Selection of Good Quality Mother Plant to Be Used as Sources of

Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Sumatera Benzoin

(Styrax Benzoin Dryander)

Isnaini Nurwahyuni

, Riyanto Sinaga

and Manihar Situmorang

Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Mother Plant, Styrax benzoin Dryander, Non-timber Forest Products, Incense Sap, In vitro Propagation.

Abstract: Sumatera Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) is one of the forest trees that need attention, especially in

increasing the production of non-timber forest products. The benzoin sap contains bioactive compounds

which are used in medical and cosmetics ingredients. One strategy that can be done to increase the

production of benzoin sap is through providing good quality mother plant for in vitro propagation. The aim

of this study is to select good quality mother plants with high production of benzoin sap to be used as

sources of explants for in vitro propagation of the Sumatra Benzoin, as a strategy to provide good quality

seedling for industry and forestry purposes in Indonesia. The study is carried out in the forest area at

Kabupaten Pakfak Bharat, North Sumatera Indonesia. The procedures are consisted of identification and

selection of healthy Styrax benzoin trees that producing high quantity and good quality benzoin sap.

Identification is carried out based on phenotype appearance and the selection was done through production

forensic given by the incense farmers in the forest area. Good quality mother plants of Sumatra Benzoin

(Styrax benzoin Dryander) have been obtained at different forest locations. The selected parent trees grown

well and fertile, healthy and producing very good quality incense sap. The selected trees are suited to be

used as a source of explants for in vitro propagation of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) as a

strategy to obtain good quality plant seedling.

1 INTRODUCTION

Plant breeding, especially forest plants that produce

bioactive compounds for medicinal raw materials, is

needed to avoid excessive plant exploitation. Woody

forest plants generally grow and develop in a

relatively long age, so that excessive use of plants

can lead to the extinction of plants from the forest

area. One of the forest plants that needs attention is

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander)

(Nurwahyuni and Sinaga, 2019; van Wyk, 2009;

Nurwahyuni and Elimasni, 2006). This plant grows

well in tropical forest areas in Indonesia. Sumatra

Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) needs to be

preserved as a non-timber production plant because

it produces incense sap containing bioactive

compounds as raw materials for medicine and

cosmetics (Singh, et al., 2017; Fan, et al., 2017).

Sumatra Benzoin plants grow well and become a

leading commodity in Pakpak Bharat Regency,

North Sumatra, Indonesia (BPS, 2018). The

population of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander) in forest areas in North Sumatra tends to

decrease because it generally grows naturally and

not much is cultivated. To increase non-timber forest

production such as incense sap, Styrax benzoin

plants need to be conserved and cultivated so that

the population of these plants can increase and

existing plants in the forest area are not cut down for

wood production because the incense sap has a

higher selling value than wood products (Warren-

Thomas, et al., 2018; ).

The problem faced is the limited number of

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) seeds

available for crop cultivation and for the purposes of

planting community forests and industrial forests.

The small number of plant seeds is caused by the

difficulty to obtain the plants seedling since they are

generally obtained from seeds that grow naturally in

the forest area near the parent tree. Efforts to plant

incense seedlings from seeds also experience

difficulties because very few of the seeds can

Nurwahyuni, I., Sinaga, R. and Situmorang, M.

Selection of Good Quality Mother Plant to be Used as Sources of Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander).

DOI: 10.5220/0010199500002775

In Proceedings of the 1st International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath 2019), pages 399-406

ISBN: 978-989-758-556-2

399

germinate, and also requires a very long time to

produce sprouts. Another problem faced with

generative plant cultivation is the difficulty of

obtaining plants that have uniform quality,

especially in the production of incense sap. One

alternative that can be done to produce seeds of

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) is

through in vitro propagation. This technique is very

appropriate in providing plants in large quantities,

uniform and with the quality production of the

incense is expected to be similar to its mother plants

(Mirani, et al., 2017; Pniewski, et al., 2017;

Martínez-Estrada, et al., 2017; Thiem, et al., 2017;

Gashi, et al., 2015). This in vitro propagation

technique requires a mother plant as a source of

explants that will be planted in culture media

(Baskaran, et al., 2017; Cardoso, et al., 2017; Wu, et

al., 2014).

