Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and

Egypt

Donald Matheos Rattu

, Santje Iroth

, and Darsita Suparno

Kundharu Saddhono

Indonesian Department, Universitas Negeri Manado, Jl. Raya Tondano Koya, Tondano, Indonesia

Translation Department UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda Ciputat, Jakarta

Indonesian Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36 A, Jebres, Surakarta

Keywords: Clipping, Hypocorism, Syncope, Metathesis, and Lenition.

Abstract: This study aims to analyse the vocabulary of time in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian Arabic

(EA) in scopes of word-formation and phonological contrast. This research is descriptive qualitative

research. In this study, there were three master students in Arabic as informants. They are master students

at the Adab and Humanities Faculty of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This study also uses three

techniques, namely: participatory observation, note-taking, and interviews. The results of the study show,

namely, 1) five word-formation for instance as clipping, hypocorism, syncope, metathesis, and lenition; 2)

eleven phonological contrast. There are 140 vocabulary studied. There are 61 lexicons that have similarities.

This fact has used as facts that MSA and EA have related. And for different lexicons found that there are 79

lexicons that have classified as a lexicon that distinguishes the two MSA and Egypt.

1 INTRODUCTION

Vocabulary is one of the substantial factors in

language. It is a set of words or codes used by the

language community to gain knowledge.

Vocabulary is a word, or all words contained in a

language. A series of words has used by society to

communicate to each other in their daily life. In

Arabic society, especially in Egypt, Arabic has

classified into three, namely, classical Arabic,

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and spoken Arabic

(Mejdell 2012), (Younes 2015), (Ma’nawi and

Ma’ruf 2015). Like other language communities,

Egyptian society has many vocabularies. These

vocabularies or a word is an element of a language

that contains form and meaning. The composition

of word can consist of one or more morphemes.

Each language include Egypt has several

word-groups, namely, an abstract and a concrete

word. These two words have different dimensions.

Abstract and concrete words have several

differences in how to use them. Concrete words are

words that have references in the form of objects

that can be absorbed by the five senses. The

concrete words have characteristics objects that can

be felt, seen, touched, heard, and smelled by, for

example in MSA, [ﺮ

ﻫ

ﻮ

ﺟ] {noun} [jawhar] ‘stone,

jewel’, [ ﺖْﻴ

ﺑ] {noun} [bayt] ‘house.’ On the other

hand, the abstract is the opposite of concrete. An

abstract word is a word that has a reference in the

form of a concept or understanding. Abstract words

require a deepening of understanding because they

are not real. For more details, the abstract word can

be seen in several examples of MSA, below: [

ﻲﺒَﻏ],

{adjective}, [ ḡaniyy ], ’rich’, in EA for example

[ﺮﻴ

ﻘ

ﻓ], {adjective}, [faqeer], {maskulin}, ‘poor,’

[ﺓ

ﺮﻴ

ﻘ

ﻓ], [faqeera], {feminine}, ’poor.’ (Yule 2010)

explained that when words such as [week] or

[weekend] were studied, it meant that there was a

conceptual system inherited, related to period as a

general category. It shows that someone can think

of time (i.e. something abstract) in amount. Every

language society has a way of conceiving time that

distinguishes them from others. The difference in

expressing time is not just in the accent (like words

which have spoken) but also grammar, vocabulary,

syntax, and general expressions. Egyptian colloquial

is a regional or social variety of a language that has

distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or

vocabulary. It has distinguished by pronunciation,

grammar, or vocabulary.

Many basic vocabularies of time in MSA and

EA in term of two words show the same meaning

but different forms. Such words often appear

together, but they are not synonyms of them such as

182

Rattu, D., Iroth, S., Suparno, D. and Saddhono, K.

Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and Egypt.

