. The spread of TSS in coastal and

estuary waters is influenced by several physical

factors including wind, rainfall, waves, currents and

tides (Effendi, 2000). Sastrawijaya (2000) states that

TSS concentrations in waters generally consist of

phytoplankton, zooplankton, human waste, animal

waste, mud, crop and animal residues, and industrial

waste. Materials that are suspended in natural waters

are not toxic, will occur if excessive amounts can

increase the value of turbidity which further inhibits

the penetration of sunlight into pools of water

(Effendi, 2000). Remote sensing technology has been

widely applied to study water quality, one of which is

TSS. The quality of waters has different light

penetration in certain areas, can be determined by

multispectral techniques (Barret and Curtis, 1982).

The higher TSS concentration will have a higher

reflectance value.

3 METHOD

This research was conducted at the Lamip Bay

Multipurpose Terminal Port, located in the border

area between Surabaya City and Gresik Regency,

which is adjacent to two ports owned by PT

Pelabuhan Indonesia III, namely Gresik Port to the

west and Tanjung Perak Main Port to the east. The

selection of research sites is done purposively. Based

on the results of reading the literature and information

related to the existence of port development by means

of coastal reclamation that can affect coastal

resources, this location was chosen to be used as a

research location. Based on the Port Development

will affect the condition of coastal ecosystems and the

livelihoods of coastal communities, it is necessary to

study the impact of coastal resources on the

development of Teluk Lamong Multipurpose

Terminal Port from the aspect of physical impact. The

research was carried out starting in the third semester,

with the research location in Figure 1 and the survey

point in Figure 2.

Figure 1: Research Sites.

Figure 2: Location of the Research River.

Location of the

Research

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

3.1 Systematics and Research Limits

This thesis research is carried out for one semester,

while the research activities include:

1. Problem Formulation.

This stage as the identification of problems,

determinants or focus of a study. The main

problem of this research is the factors or impacts

caused by coastal resources namely, the pattern of

water currents, TSS in the construction of the Port

of the Lamip Multipurpose terminal.

2. Literature Study.

This activity is carried out to gather information

related to research in the form of theoretical

concepts and relevant matters. Literature sources

obtained from the internet, reports related

institutions, scientific articles, journals, media,

books, and other documents.

3. Data Processing.

Namely knowing the analysis of shoreline

changes, modeling the pattern of water currents,

and modeling TSS concentrations based on

sensing data long before and after the construction

of the Teluk Lamong Multipurpose Port terminal

4. Data Validation.

Data validation is an activity carried out to

measure the extent of differences and errors.

5. Results and Discussion.

It is a modeling of waters flow patterns in 2012

and 2020 based on Navy Hydrographic and

Oceanographic Center data (DISHIDROS) and

the National Meteorology, Climatology and

Geophysics Agency (BMKG), and TSS

concentration modeling based on remote sensing

data of the 2A Sentinel Image 2020 National

Institute of Aviation and Space (BMKG), and

modeling of TSS concentrations based on remote

sensing data of the 2A Sentinel Image in 2020.

LAPAN). The input from this data processing

explains the correlation of the coastal condition of

the Teluk Lamong Multipurpose Port terminal

with the physical environmental conditions based

on 2020.

6. Conclusion.

It is the answer of the research objective, which is

to know the current pattern and sediment

distribution.

3.2 Data Processing Stages

In the stages of managing the impact study data

before and after the construction of the Teluk Lamong

Multipurpose Port:

1. Analyze shoreline changes using DSAS software

based on Landsat 7 in 2012 and Landsat 8 in 2020

satellite image data.

2. Determine the focal point of TSS research using

remote sensing aids, namely Sentinel 2A satellite

imagery recording on January of 2020 then

processed using Google Earth Engine at the

LAPAN Agency.

3. Modeling the condition of water flow patterns in

the Port of Multipurpose Bay in Lamong Bay

based on wind, tidal and bathymetry data

processed using Mike 21 software.

4. TSS modeling using Mike 21 software based on

remote sensing data.

