A Reflective Study on the Factor Facilitating the Success of the

Cooperation between University-industry

Andik Asmara

Technological and Vocational Education, College of Humanities and Applied Sciences, National Yunlin University Science

and Technology

Keyword: Cooperation, University-Industry, Success Factor

Abstract. The increasing demands of innovation on products, manufacturing processes, and knowledge force industries

to build effective collaboration with academic institutes. The reciprocal university-Industry collaboration

needs supportive government policies. As a developing country, Indonesia is predicted to be the seventh

biggest economy country in the world. Indonesia needs high-functioned vocational education, which

successfully bridges schools and industries. The previous studies explained that the developing country

with an economy growing needs three significant factors: industries, government, and universities.

Currently, Indonesia needs to adopt further and implement the successful factors of cooperation university-

industry from understanding the experience of developed countries. It is crucial to analyze the perspectives

of industries regarding U-I cooperation, focusing on government policies, financial support, personnel

training, and university policies. This study takes a systematic literature review on the previous experiences

of the United States of American and Japan to understand these critical issues. Also, this study finally

provides some recommendations consisting of (a) Government policies, such as patent regulation, and

license certification, (b) Financial support, such as research funding for small companies, and innovative

equipment substitutes, and collaboration with universities, (c) Personnel training, such as senior engineers

involvement in universities, on-job-training for technology innovation, and student internship in industries,

and (d) University policies, providing industries consultant services, long-termed collaboration for

technology innovation, faculty members' internship in industries, and alumni retraining.

1 INTRODUCTION

The collaboration Universities and Industries

occurred a long time ago. Involved government,

university, society pushed by the rule or them self-

needs. The phenomenon has related innovation and

development activities from the public and private

sector increases (Rantala & Ukko, 2019). Public

resources are now being direct through different

regional-level funding mechanisms to generate

innovation, and economic growth used cooperation.

These described by Laasonen & Kolehmainen

(2017) that the pursuit knowledge-based economy

has become an essential goal for economic

development (Europe cases), and different types of

knowledge-based regional development strategies

have been widely adopted to achieve these goals.

Furthermore, the performance of an innovation

system depends on the intensity and efficiency of the

linkages (Universities, Industries, and Government),

the university tend to play a crucial part in recent

years as the country moves to develop acknowledge-

based economy (Hu & Mathews, 2009). Economy

growth some country depend on innovation

development, involved universities, industries and

government, and other Factor else. (Masarova, 2014)

explained are the economic growth of countries

depends on various factors; they can include

demographic trends, political system, legislation,

culture, trade relations, natural conditions.

Present time industries face on revolution

industries 4.0 and giving impact each line.

Revolution Industry 4.0 will impose new

requirements for the education system and applied

research while having significant impacts on the

labor market, employee skills and knowledge as well

as many social consequences (Habanik, Grencikova,

& Krajco, 2019). The requirement of industries to

establish makes them need about research and

continuous innovation. Currently, an increase in

146

Asmara, A.

A Reﬂective Study on the Factor Facilitating the Success of the Cooperation between University-industry.

DOI: 10.5220/0010170600002967

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2019) - Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry, pages 146-152

ISBN: 978-989-758-530-2; ISSN: 2184-9870

productivity and productive capacity are considered

to be the significant factors of economic growth

(Masarova, 2014). The key factors that determine

productivity include physical capital, human capital,

natural wealth, technological change, and innovation

(Habanik et al., 2019). Innovations are the ones of

should have the industry to keep sustainability

production. The way of addressing these, the

industry can make cooperate with the university in

the research and development innovation field.

One advantage of the cooperation between

University-Industry is the form of strong linkage in

both. The linkages can be described as a partnership,

supporting, and knowledge transfer from industries

to universities. The industry also gains from this

collaboration since it provides access to new

knowledge and technologies necessary for

developing new products, improving product

quality, or designing solutions for production and

service problems (Azman et al., 2019). The

collaboration between academia and industry is

understood as the transactions between universities

and businesses for mutual benefit (Hoc & Trong,

2019). It means cooperation is obtained to benefit

improvement each participant. The industry has a

sustainable for production, and university has a more

reliable link and match.

Each country has a policy about University-

Industry Cooperation to create linked better. The

experience by several universities to conduct a

study, and then published to share with others.