The parent plant must have criteria as a superior

plant, which is growing well, is relatively resistant to

plant pests, and has a large amount of frankincense

production accompanied by high-quality

frankincense gums. To fulfill this requirement, a

survey was conducted to identify and select suitable

mother plants to be used in propagation of plants in

vitro in a further study of this research stage. The

purpose of this study was to select and determine a

very good quality Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander) parent plant, which is a healthy plant,

well-developed, relatively resistant to disease, and

produces large amounts of incense sap with very

good quality. This parent plant will be used as a

source of explants in the propagation of plant seeds

technically in vitro. In vitro propagation is an

alternative supply of very good quality Styrax

benzoin seeds as a step to meet the needs of seeds

for breeding of community forests and industrial

forests. In the long term this strategy is one of the

efforts to increase the production of incense sap as a

non-timber product and to tackle illegal logging in

North Sumatra.

2 RESEARCH METHODS

2.1 Materials and Method

The work was conducted in the Department of

Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural

Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Survey for

choosing of good quality plants of Sumatra Benzoin

(Styrax benzoin Dryander) was carried out in the

forest at Pakpak Bharat Regency , North Sumatera,

Indonesia, with selection of four Regencies from

eight Regencies, those are cover the forest areas in

the region. The information for the existence of the

Styrax benzoin plants in the forest location are made

by the help of experience farmer followed the

parameters given for good mother plants. To ensure

the quality of selected Styrax benzoin plants meet

the criteria as a parent plant for in vitro propagation

purposes, the productivity of the target plants is

assessed based on the quality of the incense sap and

the estimated incense sap production that has been

obtained from the tapping of plants in one harvesting

period.

2.2 Identification and Selection of

Good Quality Mother Plant

The identification and selection of Sumatra Benzoin

trees was conducted in four forest locations, those

are situated in four districts (Kecamatan) in the

regency, followed by the guidance given by the

farmers with consideration of plant population

density of Styrax benzoin trees. The selection of

Styrax benzoin trees has been carried out by

registering of healthy and productive Styrax benzoin

trees based on the experience of harvesting the

incense sap in the previous year. An objective

assessment is also carried out by a team of expert

researchers to ensure that the selected Styrax benzoin

trees meet the criteria as a mother plant that can be

used as a source of explants at the micropropagation

stage in subsequent studies. The main criteria used

as consideration for choosing good quality parent

plants are a combination of health level, plant

fertility and incense sap productivity. Plants that

meet these requirements are classified as good

quality plants and can be used as a source of

explants in vitro propagation.

2.3 Technique to Produce Incent Sap

Traditional technique is used to produce benzoin

incense sap from Styrax benzoin trees, and the

tapping process is done followed the procedures

given by experience farmer (Tambun Berutu, 2019:

Personal communication). The equipments used for

the purposes of tapping of the incense sap from

Styrax benzoin trees are consisted of rope stairs,

metal chisel, sharp metal sickle, and bamboo basket

as listed in Figure 1. Rope stairs are made the farmer

easy to carry and having flexibility in the

applications on difficult situation in forest area

(Figure 1a). A sharp metal sickle has stalk that is

helping the farmers to clean the stem area for

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

400

tapping of the benzoin incense sap (Figure 1b). A

dull steel chisel is used to injure the skin surface of

the incense stem and used to secure the position of

the skin after tapping process has been conducted

(Figure 1c). All benzoin incense products are stored

in the bamboo basket during the harvest time in the

forest area (Figure 1d).

Figure 1. The equipments that are used on tapping of incense sap: (a) Nylon rope stairs, (b) metal chisel, (c) Metal sickle

with dull, and (d) bamboo basket.

Tapping process is done after first cleaning the

stems of Styrax benzoin plants from impurities by

using of sharp steel sickle until the surface is free of

mold. The next step is injuring the bark by using a

sharp steel chisel, then prying the bark and lifting

the bark until the bark is separated from the wood

but still attached to the tree trunk, and continued

with the tapping process by using the back of a blunt

chisel so that the wood part reunites with the bark.

Furthermore, the scars are left to trigger the

production of frankincense, which is the product

from an attempt to repair the wound, and then the

frankincense is allowed to harden until a period of

three months before harvest. The time to injure the

plant's skin is done according to the condition of the

plant, that is, when the plant looks healthy which is

indicated by the lush plants and has finished fruiting.