4 RESULTS

4.1 Total Suspended Solid Remote

Sensing

TSS is suspended material that causes water turbidity

consisting of mud, fine sand and microorganisms

mainly caused by soil erosion or water-borne erosion

(Effendi, 2003). TSS is one of the important factors

to measure water quality based on physical aspects

including the addition of solids both organic and

inorganic material into the waters so as to increase

turbidity which will further inhibit the penetration of

sunlight into water bodies. The amount of TSS that is

in the waters can reduce the availability of dissolved

oxygen. So the high TSS can also directly disrupt

aquatic biota. To identify the TSS of Teluk Lamong

Port, TSS remote sensing was carried out using

Sentinel 2A imagery in 2020 and Landsat 8 satellite

imagery in 2017 and 2019. Remote sensing of the

distribution of TSS at Teluk Lamong Port using

Sentinel 2A satellite imagery in 2020 using Google

Earth Engine Software software. In the work of

remote sensing the first step taken is to make a

mosaic.Data analisi Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Data processing from Sentinel 2A satellite imagery in

2020 uses Google earth engine software that can

produce TSS remote sensing output. The channels in

the Sentinel satellite image data processing are used

to obtain reflectance values which are used to

estimate TSS concentrations. The first stage,

radiometric correction is done to eliminate errors in

the sun's elevation angle and the sun-earth distance.

The second conversion from the DN value to the

radiant value. Third is the conversion of the radiant

value to the reflectance value. Fourth conduct TSS

analysis.

Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port

Figure 3: Distribution Total Suspended Solid.

4.2 Modeling of Teluk Lamong Harbor

4.2.1 Wind

One that influences the speed and direction of the

current is the wind factor. In Mike 21 modeling, the

use of wind data as input wind data forcing contained

in the hydrodynamics module. In addition to

influencing the pattern of current movement, wind

can influence wave generation, so that in relation to

sediment transport these three factors are intermittent.

The wind data input used in March 2020 was adjusted

for the timestep modeling simulation conducted. The

following diagram of the rose wind shows the

dominant direction coming from west to southeast.

Figure 4: March winds.

4.2.2 Depth

Data on seabed depth is a supporting data used in this

study so it is necessary to know the seabed condition

of the Gulf waters, using topex satellite imagery with

file format in the form of SRTM in 2011 to create a

year boundary depth of Teluk Lamong Port. The data

is managed using Global Mapper 14 software which

is done by generating counturs with a contour interval

of 0.1 meters. Furthermore, the data plot has been

processed in Surfer 11 software to get a bathymetry

contour map in the form of 2D maps.

Then the data is meshed on a map plot in Arcgis 10.61

software used in the bathymetry plot in Mike 21

software. The input file is boundary of land and water.

Next is the display of the xyz input file modeling

results in Mike 21 software.

Figure 5: Depth.

4.2.3 Tides

Figure 6: Low Tide Conditions.

For the model of current patterns at low tide in Figure

6 occurred on timestep 191 dated March 8, 2020 at

23:00 with the maximum water level at low tide

conditions is -1.0875 meters at the red point and -

1.055 meters at the black point, the speed of the

current at this condition range between 0.01 m / s for

both points.

Figure 7: High Tide Conditions.

For the current tide pattern model in Figure 7

occurs on timestep 184 dated March 8, 2020 with the

maximum water level at tide conditions is 0.7744

meters for the yellow point and 0.7640 meters for the

black point, the current speed in this condition ranges

from 0.008 m / s for the yellow dot and 0,008-0,016

m / s for the second black.

Tidal Validation. Tidal conditions are analyzed

using the harmonic analysis method, this method has

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

a tidal pair hypothesis is the sum of several wave

components that have a certain amplitude and

frequency. This analysis is to obtain the amplitude

and phase of the tidal components. Tidal recording

and forecasting is carried out for 15 days in a row with

observation points 7 ° 12 '17 "LS and 112 ° 40 '46"

East. The high observations that were started were

analyzed using the Admiralty method and verified

with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Cost

Function (CF) methods. The following is the tidal

data presented in Table 2 and Table 3. While graphs

representing tidal data for 2012 and 2020 are

presented in Figure 12.

Figure 8: Tide Comparison Charts for 2012 and 2020.

Admiralty Analysis. Calculation using the admiralty

method, which is a calculation to find the value of the

amplitude (A) and phase difference (g0) of the

observation data for 15 or 29 pigs (observation days)

and the mean sea level (S0) which has been corrected

(Smoothing). The following are tidal components of

the 2012 admiralty method analysis results and 2020.

Table 1: Tidal Component 2012.

The types of tides in the Madura Strait waters in

2012 according to Formzahl (F) numbers based on the

tidal components in the table above are as follows.