DOI: 10.5220/0010505100002967

In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE 2019) - Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable 4.0 Industry, pages 182-189

ISBN: 978-989-758-530-2; ISSN: 2184-9870

in MSA and EA the word [ﺖﻗﻭ], {singular}, [waqt]

‘time’ has the same form and meaning. On the other

hand, the word in MSA [ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ], {plural}, [awqaat]

means 'times'. It has similar meaning and form in

EA the word [ ﺕﺎ

ﻗ

ﻭ

ﺍ] {plural}, it is pronounced

[aooqaet]. This fact shows it has distinguished

between MSA and EA by pronunciation. The

distinguish is in [w]→ [oo], [a] → [e]. MSA and EA

come from the same main proto i.e Semitic

(Mohaidat 2017), (Kitchen et al. 2009). Although

these two languages come from the same proto,

namely Semitic language, all two have phonological

features and morphology that are different from each

other. Understanding the process of forming MSA

and EA words is crucial for master students,

especially on the subject of comparative linguistics

and language typology at the Faculty of Adab and

Humanity Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic

University. Finally, there is a lack of resources about

a comparison and typology of abstract basic words

category with in MSA, and EA. To overcome this

limitation, it has needed to extract those abstract

word in term of time require to process it further.

In recent years, several studies have focused on

word-formation in Standard Arabic and Egyptian

colloquial. They are (Pancarani, Zaqiatul, and

Miranda 2016). (Sedeek and Dahy 2019), and

(Ahmed and Grosvald 2019). Early studies by

(Pancarani et al. 2016) explains that the Egyptian

Amiyah language is one of many Arabic dialects.

The Amiyah language of Egypt has many

similarities with Arabic, both in terms of letters and

pronunciation of words. The correlation between

Classical Arabic and Egyptian Amiyah is similarly

to the closeness between English and French. The

closeness reason is the vocabulary has used in

Egyptian Amiyah is partly taken from Classical

Arabic. However, this does not mean that the

Grammatical Amiyah language will be the same as

Classical Arabic, because the Egyptian Amiyah

language has a grammatical reference that is

different from Classical Arabic.

According to an investigation by (Sedeek and

Dahy 2019) MSA has three different interdental

fricatives /θ/, /ð/, and the emphatic interdental /ðˤ/,

most Egyptian Arabic (EA) speakers do not

pronounce these interdental fricative sounds,

whether in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)

substitute them with the sibilant /s/ and /z/. The

factors which influence the pronunciation of

interdentals by EA speakers refer to dialect

interference in the second language acquisition of

phonology, some sociolinguistic variables such as a

socioeconomic background, a stylistic variable. This

study examines the interdentals of 15-20 EA

speakers through an interview and several tasks,

including reading samples, in order to determine

which variables (e.g., phonological, sociolinguistic,

stylistic) are the most salient in the acquisition of

interdentals in MSA and L2 English.

With the same objective, (Ahmed and Grosvald

2019) conducted numerical experiments on

anticipatory vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in

Egyptian Arabic, and seeks to determine the degree

to which it is affected by the pharyngealization and

length of intervening consonants. Speakers of EA

were recorded saying sentences containing nonsense

sequences of the form /baɁaba CV/,

where C was

chosen from {/t/, /tˤ/, /t:/, /tˤ:/} and V was a long

vowel /i:/, /a:/ or /u:/. Study by (Ahmed and

Grosvald 2019) found three aspects, namely, (a)

vowel-to-vowel coarticulatory effects could

sometimes extend to a distance of three vowels

before the context vowel; (b) the consonant-to-

vowel effects associated with pharyngealization

were consistently seen at similar distances, while

also decreasing in magnitude at greater distances

from the triggering consonant; and (c) effects related

to intervening consonant length were idiosyncratic,

and in particular did not lead to consistent blocking

of vowel-to-vowel effects. Although there were

many researchers about MSA and EA by using

comparative linguistics, few of them focused on

pronunciation. So, it is necessary to do deep research

on word-formation in time term specifically in MSA

and EA.

Even if, the previous experts dealt with the

similarity and differences, they did not focus on the

comparison of word formation in MSA and EG in

vocabularies of time specifically. Therefore, it

becomes the main object of this paper. It will

examine the word formation and sound change in

Modern Standard Arabic, and Egypt in time words

systems. This paper discusses first, the elements of

morphology. Because there are many various kinds

of restrictions on the combinations of morphemes, it

discusses the order combination in which

morphemes arranged, sets of morphemes which

sound change in the process in the same word,

classes of morphemes, formal characteristics and

with meaning relationships in Arabic only on word-

formation of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and

Egypt (EG). This comparison of

Arabic Standard as

high variation and colloquial as low variation will be

seen, firstly by discussing the characteristics of form

of the word and sound change and then, examining

their predicted sound change effects on the word of

expressing time and the impact of pedagogical and

Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and Egypt

183

translation practice. Because there is data available

only on the word formation and sound change, this

study describes clipping, hypocorisms, syncope,

metathesis, and lenition, these are the only word

formation that will be discussed.