Harvesting of the sap is conducted through removing

of the bark containing incense gum. Removing of

the incense gum from the bark is performed by

naturally drying in suns until the raw material of

incense sap product is obtained.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Survey for Good Quality Mother

Plant of Sumatra Benzoin

A survey of the Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander) plant was carried out in a forest area in

Pakfak Bharat Regency. Mature plants have a stem

size between 20-30 cm in diameter, mature tree

height of about 10 to 25 meters, with a straight trunk

structure, and a slight branching. A description of

the survey location and information on the condition

of the Sumatra Benzoin plant are summarized in

Selection of Good Quality Mother Plant to be Used as Sources of Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander)

401

Table 1. There are 247 plants selected as healthy

plants that are distributed in forest areas in four

districts in the regency, and 97 trees are classified as

very good with each of them are producing

frankincense sap of more than one kilogram in each

the harvest period. The availability of many very

good quality plants gives researchers the flexibility

to use mother plants as a source of explants in in

vitro propagation steps to produce large quantities of

good quality seedling.

Table 1. The descriptions for the existence of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) plant population in four districts

of Pakfak Bharat Regency, North Sumatera Indonesia.

No Forest Location

(District /

Regency)

Area of

Survey (± m

)

Healthy

trees

produce

sap (n)

Number of Plants

producing incense sap

in a harvest period (n)

Short information on

the condition of the

forest location

> 1 k

< 1 k

1 Pergetteng

Getten

Sen

10,000 58 21 37 mountainous and

lowland lands

2 Siempat Rube 10,000 75 33 42 mountainous and

lowland lands

3 Sitellu Tali

Urang Julu

10,000 62 23 39 mountainous and

partially flat, and

artiall

peat areas

4 Tinada 10,000 52 20 32 mountainous and

lowland lands

Total 40,000.0 247 97 150

Good quality Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander) plants have been selected that met the

criteria as mother plants to be used as source of

explants for in vitro propagation. The selected plants

are characterized with having of very good

appearance in the growth and development of the

plants that are visually been seen from the

phenotype descriptions. The selected plants in plain

sight look healthy, grown fertile, have branches,

twigs, leaves, and perfect fruit as shown in Figure 2.

The target plants have also been categorized as

productive trees, which has produced a relatively

large amount of incense sap with having the sap

classified as super quality. Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax

benzoin Dryander) population is distributed in

groups in the forest area. The existences of the

Styrax benzoin plants are growing naturally from

seeds, so that the plant population is close to one

another. To facilitate identification, the forest area is

limited (about ±10 000 m

) in each district of the

forest area. In general, the Sumatra Benzoin plant in

Pakpak Bharat Regency looks healthy. Based on

information from farmers, it is known that the

selected plants have a high-volume of incense resin

with high quality sap. Very good quality of Styrax

benzoin trees can be used as a source of explants for

micropropagation procedures.

3.2 Production of Benzoin Sap

The selection and designation of mother plant of

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) tree is

merely based on the condition of the plant and the

quality of incense gum product. Production of the

gum becomes a crucial parameter in an effort to

increase non-timber forest production. In this study,

identification of several Sumatran Benzoin plants

which were classified as healthy was carried out to

see the potential production of incense sap that is

produced in each tree at harvest time. Incense

production techniques are carried out by traditional

tapping as is generally done by farmers in forest

areas. This technique is believed to not damage

plants and produce optimum sap. Frankincense

farmers always try to maintain Styrax benzoin trees

in a healthy condition because incense product has

become the main income for some farmers. Tapping

of the incense sap from adult plant stems is done

traditionally. The incense sap produced in the

tapping process is a result of the plant's efforts to

repair wounds made at the tapping procedures. The

quality of the incense varies as shown in Figure 3.

The grouping of frankincense is based on the selling

price in the market. After the tapping process is

carried out, the sap of frankincense will slowly fill

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

402

Figure 2. A selected mature Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) tree with high quality incense gum production to

be used as a source of explants for in vitro propagation technique: (a), Healthy tree in the forest area (b) The location of

tapping of sap in the stem, (c) Closed view of the stem with high quality gum, (d) The benzoin incense gum product.