F = (K1+O1) / (M2+S2)

= (0.331+0.256) / (0.259+0.181)

= 1.336

Table 2: Tidal Component 2020.

Tidal types in the waters of the Madura Strait in

2020 according to the Formzahl (F) number based on

the tidal components in the table above are as follows.

F = (K1+O1) / (M2+S2)

= (0.381+0.239) / (0.253+0.180)

= 1.433

The explanation of the tidal components above is as

follows:

• S0 is MSL

• M2 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

moon's gravitational phenomenon with circular

orbits and parallel to the earth's equator.

• S2 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

phenomenon of solar gravity with circular orbits

and the earth's equatorial alignment.

• N2 is a tidal component that is influenced by

the phenomenon of changes in the distance of

the moon to the earth due to elliptical paths.

• K1 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

phenomenon of the declination of the moon and

sun systems.

• O1 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

phenomenon of moon declination.

• M4 is a tidal component that is affected by the

phenomenon of twice the angular velocity of

M2.

• MS4 is a tidal component that is influenced by

the phenomenon of interaction between M2 and

S2.

• K2 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

phenomenon of changes in the distance of the

moon to the earth due to elliptical paths.

• P1 is a tidal component that is influenced by the

phenomenon of solar declination.

Table 3: Classification of Tidal Type.

Figure 9: Distribution of Tidal Types in Indonesian Waters

(Triatmodjo, 1999).

Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port

Formzahl's numbers are 1,336 and 1,433,

according to Table 4.9, the numbers are classified as

0.25 <F <1.5 or a mixture of double daily skew. In

Figure 2, the tidal type in the Madura Strait Waters

indicated by a red circle is the Mixed Daily Condong

Mix.

Data Verification. 2012 Tidal Analysis is used as a

reference for verification of 2020 data. Quantitatively

by calculating the amount of errors that occur from

each data can be calculated by:

dimana:

RMSE : Root Mean Square Error

y : data of 2012

ŷ : data of 2020

n: amount of data

Based on the results of analysis and verification of

tides obtained RMSE value of 0.253 or a level of

confidence of 74.7%.

Model verification is used to determine the

accuracy of both wind data sources quantitatively by

calculating the amount of error that occurs from each

data. Wind speed verification uses a Cost Function

(CF) statistical analysis. According to George et al.

(2010), the calculation of the CF method can be done

with the formula:

CF =





∑









dengan

𝜎𝐷 







∑

𝐷𝑛  𝐷









Where N is the amount of data; n is nth data; D is the

2012 data value; σD is the standard deviation; M is

the 2020 data value; D is the 2020 average data and

CF is the Cost Function. According to George et al.

(2010), the criteria used are:

CF < 1 = Sangat Baik 1 < CF < 2= Baik

2 <CF <3 = Less CF> 3 = Very Less

Based on the analysis, it is known that CF is obtained

by 0.485 This means that verification of data for 2012

and 2020 is in the range of CF <1 or very good.

Figure 10: Tidal 2012 and 2020.

4.3 Total Suspended Solid

Sediments on the coast cannot be separated due to

oceanographic factors that occur in the waters around

the coast. Oceanographic factors that influence

sediment type and sediment distribution are tides,

wind, waves and currents. Sediment distribution

modeling uses the parameters of currents generated

by tides and wave effects. Sediment sample data

based on the journal Sediment Distribution Pattern

Analysis to Support Maintenance of Port Waters

Depth Using 3D Hydrodynamic Modeling by

Pratomo et al., 2017 with a density value of 1188

kg/m³, dry density 884 kg/m³ and sediment

concentration of (D50) 0, 0738 mm. Sediment

transportation is important to know the speed of

sediment, especially supine sediment. For non

cohesive sediments, such as sand, sedimentation

velocity depends on the density of sediment and water

mass, water viscosity, dimensions and shape of

sediment particles (Triatmodjo, 2016). Also in

calculating the rate of sedimentation hydrometer

analysis is needed which aims to determine the grain

size of the suspended sediment which intends to

determine the speed of deposition of soil grains in

water using Stoke's Law, with the formula;

𝑉

 ϻ

𝐷𝑥𝑔

𝛾𝑆  𝛾𝑤

D : grain diameter (mm)

V : speed of settling soil grains (cm / s)

γS : grain weight (g / cm³)

γw : weight of water content (g / cm³)

ϻ : water thickness

Sediment transportation is the transfer of material

from one place to another. This transfer is in the form

of an increase (inflow) or reduction (outflow).