The objective of the present work paper is to

investigate word-formation time term or basic word

of time. It focuses on clipping, hypocorism,

syncope, metathesis, lenition. Depend on the

background of the study the problem to be analysed

in this paper is formulated as follow: 1) how are the

word-formation that occur in time basic word in

MSA and EA?, 2) what are the phonological contrast

between MSA and EA in time vocabularies, 3) what

are the similarity and oppositeness due to the time

lexeme-formation? The goal of this study develops a

more rigorous understanding: 1) the word formation

that occur in time basic word in MSA and EA, 2) the

phonological contrast between MSA and EA in time

vocabularies. The current study contributes to our

knowledge by addressing three important issues.

First, to study MSA and EA language from the point

of view of linguistics science is indeed to study its

various levels of structure (or its various dimensions

of pattern) – morphology, especially word-

formation. Second, to study MSA and EA from the

phonetics and phonology approach to find (two

somewhat different levels of sound-patterning).

Third, to study of what happens when multiple

languages are used in the same location.

2 REVIEW LITERATURE AND

THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORKS

2.1 Morphology

Word-formation is a particular-branch of

morphology. It looks at the notion of a word. It

shows by (Plag 2003), (Yule 2010), (Al Kathiri and

Dufour 2020), (Haspelmath and Andrea 2010) words

are entities having a part of speech specification,

they are syntactic atoms. The basic word is the word

can use without adding affixes. Word formation is

the process of forming words by adding affixes or

other elements in basic words. In Arabic, word-

formation of time concept can be done by using

various methods. The intended method is as follows.

2.1.1 Clipping

Clipping refers to a kind of word formations such as

the element of reduction that is noticeable when a

word of more than one syllable is reduced to a

shorter form, usually beginning in casual speech

(Plag 2003).

2.1.2 Hypocorisms

Hypocorisms is a particular type of reduction, it

produces forms technically. In this process, a longer

word is reduced to a single syllable. Then, the theory

of sound change by Crowley is used to analyse the

syncope.

2.1.3 Syncope

It refers to one segment sound loss in the middle of

a word.(Crowley and Bowern 2010), Syncope is a

phonological process that is pervasive in Arabic in

such a way that Arabic dialects are distinguished on

the basis of from lost vowels (Kabrah 2019)

2.1.4 Metathesis

(Plag, 2003) Metathesis refers to transposition of

sounds or syllables in a word.

2.1.5 Lenition

Lenition refers to phonological process that weakens

consonant articulation at the ends of syllables or

between vowels causing the consonant to become

voiced, spirant or deleted.

2.2 Theoretical Frameworks

Based on the review literature to analyse the MSA

and EA word-formation, the theory from (Plag

2003), (Yule 2010) and (Crowley and Bowern 2010)

are used. According to (Plag 2003) word-formation

is the study of words. More specifically, it deals with

the internal structure of complex words, especially

words that are composed of more than one

meaningful element.

According to (Plag 2003), (Yule 2010) there are

principle of word-formation they are etymology,

coinage, borrowing, affixation, clipping, blending,

hypocorisms, syncope, metathesis, and lenition,

backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation.

However, from all of the principle of word-

formation identified by (Plag 2003) and (Yule

2010), the analysis merely to be a concern to the five

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

184

principles they are clipping, hypocorisms, syncope,

metathesis and lenition.

3 RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Approach of the Study

This study applies qualitative research with word

morphology analysis method to analyse the issue of

time vocabularies. Qualitative research analyses the

data language by selecting data from the event and

issue and the researcher making interpretation of

what happening based on their experience as they

observe. This article focused on deep understanding

the meaning. It show on (Merriam and Grenier

2019) statement that qualitative research is a means

for exploring and understanding the meaning

individuals to a social language problem. The

process of research involves emerging questions and

procedures, data typically collected in the

participant’s setting. Data analysis inductively

building from particulars to general themes, and the

researcher making interpretations for the meaning of

the data.

3.2 Data Source

The data sources are categorized into primary and

secondary. The primary was taken from dictionary

of EA dictionary https://sea.lisaanmasry.org/online.

The secondary data resources relevant was taken

from some references related to some concepts on

morphology and semantics to support the study.