Figure 3. Typical quality of Sumatra Benzoin incense sap based on selling prices in the market: (a and b) super quality

incense sap (sidungkapi), (c) incense sap quality below super (barbar), (d) incense sap type of ash (Tahir / Kikisan).

Selection of Good Quality Mother Plant to be Used as Sources of Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander)

403

the cavity of the bark and will slowly harden into

incense products with very good quality or super

quality (sidungkapi). The texture of high quality

incense sap is white crystals (Figures 3a and 3b).

The excess of the incense partly come out of the skin

cavity to produce good quality latex, called as good

quality or lower super (barbar). This type of incenses

is yellowish-colored crystals probably caused by the

oxidation of the compound in exposing to open air

for long time (Figure 3c). Some incense that is not

categorized as very good quality and is classified as

a mixture of incense, generally in the form of

powder is called as an incense of ash (Figure 3d).

The determination of good quality mother plants

is ensured after the physico-chemical properties of

the incense are carried out, which is shown from the

production of the incense sap. Incense production

parameters in terms of the quantity and quality of

incense are needed in addition to visual observations

on the presence of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander) trees. Adult incense trees that produce

large amounts of frankincense sap along with very

good quality incense gum are selected as parent

plants for in vitro propagation in further research.

From the results of a forensic study through

information provided by incense farmers, it was

found that the quantity and quality of the incense sap

produced by each plant differed, although it was

thought to come from relatively similar seed sources

(one mother plant). This may be due to genetic

variation in plants by cross-breeding and producing

generative seedlings. It should be noted that almost

all incense plants that grow in the forest in Pakfak

Bharat Regency are derived from seed propagation.

Thus in order to increase the production of incense

in the future, plant seeds obtained by in vitro

techniques become very relevant to produce uniform

plants in the production of incense in the same high

amount as their parent plants. In this study, several

prospective parent plants have been obtained which

will be used as sources of explants for in vitro

propagation procedures to obtain good quality

seedlings. The selected parent plant is a plant that

grown very fertile, healthy, and produce big quantity

of incense sap that is classified as very super quality.

4 DISCUSSION

The selection of parent plants which are used as

sources of explants for in vitro propagation is crucial

in the success of supplying large and uniform plant

seedling. Several factors must be considered so that

in vitro techniques for the propagation of woody

plants work well, including the source of explants,

the composition of growth regulators, and types of

plants (Mozafari, et al., 2015; Nurwahyuni, et al.,

2018; Nurwahyuni, et al., 2017; Nurwahyuni and

Sinaga, 2014). Propagation of Sumatra Benzoin

(Styrax benzoin Dryander) is very strategic in the

effort to increase the production of non-timber forest

types (Potter and Loffler, 2010). If the incense plants

can produce large amounts of the sap, the farmers

will be interested in cultivating Sumatra Benzoin

(Styrax benzoin Dryander), so that the presence of

these plants will no longer only grow naturally but

will be planted and maintained by farmers who are

near the forest area. Incense sap is known to have a

very high selling value because it has a bioactive

compound that contains raw materials for drugs and

cosmetics (Wangchuk, et al., 2016; Chen, et al.,

2016). By increasing the productions of incense sap,

the farmers will be able to maintain the forest well

as the main source of livelihood (Nambiar, 2015).

Automatically illegal logging in forest areas will be

reduced because the production of incense sap can

meet the economic needs of the farmers (van den

Boog, et al., 2018; Dattagupta and Gupta, 2014;

Jarangchi and Sangma, 2019). Therefore, it is

necessary to supply good quality seedling of

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) that are

produced by in vitro propagation (Cui, et al., 2019).

This technique has been confirmed to be able to

produce seedling the same quality as the mother

plant. Therefore, the steps taken to select the best

mother plants to be used as a source of explants for

in vitro techniques that will be carried out in this

research phase are very appropriate. The strategy is

an effort to produce high quality Sumatra Benzoin

(Styrax benzoin Dryander) seedling to supply the

need for domestic forestation and industrial forest in

North Sumatera.