Success experience to be a reference to some

universities to build cooperation with industries.

From both, Universities and Industries have their

perspective about the interest related from this

journal a focus on cooperation experience between

university-industry from the perspective of

industries.

1.1 The Purpose of the Study

This study was conducted to systematically analyze

the significant factors which facilitate the success of

cooperation between university and industry,

focusing the government policies, university policies

and practices, student's preparation, and the

contribution in industries based on the perspective

industry. Each Factor will be analyzed and gaining

with literature reviews from the journal relevant.

Before obtaining the significant Factor of facilitating

the success factor cooperation between university

and industry, we have to know about the based

theory about government policy, university policy,

financial support, and personnel training based on

industry perspectives. Research framework can be

explained as follows,

Figure 1: The research framework.

2 METHODOLOGY

A systematic Literature review is the first approach

for this study. This method of increasing results

being adopts in the social field and science (Sheldon,

Bradshaw, Baldwin, Sinclair, & Burrows, 2001).

This method reduces subjective bias and risk of

overlooking literature in a careful and rigorous

process (Kitagawa, 2009). The essential data would

come from paper journal related used many

synonyms, historical terms, and variants of search

terms. They were using the dominant search engine

Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus to support other

data.

To obtain a literature related used

combination process to the literature review process.

The four-step process to obtain the literature, that is;

1. Step-one: Major data finding used journal

portal of Web of Science (WOS) and

consist of two groups. The first group is

Web of Science with the last five years, and

the second group is with a span of five to

ten years. Besides, if there is a lack of data

not found on WOS, then use the Scopus

Portal as supporting data.

2. Step-two: Eliminate other the journal, if

which one selected approves in the topic

related. Otherwise, if in the related

discussion topic lack, can use another

reference from input else.

3. Step-three: To know how many words or

sentences related to the primary topic,

would be used as a search engine on PDF

viewer and then will be recorded each

percentage.

4. Step-fourth: The higher percentages

explained a journal is related to the primary

JapanCase

USCase

GovernmentPolicies

FinancialSu ppo rt

PersonnelTraining

UniversityPolecies

Recommendation towar dthe

successofUniversity‐Industry

CooperationinIndonesia

IndonesiaCase

IndustriesPerspective

A Reﬂective Study on the Factor Facilitating the Success of the Cooperation between University-industry

147

topic, and then these a journal will be select

to significant references.

3 RESULTS

The literature review is showed Japanese planning

for the cooperation between universities and

industries starting from a long time ago. Policies for

promoting university and industry collaboration in

the Japanese started in the 1980s. However, most

initiatives were carried out during the 1990s and

after (Pittayasophon & Intarakumnerd, 2017).

Describe by Perkmann & Walsh (2008) the Japanese

had invested considerable effort in University-

Industry Cooperation, such as the Haranuma Plan

propose in 2001. This plan to preparing and promote

the development of enterprises through collaboration

with universities, the industrialization of university

research achievement, and the relationship between

universities and industries. The Japanese

government encouraged the universities to set up

business ventures through the industrial technology

Enhancement Act and Hiranuma Plan star beginning

in 2000-2001, and have target 1000 university-

originated venture in 3 year (Pittayasophon &

Intarakumnerd, 2017). Hiranuma plan is once of the

grand plan in Japanese to increase quality and

quantity in the University-Industry Cooperation.

Before the Japanese launching the hiranuma

plan, the Japanese had established Laws related to

science and technology. This Law is called "The

Basic Science and Technology Law" in 1995,

academia e industry cooperation in Japanese

extended to companies, universities, research,

national governments, and local government

(Tsuruya, Kawashima, Shiozuka, Nakanishi, &

Sugiyama, 2018). Further laws are Japanese

establish relevant with promoting technology

transfer from universities to industries. The both of

Law are "Daigaku-tou Gijutsu Iten Sokushin Ho"

have means the Law for promoting University-

Industry Technology Transfer (enacted in 1998) and

"Sangyo Saisei Tokubetsu Sochi Ho" have meant the

Industrial Revitalization Law (enacted in 1999)

(Kato & Odagiri, 2012; Vick & Robertson, 2018).

Kyoung-Joo (Lee, 2011) and Fumi Kitagawa

(Kitagawa, 2009) more detail explained about

historical of University-Industry Cooperation

constructing in Japanese as following:

Table 1: Historical of UIC constructing in Japanese.