Those references are in the forms of Handbooks,

Journal articles, and others academic research

writing such as thesis. Those both resources are

selected from some libraries in Syarif Hidayatullah

University, National Library of Indonesia, and some

data from e-book and internet.

3.3 Data Collection

To obtain the appropriate data the writer did some

steps. First, is close reading the dictionary several of

times to understand the whole vocabularies about

time, related to this study. Thus, there were three

master students in Arabic as informants. They are

master students at the Adab and Humanities Faculty

of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This study also

uses three techniques, namely: participatory

observation, note-taking, and interviews. Second,

identifying the word-formation problem as the main

issue. The third is applying and synthesizing the

theory and the issue of the time vocabularies.

Fourth, identifying the vocabularies which content

the meaning of time. Fifth is taking a note on the

data found. The last is finding the references

relevant to the study and the data.

4 Method of Data Analysis

The method is analysing the data was descriptive

method (Creswell 2016), and (Merriam and Grenier

2019). This method applied to provide this study an

accurate and systematic description the analysis

concerns the relationship between the vocabularies

and the theory show the processes of word formation

in both MSA and EG, as well as the words

exemplifying these processes. The processes in the

two languages are compared to find similarities and

differences, in addition, to draw some conclusions.

This descriptive study exposed the classification of

vocabularies of time, namely, MSA and EG, which

involve semantic arguments and phonetic tests of

each lexeme. The 146-time vocabularies were used

by the writer as a guideline to obtain data involving

semantic, morphological, and phonological aspects.

The data have classified into five, namely, clipping,

hypocorisms, syncope, metathesis, and lenition.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This part reveals the statement of the problem there

are aspects mention as the statement of the problem,

those three aspects are the word-formation that occur

in time basic word in MSA and EA, the

phonological contrast between MSA and EA in time

vocabularies, and the similarity and oppositeness

due to the time lexeme-formation.

4.1 Word-formation

Word-formation is a productive process in which

words are created. The following is described

several types of sound changes that occur in the

word formation.

4.1.1 Clipping

Clipping refers to initial sound segment of words are

dropped. The following examples of clipping come

from the MSA and EG. For example

Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and Egypt

185

Table 1: Clipping.

English

gloss

MSA IPA EA IPA

‘one

o’cloc

’

//ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻮﻟﺍ /al-waaḥida/ / /ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ /wahda/

‘a

quarter

to two’

/ /ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ /at-taania/ / /ﻦﻴﻨﺗﺍ /tnein/

‘ten to

two’

/ /ﺮﺸﻋ ﻻﺇ

/illa Ɂašar/

/ﺓﺮﺸﻋ

/Ɂašara/

In table 1 the data show the word / / ﺓ ﺪ ﺣ ﺍ ﻮ ﻟ ﺍ o r /al-

waaḥida/ in MSA become //ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ or /waḥda/ in EG.

The element of reduction in the beginning of the first

syllable in a word that is noticeable as the process

described of clipping. This occurs when a word of

more than one syllable / /ﻝﺍ is reduced to a

shorter form //ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ usually beginning

in casual

speech. The term //ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ is used in Amiyah

Arabic in Egypt, most people talk

about time, for

example ‘one o’clock’, using the clipped form.

Other common examples /ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ / or /at-taania/ in

MSA become /ﻦﻴﻨﺗﺍ/ or /tnein/ in EG; /ﺮﺸﻋ ﻻﺇ/ or

/illa Ɂašar/ in MSA become / /ﺓﺮﺸﻋ o r /Ɂašara/ EG.

In short, the element of reduction that is noticeable

in table 1 identified as clipping. In short, the sound

changes of these two languages are important to

students who concern to understand phonological

processes between the two languages.

4.1.2 Hypocorisms

Hypocorisms refers to the end sound segment of

words are dropped. The following examples of

hypocorisms are followed:

Table 2: Hypocorisms.