5 CONCLUSION

A survey to identify and select very good quality

incense plants has been carried out. There are 97

healthy trees that have very good growth with very

large quantities of gum production. Traditional

tapping techniques have been successfully used to

confirm and select very good quality Styrax benzoin

plant. Good quality parent plants of Sumatra

Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) have been

obtained at different forest locations. The plant has

fulfilled the criteria as mother plant for in vitro

propagation. The selected mother trees grown well

and fertile, healthy and producing good quality

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

404

incense sap. The traditional techniques to obtain the

benzoin incense sap from the parent trees are

demonstrated. The selected parent trees are suited to

be used as a source of explants in the propagation of

Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander) to

obtain good quality plant seedling.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Funding support for this research is obtained from

Directorate Research and Community Service,

Directorate General Strengthen Research and

Development, Ministry of Research, Technology

and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia,

Financial Year 2019, Under Penelitian Dasar

Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT), Contract No.

147/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP/DRPM/2019. The help

from Hotdi Berutu and Tambun Berutu from

Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat that helped research team

in the forest area and gave adequate information on

the techniques of tapping the incense sap is

gratefully acknowledged.

REFERENCES

Baskaran, P., Kumari, A., and Staden, J.V. 2017. In vitro

propagation via organogenesis and synthetic seeds of

Urginea altissima (L.f.) Baker: a threatened medicinal

plant, Biotech, December (8 pages),

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-1028-7

BPS, 2018. Statistik Hasil Hutan Indonesia Tahun 2015-

2017, Komoditi Kemenyan, Badan Pusat Statistik,

Indonesia

Cardoso, J.C., Curtolo, M., Latado, R.R. and Martinelli,

A.P., 2017. Somatic embryogenesis of a seedless

sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), In Vitro

Cell.Dev.Biol.—Plant 53: 619–623.

Chen, S. L., Yu, H., Luo, H. M., Wu, Q., Li, C. F., and

Steinmetz, A. 2016. Conservation and sustainable use

of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects.

Chinese medicine, 11: 37. doi:10.1186/s13020-016-

0108-7

Cui, Y., Deng, Y., Zheng, K., Hu, X., Zhu, M., Deng, X.,

and Xi, R. 2019. An efficient micropropagation

protocol for an endangered ornamental tree species

(Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin) and

assessment of genetic uniformity through DNA

markers. Scientific reports, 9(1): 9634.

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46050-w

Dattagupta, S., and Gupta, A., 2014. Traditional

processing of non- timber forest products in Cachar,

Assam, India, Indian J Tradit Know. 13(2): 427-433.

Fan, C., Jin, H., Wu, L., Zhang, Y., Ye, R.D., Zhang, W.,

and Zhang, Y., 2017. An Exploration of Traditional

Chinese Medicinal Plants with Anti-Inflammatory

Activities, Evidence-Based Complementary and

Alternative Medicine, Article ID 1231820, (10 pages),

https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1231820

Gashi, B., Abdullai, K., Sota, V., and Kongjika, E., 2015.

Micropropagation and in vitro conservation of the rare

and threatened plants Ramonda serbica and Ramonda

nathaliae, Physiol Mol Biol Plants 21(1): 123–136

Hernández-Ruedas, M.A., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Meave,

J.A., Martínez-Ramos, M., Ibarra-Manríquez, G.,

Martínez, E., and Santos, B.A. 2014. Conserving

tropical tree diversity and forest structure: the value of

small rainforest patches in moderately-managed

landscapes. PloS one, 9(6): e98931.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.009893

Jarangchi A T, and Sangma L, 2019. Non-timber forest

products (NTFPs) used by Garo tribe of Rongram

block in West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, Indian J Tradit

Know. 18(1): 151-161.

Martínez-Estrada, E., Caamal-Velázquez, J.H., Salinas-

Ruíz, J., and Bello-Bello, J.J., 2017. Assessment of

somaclonal variation during sugarcane

micropropagation in temporary immersion bioreactors

by intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, In

Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.—Plant 53: 553-560.

Mirani, A.A., Abul-Soad, A.A., and Markhand, G.S.,

2017. In Vitro Rooting of Dendrobium nobile Orchid:

Multiple Responses to Auxin Combinations, Not Sci

Biol 9(1): 84-88.