Yea

al chan

es and

olicies

1995 The Science and Technolo

Basic Law

1996 The First Science Basic Plan

(

1996-2000

)

1998 Technology Transfer Law (Establishment

of Technolo

Licensin

Office

)

1999 The Ja

anese version of the Ba

-Dole Act

2000 Law to Stren

then Industrial Technolo

2001 The Second Science Basic Plan (2001-

2005

)

2003 Intellectual Property Headquarters

(IPHQs)

2004 National Universit

Incor

oration Law

2006 The Third Science Basic Plan (2006-

2010)

2008 'Regionally-based innovation

Acceleration Plan'

(

METI

)

The history related to University-Industry

Cooperation in Japanese from beginning in 1995

until now (2019) makes cooperation was settle.

Japanese to be the most important industrial country

in the world and have high-quality products.

Besides, innovation in Japanese has improved every

year, causes collaboration to developing of industrial

technology to engage researchers from university. It

has shown the cooperation between Universities and

Industries function is as well.

The University-Industry have many Factors

to be a success in the cooperation established. Based

on the literature review and perspective industries,

cooperation divided to be four groups. As following

is a group of Succes factor from prospective

industries:

3.1 Government Policies

The development of Japanese University-industry

collaboration since the late 1990s has been

characterized by growing cooperation not only

between universities and industry but between the

two ministries, namely METI (Minister of Economy,

Trade, and Industry) and MEXT (Minister of

Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and

Technology), especially concerning strengthening

intellectual property strategies and local industrial-

cluster strategies (Kitagawa, 2009). After the

cooperation between both of the ministers has

established, the Japanese government focused on

creating new knowledge, followed by transferring

technology, commercializing research outputs, and

creating business ventures (MEXT, 2014). However,

not enough, Innovators should have legality in

innovation and invention activity. Further action of

MEXT is established and introduced a policy to

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

148

build Intellectual property headquarters (IPHQs) to

be placed inside significant research universities in

2003 and provided the universities with ﬁnancial

support for ﬁve years (Lee, 2014). IPHQs designed

organizational procedures to apply for patents of

research achievements and implemented a central

management system of IP rights in a university. The

primary function of the IPHQs by MEXT looked

similar to that of the Approved-TLOs by METI.

Still, they have several distinctive aspects of

organizational status and the treatment of IP (Lee,

2011).

As a member of the Paris Convention for the

Protection of Industrial Property concluded in 1883,

the Japanese adopted the treaty's methods for

protecting intellectual property, companies with

technology holders, or participating in the capital

(Tsuruya et al., 2018). Furthermore, the intellectual

property rights issue was promoted due to the

inﬂuence of US government policy (Pittayasophon

& Intarakumnerd, 2017). Besides, the Japanese have

"the Japanese Bayh–Dole Act," it is like the US

Bayh–Dole Act, allowed the state not to acquire

patent rights from university inventors researching

with government funds. After establishing this Law,

the number of university patent applications

increased in Japanese after 1999 and, the number

jumped to 3756 during 2004 (Kato & Odagiri, 2012;

Mowery, 2011; Lee, 2011).

Some technology licensing organizations (TLO)

established in 1998 withdrew from the patent

application business and began specializing in

matching researchers with companies (Tsuruya et

al., 2018; Kato & Odagiri, 2012; Lee, 2011; Vick &

Robertson, 2018). Patents are more effective as a

means of appropriating return to R&D in drugs

where innovations are standalone (Fukugawa, 2017).

At the end of the application process, when patents

issue in various countries, over one-third perhaps

over half) of patents issued to Japanese universities

are co-owned by companies – the overwhelming

majority of which are large Japanese manufacturers.

Dissatisfaction with university policies preventing

companies from automatically owning (or otherwise

controlling) collaborative inventions was most acute

in the case of narrowly focused (typical)

collaborations (Kneller, Mongeon, Cope, Garner, &

Ternouth, 2014).

3.2 Financial Support

The Japanese government has policies to increasing

and improving university-industry cooperation

through two ministries, which have a role in

regulation about financial support to universities and

Industries. The university system comes under the

jurisdiction of MEXT, while economic and

industrial activities become the responsibility of the

Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI).