English

Gloss

MSA IPA EA IPA

‘Tuesday’

/ءﺎﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ /a

ulaa

aaɁ

/ﺕﻼﺘﻟﺍ / i

-talaat

‘midnight’

ﻒ ﺼ ﺘ ﻨ

ﻣ

munta

ṣ

/ ﺺﻧ /nuss

‘day after

day’

/ / ﺎ ﻣ ﻮ ﻳ / y a w m a n / / /ﻡﻮﻳ /yoom/

‘year’ (pl)

/ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ /sanawat

/ﻦﻴﻨﺳ /siniin

‘Wednesd

ay’

/ ء ﺎ ﻌ ﺑ ﺭ ﻷ ﺍ / al-arbiɁaa'/ /ءﺎﻌﺑﺭﻷﺍ / il-arbaɁ/

In table 2 the data shows the word / /ءﺎﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ or

/ at-tulaataaɁ/ ‘Tuesday’ in MSA become / ﺕﻼﺘﻟﺍ / or

/ it-talaat/ in EG. The element of reduction in the

end sound segment in a word that is noticeable as

the process described of hypocorism. This occurs

when a word of more than one syllable / ءﺍ / are

dropped. Additionally, there are several sound

changes, such as / ﺙﺍ / is pronounced /at/ in MSA

become / ﺕﺍ / or / it /; in EG. The sound changes are

vowel /a/ become /i/, and the consonant /ﺙ / or / ts

/ become / t / or / ﺕ /. Others common example:

/ / ﻒﺼﺘﻨﻣ is pronounced /muntaṣaf / in MSA

and in EG become // ﺺﻧ or / nuṣṣ / the

element reduction occurs in the middle and in the

back of the word or at the end of the syllable. The

consonan / ﻡ / or / m / and / ﺕ / or /t/ are

dropped in the initial and in the middle of the word

then the sound / ﻑ / or /f/ in the end of the word

are also dropped too. These are the different

between MSA and EG in the context of expression

of ‘midnight’. The word // ﺎﻣﻮﻳ or /yawman/ in

MSA become / /ﻡﻮﻳ or /yoom/ in EG in this word

there is one element at the end of the word dropped

/ ﺍ / or / a /. The sounds / ﻡ ﻭ / or /w/ and /m/ are

merger become /ﻡﻮﻳ / or / yoom/. Then the word

/ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ/ (ﺝ) or /sanawaat/ in plural form in MSA

become /ﻦﻴﻨﺳ/ (ﺝ) / become /siniin/ in EG.

There is sounds change from vowel / a / low and

central become / i / high and front and sound

reduction from /w/ become / θ /. In short, the sound

changes of those sounds in MSA into EG do not

change the meaning of each word. While the

vowels [i] and [a] are used as single sounds in EG as

other varieties of Arabic.

In brief, there are vowel sound change from

/a/ to /i/, /a/ to /θ/, and consonants sound change

from /ts/ to /t/, and consonant /m/ and /t/ are dropped

in the middle of the word. These are the different

between the two language. These finding are

important to students who concern in translation

field. Different sounds do not always have different

meaning in the context of time vocabularies.

4.1.3 Syncope

Syncope refers to the loss sound segment of word in

the middle. The following examples of syncope are

followed

Tabel 3: Syncope.

English

Gloss

MSA IPA EA IPA

‘Sunday

’

/ / ﺪ ﺣ ﻷ ﺍ

/ al-aḥad/ / /ﺪﺤﻟﺍ / il-ḥadd/

‘early

morning

’

//ﺡﺎﺒﺻ

/ṣabaaḥ/ / / ﺢ ﺒ ﺻ | /ṣobḥ/

‘twenty

to two’

/ ﻻﺇ / ﺎ ﺜ ﻠ ﺛ

/illa-tultan/ / / ﺖ ﻠ ﺗ ﻻ ﺇ /illa-tilt/

‘always’

/ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ /daaɁiman/

ﺎﻤﻳﺍﺩ / /dayman

‘to

celebrat

e’

/ /ﻞﻔﺘﺣﺍ /iḥtafala / / /ﻞﻔﺘﺣﺍ /iḥtafal/

/ﻞﻔﺘﺤﻳ /yaḥtafilu

/ﻞﻔﺘﺤﻳ /yiḥtifil

‘second’ / /ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ

aanya

/ / ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ

anya

‘a

quarter

//ﻊﺑﺮﻟﺍ

/war-rubɁ/ / /ﻊﺑﺭﻭ /wi-rubɁ/

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

186

past

one’

‘twenty

past

one’

//ﺚﻠﺜﻟﺍﻭ /wat-tult/

/ /ﺖﻠﺗﻭ /wi-tilt/

‘twenty-

five past

one’