Mozafari, A.A., Vafaee, Y., and Karami, E., 2015. In vitro

propagation and conservation of Satureja avromanica

Maroofi—an indigenous threatened medicinal plant of

Iran, Physiol Mol Biol Plants 21(3): 433–439 DOI

10.1007/s12298-015-0313-3

Nambiar, E.K.S., 2015. Forestry for rural development,

poverty reduction and climate change mitigation: we

can help more with wood, Australian Forestry 78(2):

55-64, DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2015.1050776

Nurwahyuni, I., & Elimasni, 2006. Pertumbuhan dan

Perkembangan Kultur Jaringan Kemenyan Sumatrana

(Styrax benzoin Dryander), Jurnal Biologi Sumatera

1(2): 12-18.

Nurwahyuni, I., and Sinaga, R., 2014. In Vitro

Propagation For Bioconservation Of Threatened

Brastagi Citrus In North Sumatra Indonesia., Int. J.

Pharm. Bio. Sci. 5(4): 863-873

Nurwahyuni, I., and Sinaga, R., 2018. In Vitro

Propagation of Threatened Brastagi Citrus Variety

Brastepu (Citrus nobilis Brastepu) Free CVPD

Through Shoot Tips Subculture, Pakistan Journal of

Botany 50(2): 667-678

Nurwahyuni, I., and Sinaga, R., 2019. Micropropagation

of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax Benzoin Dryander) to

Obtain Plant Seedling., Proceeding of International

Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering,

Environmental and Ramification Researches

(ICOSTEERR) 2018 (in Press).

Nurwahyuni, I., Marpaung, H.N., and Rahayu, S., 2017. In

Vitro Germination Of Anti-Diabetic Plant Loquat

Selection of Good Quality Mother Plant to be Used as Sources of Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax benzoin

Dryander)

405

(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) To Produce Good

Seedling, Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 8(4): (B) 30-39

Pniewski, T., Czy, M., Wyrwa, K., Bocia, P., Krajewski,

P., and Kapusta, J., 2017. Micropropagation of

transgenic lettuce containing HBsAg as a method of

mass-scale production of standardised plant material

for biofarming purposes, Plant Cell Rep 36: 49–60.

Potter, S., and Loffler, S., 2010. Applying biotechnology

to design tree composition for value-added products a

mini-review, Australian Forestry 73(3): 191-197,

DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2010.10676327

Singh, P., Guleri, R., Angurala, A., Kaur, K., Kaur, K.,

Kaul, S.C., Wadhwa, R., and Pati, P.K., 2017.

Addressing Challenges to Fan, C., Jin, H., Wu, L.,

Zhang, Y., Ye, R.D., Zhang, W., & Zhang, Y., (2017).

An Exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicinal

Plants with Anti-Inflammatory Activities, Evidence-

Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,

Article ID 1231820, (10 pages),

https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1231820

Thiem, B., Kikowska, M., Malinski, M.P., Kruszka, D.,

Napierała, M., and Florek, E., 2017. Ecdysteroids:

production in plant in vitro cultures, Phytochem Rev

16: 603–622.

van den Boog, T., Bulkan, J., Tansey, J., and van Ande,

T.R., 2018. Sustainability issues of commercial non-

timber forest product extraction in West Suriname, J

Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 14: 44

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0244-5.

van Wyk, M., Wingfield, B.D., Clegg, P.A., and

Wingfield, M.J., 2009. Ceratocystis larium sp. nov., a

new species from Styrax benzoin wounds associated

with incense harvesting in Indonesia, Persoonia 22:

75–82

Wangchuk, P., Namgay, K., Gayleg, K., and Dorji, Y.

2016. Medicinal plants of Dagala region in Bhutan:

their diversity, distribution, uses and economic

potential. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine,

12(1): 28. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0098-7

Warren-Thomas, E.M., Edwards, D.P., Bebber, D.P.,

Chhang, P., Diment, A.N., Evans, T.D., and Dolman,

P.M. 2018. Protecting tropical forests from the rapid

expansion of rubber using carbon payments. Nature

communications, 9(1): 911. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-

03287-9

Wu, K., Zeng, S., Lin, D., da Silva, J.A.T., Bu, Z., Zhang,

J., and Duan, J., 2014. In Vitro Propagation and

Reintroduction of the Endangered Renanthera

imschootiana Rolfe, PLOS ONE 9(10): e110033 (12

pages), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110033

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

406