This has created competition between the two

government agencies in an attempt to gain greater

administrative control over the UI collaboration

policy. In 1998, the METI moved ﬁrst in introducing

a policy of Approved TLO, which was aimed at

effectively transferring university generated

technologies to industry (Lee, 2014).

The government provides technical

infrastructure, such as laboratories and equipment,

which is also one of the critical modes of

collaboration. Due to government ﬁnancial support,

the technical infrastructure is very advanced and

reliable to establish cooperation between universities

and industries (Pittayasophon & Intarakumnerd,

2017). The facilities are the one crucial supporting to

build and maintain cooperation with each other.

Universities need supporting financially to build

office and training places, and on the other side,

industries need a researcher involved in developing

innovative technology. Pittayasophon &

Intarakumnerd (2017) describes that Japanese

universities prefer to conduct joint research, where

university researchers and company researchers

work together on equal footing. The Japanese

government focus on developing the small firm,

Fukugawa (2016) explain that technology diffusion

programs to help small local ﬁrms enhance

absorptive capacity are of high importance

particularly in the catching-up economies, and in

economies where small ﬁrms have a more

significant presence in the business ecosystem.

3.3 Personnel Training

The national universities in both (Japanese-US)

countries have quality graduate students, famous

researchers, and advanced technical infrastructure;

therefore, large ﬁrms prefer to work with them

(industry) (Pittayasophon & Intarakumnerd, 2017).

These were achieved a long time ago, starting

beginning from government policy. Furthermore, the

university continuing engage researcher and teacher

to be a participant in the training program in

industries. The government was supporting on the

financial side and then university preparation of

researcher and teacher.

A Reﬂective Study on the Factor Facilitating the Success of the Cooperation between University-industry

149

3.4 University Policies

One of the earliest policies to encourage UICs was

establishing the UICRC in national universities by

MEXT. Since 1994, large national universities in

urban areas, such as Kyushu University, began to

establish centers for UI collaborations (Lee, 2014).

Since 1996, the Japanese government has formulated

a basic plan for science and technology every five

years, and the current plan is now in its ﬁfth phase

(Tsuruya et al., 2018). The activities of local public

technology centers have an immediate impact on

innovative outputs. The local public technology

centers fostered industrial innovations in the region

through other routes than the promotion of

university-industry joint research (Fukugawa, 2016).

Local public universities in Japanese, on the other

hand, are under the control of the local government.

They aim to provide higher education opportunities

to local people and to serve as intellectual and

cultural centers within the local community

(Pittayasophon & Intarakumnerd, 2017).

Following the declaration of the first Science and

Technology Basic Plan in 1996, the government

took several policy initiatives to deregulate and

encourage UI collaboration. Now professors can join

boards of directors of private companies, and

universities can accept research funds more easily

from industries and accept researchers dispatched

from companies at their laboratories (Kato &

Odagiri, 2012). University provides consultation on

product and process improvement because most

collaborating ﬁrms are small local ﬁrms that do not

have R&D capabilities and may not know how to

access the universities (Pittayasophon &

Intarakumnerd, 2017). The center coordinators

respond to a partner ﬁrm's requests to ﬁnd university

researchers who can provide technical consultation

and conduct joint research (Lee, 2014). The

University of Tokyo explicitly encourages and takes

advantage of its multidisciplinary knowledge across

faculties or departments when it has joint R&D

projects with the industry. In the case of Tohoku

University, it does not have a speciﬁc policy

eliminating boundaries of faculties (Pittayasophon &

Intarakumnerd, 2017).

In the United States to support

commercialization, many universities have

established specialized structures, such as

technology transfer offices (TTOs), science parks

and incubators and created supportive internal rules

and procedures (Jensen & Thursby, 1998; Perkmann

et al., 2013). The United States established

numerous innovative collaboration systems centered

on universities. For example, Silicon Valley

successfully linked academia and industry through

Stanford University and effectively converted

university research and development achievements

into applicable industrial technology. (Chang, 2017).

4 DISCUSSIONS

Indonesia has predicted to be the seven biggest

economy country in the world. This country needs to

improve and build a sustainable economy, with a

continuing economy and technology growing up.

Japanese is part of ASIA, and have similar

characteristic with Indonesia society. Moreover, the

Japanese have a big factory in Indonesia and

dominate the automotive market as a whole.