/ ﻒ ﺼ ﻨ ﻟ ﺍ ﻭ

/ﻻﺇ

/wan-nuṣf

illa/

/ ﺺ ﻧ ﻭ

/ﻻﺇ

/wi-nuṣṣ

illa/

‘half

past

one’

/ﻒﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ

/wan-nuṣf/ / /ﺺﻧﻭ /wi-nuṣṣ/

‘all day’

/ ﻝ ﺍ ﻮ ﻁ

/ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ

/Tuwaal al-

yawm/

/ ﻝ ﻮ ﻁ

/ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ

/Tuul il-

yoom

‘late’ / /ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ /muta'axxir/ / / ﺮ ﺧ ﺄ ﺘ ﻣ

/mit'axxa

‘

oiak

/ﻚﻫﺎﻴ

ﻛ

/kiyaahk

/ﻚﻫﺎﻴ

ﻛ

iyaak

In table 3 the data shows the word / /ﺪﺣﻷﺍ

or / al-aḥad/ ‘Sunday’ in MSA become / ﺪﺤﻟﺍ/ or /

il-ḥadd/ in EG. The element of adding sound in the

middle of word occurs in /d/ as non-consonant

cluster become consonant cluster. The vowel of low

and central /a/ become the sound high and front such

as /i/. Another example, the word //ﺡﺎﺒﺻ or

/ṣabaaḥ/ ‘early morning in MSA become / ﺢﺒﺻ/ or

/ṣobḥ/ in EG. In this phenomenon there is sound

change from /a/ become /o/. Contrast in /a:/ in

MSA become loss /θ/ in EG. Others common

example: /ﺎﺜﻠﺛ ﻻﺇ/ or /illa-tultan/ in MSA there

are several sound change like //ﺖﻠﺗ ﻻﺇ or /illa-tilt/

in EG

. The sound changes in the middle of word as

/u/ as sound high, back in MSA become /i/ high,

front in EG and there is also sound reduction in the

end of the syllable /-an/. The word //ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ or

/daa'iman/ in MSA

become /ﺎﻤﻳﺍﺩ/ or /dayman/ in

EG, the orthograph is similar but the pronounce is

different /a:/ become /a/ and the glottal stop,

represented by the symbol [ʔ], occurs when the

space between the vocal folds (the glottis) is closed

completely (very brieﬂy), then released. The glottis

change become semivowel /y/ in EG. The word

//ﻻﺇ ﻒﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ or /wan-nuṣf illa/ in MSA become

//ﻻﺇ ﺺﻧﻭ or /wi-nuṣṣ illa/ in EG, the sound change

/a/ become /i/; consonant cluster /ṣf / become / ṣṣ/ it

occurs in the middle of the word. It also occurs in

the word //ﻒﺼﻨﻟﺍﻭ or /wan-nuṣf/ become //ﺺﻧﻭ or

/wi-nuṣṣ/. In short, the sound changes of those

sounds in MSA into EG do not change the meaning

of each word. While the consonant cluster of /ṣṣ/

are used as cluster sounds in EG as other varieties of

Arabic, it changes from /ṣf / to /ṣṣ/. In brief, there

are sounds change in the formation of syncope such

as vowel /a/ to /o/, /a:/ to /a/, /u/ to /i/, cluster

consonant /sf/ to / ṣṣ/; /Ɂ/ to /y/. in other word, sound

change are three and a cluster consonant change and

a consonant glottis to semivowel.

4.1.4 Metathesis

Metathesis refers sound change or converse the

position in a word or refers to transposition of

sounds or syllables in a word. The following

examples of syncope are followed.

Table 4: Metathesis.

English

Gloss

MSA IPA EA IPA

‘five past

one’

/ / ﺲ ﻤ ﺧ ﻭ

/wa-

xamas/

/ / ﺔ ﺴ ﻤ ﺧ ﻭ

/wi-

xamsa/

‘twenty-

five past

one’

/ / ﺲ ﻤ ﺧ

/xamas/ / / ﺔ ﺴ ﻤ ﺧ /xamsa/

‘five to

two’

/ / ﺲ ﻤ ﺧ ﻻ ﺇ

/illa

xamas/

/ ﻻ ﺇ

/ ﺔ ﺴ ﻤ ﺧ

/illa

xamsa/

In table 4 the data shows the word / ﺲﻤﺧﻭ /

or / wa-xamas/ ‘five past one’ in MSA become

/ ﺔﺴﻤﺧﻭ / or /wi-xamsa/ in EG. The element of

conversing sound in the middle of word, occurs in

/as/ that the vowel /-as/ consist of vowel /a/ as low

central, and /s/ fricative alveolar consonant become

/-sa/. The same phenomenon also occurs in the

word / ﺲﻤﺧ / or / ﺲﻤﺧ / in this case, the orthograph is

same but how to pronounce the word is different.