(Achmad, 2011).

Figure 11: Remote Sensing of Total Suspended Solid.

Sources of sediment data based on the journal

Study of the Impact of the Reclamation Plan in

Lamong Bay, East Java Province on Tidal Flow

ISOCEEN 2019 - The 7th International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management

Patterns and Sediment Transports and data on the tide

and tide flow velocity results of Mike 21 modeling

based on BIG 2012 data Tidal current velocity of 0.2

m / s, tidal current velocity of 0.1 m/s and (D50)

sediment concentration of 0.0738 mm.

Figure 12: TSS of Law Tide 2012.

Based on observations of suspended sediment at low

tide in Figure 12 on March 5, 2012 at 22:00 timestep

115. It can be seen that the value is quite high in the

area around the Lamong River with values ranging

from 320-360 g / m³.

Figure 13: TSS of Law Tide 2020.

Based on observations of suspended sediment at

low tide in Figure 13 on March 8, 2020, 23:00

timestep 191. There are high values in the area around

the Lamong River with values ranging from 360-400

g / m³.

Figure 14: TSS of High Tide 2012.

Based on observations of suspended sediment at

low tide in Figure 14 on March 7, 2012 at 17:00

timestep 161. It can be seen that the value is quite high

in the area around the Lamong River at two

observation points with values ranging from 325-350

g/m³.

Figure 15: TSS of High Tide 2020.

Based on observations of suspended sediment at low

tide in Figure 15 on March 8, 2020 at 16:00 timestep

184. There are high values in the area around the

Lamong River at two observation points with values

ranging from 440 g/m³. Changes in the bottom profile

of the water can occur due to the sedimentation

process or due to silting. Factors affecting the

sedimentation or siltation process include the

movement of currents, waves, and tides as well as

new buildings created on the coast of Lamong Bay.

In this study, sediment changes were observed based

on changes in the bed base change (bed level change)

located in the area within the Port of Teluk Lamong.

Modeling observations were carried out by

comparing changes in the bottom profile of the water

after modeling simulations for 15 days with the object

of the port research conditions before reclamation and

after beach reclamation. Based on the results of the

pomedelan, TSS conditions are greater in the Lamong

River. Lamong River is part of the Bengawan Solo

River Basin Unit which is managed by the Solo

Bengawan River Basin. The Lamong River estuary is

a tidal area, where at high tide the area is submerged

in seawater, but at low tide this area becomes

landlocked. As a result of this land tends to increase

sedimentation processes so that the land area becomes

wider. The Lamong River downstream flows on the

alluvial land with a gentle slope, so sediment

transport is dominated by fine fractions with

relatively large amounts that can settle at the estuary

(Sulistyaningsih, 2000). The following is data on

river flow and river sediment concentrations which

empties into Lamong Bay based on research by

Alwafi Pujiraharjo (2013) with the title Study of the

Modeling of Total Suspended Solid based on Remote Sensing Reclamation Data of Teluk Lamong Port

Impact of the Reclamation Plan in Lamong Bay, East

Java Province on Tidal Flow Patterns and Sediment

Transportation. With the reclamation of the waters of

the lamong bay, the narrowing of the flow of water

around the lamong river and the silting of galang

island, the velocity of the flow between the lamong

river becomes large. This will result in greater

sediment transport from rivers. Likewise, at low tide,

outflows from lamong bay pass through the lamong

river area. The currents are quite large at high tide but

at low tide, the flow velocity in the lamong river and

galang island areas becomes so small that the

sediment transported will be easily deposited and

gradually cause siltation.

5 CONCLUSION

The model of the current pattern at low tide in Figure

6. The maximum water level at low tide is -1.0875

meters at the red point and -1.055 meters at the black

point, the current velocity at this condition ranges

between 0.01 m / s for both points. For the current tide

pattern model in Figure 7 occurs with the maximum

water surface height at tide conditions is 0.7744

meters for the yellow point and 0.7640 meters for the

black point, the current speed in this condition ranges

from 0.008 m / s for the yellow point and 0.008-0.016

m / s for the second black. Tidal current velocity of

0.2 m / s, tidal current velocity of 0.1 m / s and (D50)

sediment concentration of 0.0738 mm around the Port

of Teluk Lamong with an average TSS value of 4.998

per area.

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