Indonesia given big impact economy to the Japanese

industry has established victory in this country. It

should easy to implementation of transfer

knowledge from Industries to universities or

established cooperation between Japanese factories

with university.

The four factors, as described in the finding on

literature review, if at duplicate and implement in

the Indonesia system given a significant impact on

universities and industries. Implementation should

consider about society, government-supported, and

local wisdom from Indonesia. The four factors

included government policies, university policies,

financial support, and personnel training that have

the representation of the desires of industries. All

this time, industries have little contribution and

cooperation with universities and the government.

They were only limited to internship places and

worker recruitment as an employee in industries.

The cooperation as established have equal foot each

other had explained by Pittayasophon &

Intarakumnerd (2017), where university researchers

and company researchers on the collaboration has a

principle as work together on equal footing.

The first Factor is government policies;

Indonesia has a source for all the Law, called

UUD45. The whole of the Law which developed

from this source, and have reference to being a

prosperous society. The Japanese government

policies can be implemented in the Indonesia

situation should in line with UUD45. The

government policies that can be implemented to

improve and develop University-Industry

Cooperation are; The Cooperation between two

ministries, that is the Ministry of Research and

Technology and the Ministry of Industry; and

Focused on creating new knowledge, followed by

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

150

transferring technology, commercializing research

outputs, and creating business ventures. Besides, the

government established Law for protecting

intellectual property and made it easy to create of

patent certificate.

The second Factor is financial support; each

University in Indonesia has a barrier to establish

cooperation between universities and industries; it

caused limited financial support as a government

institution. Even though in the cooperation,

university and industry needed much financial

support to be running success. As following is the

Japanese government supporting of financial in the

University-Industry Cooperation; Provides technical

infrastructure, such as laboratories and equipment, is

also one of the essential modes of collaboration;

Focus on developing the new or small company, and

engaged in developing substituted technology for a

small company.

The third Factor is personnel training; the teacher

and researcher at the university have the competency

to share with the student. However, Indonesia's

teacher and researcher need to continue to improve

competency and knowledge in applying technology

in industries. The Japanese government entered the

program, such as student and teacher internship and

on-job training in industries. It is an influence on

updating student and teacher skills and knowledge.

This line is compacted with student and teacher

conditions in university whole in Indonesia.

The last Factor is university policies; the

universities in Indonesia have the power to creating

policy in the private institution. However, the

government to encourage the university to establish

policies related to increasing cooperation between

the university and industry. Several policies from

Japanese university experiences such as; University

providing industries consultant services for small

industries; and have long-termed collaboration

policies for technology innovation and future

technology. Besides, faculty members' should

involve in the internship program in industries, and

alumni can take a retraining program in industries.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Experience of University-Industry based on

respective Industries recommending to establish

mutualism cooperation for each party. Several

recommendations starting beginning from

Government policies have established patent

regulation supporting both parties, and the

government should provide license certifications

which easy to access and step of the licensing

process. Besides, the government has supported

companies and universities financially, such as

research funding focus on small companies or

startup entrepreneurs. The government should have

the program to substitutes innovative equipment

needed for industries. To supporting innovative

equipment, the government can involve universities

to collaborate on developing the technologies.

Other side, universities have involved senior

engineers in engaging in collaboration with

industries. Also, the university sending students and

teachers to participate in the program of on-job-

training for technology innovation to improve skill

and technology knowledge. Besides, student

engagements in an internship program in industries

to applying and improving skills. To supporting

University-Industry Cooperation, the university

should have several policies in the internal

organization. The form of policies, such as providing

industries consultant services for small industries

and have long-termed collaboration policies for

technology innovation. For faculty members' should

involve in the internship program in industries, and

alumni can take a retraining program in industries.

REFERENCES

Azman, N., Sirat, M., Pang, V., Lai, Y. M., Govindasamy,

A. R., & Din, W. A. (2019). Promoting university-

industry collaboration in Malaysia: stakeholders'

perspectives on expectations and impediments.

Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,

41(1), 86–103.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1538546

Chang, S. H. (2017). The technology networks and

development trends of university-industry

collaborative patents. Technological Forecasting and

Social Change, 118, 107–113.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.02.006

Fukugawa, N. (2016). Knowledge spillover from

university research before the national innovation

system reform in Japan: localization, mechanisms, and

intermediaries. Asian Journal of Technology

Innovation, 24(1), 100–122.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2016.1141058

Fukugawa, N. (2017). University spillover before the

national innovation system reform in Japan.