Another example the word / / ﺲﻤﺧ ﻻﺇ or /illa xamas/

‘five to two’ in MSA become / ﺔﺴﻤﺧ ﻻﺇ/ or /illa

xamsa / in EG. The converse of the sound position

identified as metathesis. In brief, through the

metathesis concept the word formation occurs to the

process of sound change like /-as/ change become

/-sa/.

4.1.5 Lenition

Lenition refers to weakening or the change from a

strong sound to a weak sound.

Table 5: Lenition.

MSA IPA EA IPA

/ﺔﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺫ

ðul hijja

/ﺔﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺫ /zul higga

/ﺐﺟ

ﺭ

/rajab/

/ﺐﺟ

ﺭ

/ragab

/ﻱﺮﺠﻬﻟﺍ / al-hijri/ /ﻱﺮﺠﻬﻟﺍ / il-higri/

/ﻯﺮﻛﺫ /ðikra

/ ﻯﺮﻛﺫ /zikra/

/ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻛﺫ /ðikrayaat

/ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻛﺫ

zikriyaat/(pl)

In table 5 the data shows the word / / / ﺔﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﺫ

or / ðul hijja / ‘zulhijjah’ in MSA become / ﻭ ﺫ

ﺔﺠﺤﻟﺍ / or /zul higga/ in EG. The element of double

consonant sound /jj/ this sound is identified as

palatal glide become velar stop, it occurs in the

middle of word, becomes weak sound /gg/, and in

the word / ﺐﺟﺭ / or /rajab/ the sound /j/ become /g/.

The same phenomenon also occurs in the word /

ﻱﺮﺠﻬﻟﺍ / or /al-hijri/ become / ﻱﺮﺠﻬﻟﺍ / or /al-

Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and Egypt

187

higri/ in this case, the orthograpgh is same but how

to pronounce the word is different. Another example

the word / / ﻯﺮﻛﺫ or / ðikra / ‘memory’ in MSA

become / ﻯﺮﻛﺫ/ or /zikra / in EG. The sound

changes in the form of /j/ become /g/ and /ð/ are

identified as attenuation or weakness or lenition. In

short, this data shows weakens consonant

articulation in the middle of the words.

5 DISCUSSIONS

Based on the analysis above this paper points the

phonological variation in MSA and EG as one of

Arabic dialect. In terms of phonological variation,

there are six major categories that have been stated

by (Plag 2003), (Crowley and Bowern 2010) have

been used in this study to analyze the finding. Those

categories are clipping, hypocorism, syncope,

metathesis, lenition. In the process of clipping, there

are 3 words which are categorized as clipping based

on the data gathered by using time domain

vocabulary in Arabic word lists. Second, both MSA

and EA possess is hypocorism. There are four words

which are categorized as hypocorism. Third, both

MSA and EA possess is syncope. Fourteen words

have categorized as syncope. Fourth, there are three

words are categorized as metathesis. Fifth, there are

five words are categorized as lenition.

Phonological contrast in consonant, namely /ð/

>< /z/; /ð/ is a voiced, interdental, emphatic fricative.

/z/ is a voiced, alveolar, non-emphatic fricative in

/ ﺔﺠﺤﻟﺍﻭﺩ / Thus, /j/></g/, /j/ is a voiceless,

alveopalatal contrast with /g/ a voice, uvular,

fricatives, such as in / ﺐﺟﺭ /. Then, /h/></-/, /h/ is a

voiceless, laryngeal, fricative as

//ﻚﻫﺎﻴﻛ is

pronounced by /kiyaahk/ → /kiyaak/. Consonant

cluster /rr/></r/, is voiced, alveolar, non-emphatic

liquid sound as

//ﻊﺑﺮﻟﺍ . Diphthong /aw/></oo/,

/ua/></uu/, /ao/></ei/. Vowel contrast such as:

/a/></i/; /a/></o/;/u/></i/;/a/></o/;/a/></-/.

Even though these results differ from some

published (Pancarani et al. 2016), (Sedeek and Dahy

2019), (Ahmed and Grosvald 2019) they are

consistent with those of that MSA and EA have

different language pronunciation, even though, the

same form.

6 CONCLUSION

After finding and analysing time vocabulary in MSA

and EG by applying (Plag 2003) and (Yule 2010). It

can be concluded that the element of reduction in the

beginning of the first syllable in a word that is

noticeable as the process described of clipping.

There are four words of time that shows clipping

process. In hypocorism there is sounds change from

vowel / a / low and central become / i / high and

front and sound reduction from /w/ become / θ /. In

short, the sound changes of those sounds in MSA

into EG do not change the meaning of each word.

While the vowels [i] and [a] are used as single

sounds in EG as other varieties of Arabic. The

impact of this finding is for teaching Arabic sound

change especially in phonetic in term of time, and

the function for translation field is the sound change

and word formation between the two languages do

not always have different meaning. There is eleven

phonological contrast such as three contrast in a

consonant, three contrast in a diphthong, and eleven

contrast in a vowel.

REFERENCES

Ahmed, Sarah, and Michael Grosvald. 2019. “Long-

Distance Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Arabic:

Influences of Intervening Consonant

Pharyngealization and Length.” SAGE Publication

62(2):399–424.

Al Kathiri, Amir Azad Adli, and Hulien Dufour. 2020.

“The Morphology of the Basic Verbal Stems in

Eastern Jibbali/Śħrḗt.” 65(1):171–222.

Creswell, John. W. 2016. Research Design Qualitaive and

Quantitative and Mix Methods Approaches. Second.

Los Angles: Sage.

Crowley, Terry, and Claire Bowern. 2010. An Introduction

to Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

Haspelmath, Martin, and D. Sims Andrea. 2010.

Understanding Morphology. London: Hodder

Education An Hacette UK Company.

Kabrah, Rawiah S. 2019. “Syncope in Makkan Arabic

Fast Speech: A Stratal-OT Analysis.” 7(1):22–30.

Kitchen, Andrew, Christopher Ehret, Shiferaw Assefa, and

Connie J. Mulligan. 2009. “Bayesian Phylogenetic

Analysis of Semitic Languages Identifies an Early

Bronze Age Origin of Semitic in the Near East.” Royal

Society 276(1668):2703–10.

Ma’nawi, Arief, and Amir Ma’ruf. 2015. “Word Pattern of

Egyptian Colloquial Arabic in Egyptian Speech

Event.” 27(2):195–206.

Mejdell, Guvnor. 2012. “Diglossia, Code Switching; Style

Variation; and Congruence: Notion for Analyzing

Mixed Arabic.” Georgetown University Press

44(45):29–39.

Merriam, Sharan B., and Robin S. Grenier. 2019.

Qualitative Research in Practice Example for

ICVHE 2019 - The International Conference of Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) “Empowering Human Capital Towards Sustainable

4.0 Industry”

188

Discussion and Analysis. Second. San Francisco:

Jossey Bass.

Mohaidat, Mohammed Mahmoud Talal. 2017. “Modern

Standard Arabic and Rural Palestinian Dialect:

Patterns of the Active Participle.” Canadian Center of

Science and Education 10(6):130–34.

Pancarani, Afridesy Puji, Mardiah Zaqiatul, and Ariadna

Ayu Miranda. 2016. “Bahasa Amiyah Mesir (Sejarah,

Kaidah, Dan Perbedaanya Dengan Bahasa Arab

Klasik).” Jurnal Al-Azhar Indonesia Seri Humaniora

3(3):203–15.

Plag, Ingo. 2003. Word-Formation in English. First.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sedeek, and Yasmin Mohamed Dahy. 2019. “Factors That

Influence The Pronunciation of Interdentals in Modern

Standard Arabic and English by Egyptian Arabic

Speakers.” Thesis, The University of Mississippi, Ann

Arbor.

Younes, Munther. 2015. The Integrated Approach to

Arabic Instruction. London and New York: Routledge

Taylor and Francis Group.

Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

https://sea.lisaanmasry.org/online.

Word Formation at Time Term in Modern Standard Arabic and Egypt

189