International Journal of Technology Management,

73(4), 206–234.

https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2017.083079

Habanik, J., Grencikova, A., & Krajco, K. (2019). The

impact of new technology on sustainable development.

Engineering Economics, 30(1), 41–49.

https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.30.1.20776

A Reﬂective Study on the Factor Facilitating the Success of the Cooperation between University-industry

151

Hoc, L. H., & Trong, N. D. (2019). University-Industry

Linkages in Promoting Technology Transfer: A Study

of Vietnamese Technical and Engineering

Universities. Science, Technology and Society, 24(1),

73–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721818821796

Hu, M.-C., & Mathews, J. A. (2009). Estimating the

innovation effects of university-industry-government

linkages: The case of Taiwan. Journal of Management

& Organization, 15(2), 138–154.

https://doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200002753

Jensen, R., & Thursby, M. (1998). Proofs and Prototypes

for Sale: The Tale of University Licensing. National

Bureau of Economic Research.

https://doi.org/10.3386/w6698

Kato, M., & Odagiri, H. (2012). Development of

university life-science programs and university-

industry joint research in Japan. Research Policy,

41(5), 939–952.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.02.011

Kitagawa, F. (2009). Universities-industry links and

regional development in Japan: Connecting excellence

and relevance? Science, Technology and Society,

14(1), 1–33.

https://doi.org/10.1177/097172180801400101

Kneller, R., Mongeon, M., Cope, J., Garner, C., &

Ternouth, P. (2014). Industry-university collaborations

in Canada, Japan, the UK and USA - With the

emphasis on publication freedom and managing the

intellectual property lock-up problem. PLoS ONE,

9(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090302

Laasonen, V., & Kolehmainen, J. (2017). Capabilities in

knowledge-based regional development–towards a

dynamic framework. European Planning Studies,

25(10), 1673–1692.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1337727

Lee, K. J. (2011). From interpersonal networks to inter-

organizational alliances for university-industry

collaborations in Japan: The case of the Tokyo

Institute of Technology. R and D Management, 41(2),

190–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-

9310.2011.00633.x

Lee, K. J. (2014). Development of boundary-spanning

organizations in Japanese universities for different

types of University-industry collaborations: a resource

dependence perspective. Asian Journal of Technology

Innovation, 22(2), 204–218.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2014.973164

Masarova, J. (2014). Differences in the Performance of the

Visegrad Group Regions. SGEM 2014 Scientific

SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW,

FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM, 4, 195–

202.

https://doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b24/s7.025

Mowery, D. C. (2011). Learning from one another?

International policy "emulation" and university-

industry technology transfer. Industrial and Corporate

Change, 20(6), 1827–1853.

https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtr063

Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E.,

Broström, A., D'Este, P., … Sobrero, M. (2013).

Academic engagement and commercialization: A

review of the literature on university-industry

relations. Research Policy, 42(2), 423–442.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.007

Perkmann, M., & Walsh, K. (2008). Engaging the scholar:

Three types of academic consulting and their impact

on universities and industry. Research Policy, 37(10),

1884–1891.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.009

Pittayasophon, S., & Intarakumnerd, P. (2017). University

and industry collaboration in Japan and Thailand:

influence of university type. Asian Journal of

Technology Innovation, 25(1), 23–40.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2017.1302399

Rantala, T., & Ukko, J. (2019). Performance evaluation to

support European regional development–A university-

industry perspective. European Planning Studies,

27(5), 974–994.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1581728

Sheldon, T., Bradshaw, J., Baldwin, S., Sinclair, I., &

Burrows, R. (2001). Methodologies for socially useful

systematic reviews in social policy: ESRC End of

Award Report.

Tsuruya, N., Kawashima, T., Shiozuka, M., Nakanishi, Y.,

& Sugiyama, D. (2018). Academia–industry

Cooperation in the Medical Field: Matching

Opportunities in Japan. Clinical Therapeutics, 40(11),

1807–1812.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.10.010

Vick, T. E., & Robertson, M. (2018). A systematic

literature review of UK university-industry

collaboration for knowledge transfer: A future

research agenda. Science and Public Policy, 45(4),

579–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCIPOL/SCX086

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

152