Analysis of Kwetiau Adulterated with Lard: Case Study of Effect of

Sample Weight and Concentration of n-hexane as Solvent

Desi Ardilla

, Muhammad Taufik

and Kusti Ayu Ningtias

Department of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Keywords: Adulteration, Kwetiau, Lard

Abstract: It has been analyse that kwetiau adulterated with lard by approximating the sample weight and concentration

of n-hexane as a solvent. This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two (2)

replications. Factor I is the difference in sample weight (B) consisting of 4 levels, namely: B1 = 50 g, B2 =

60 g, B3 = 70 g and B4 = 80 g. The second factor is the difference in the concentration of n-hexane (N)

consisting of 4 levels, namely: N1 = 20%, N2 = 30%, N3 = 40% and N4 = 50%. The parameters observed

were: specific gravity and refractive index. The analysis results for Specific gravity: sample weight and n-

hexane concentration both had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on both lard and non-lard kwetiau. The

interaction between sample weight and n-hexane concentration also had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on

both lard and non-lard kwetiau. Refractive index: The sample weight on lard kwetiau had a very significant

effect (P <0.01) on the refractive index. The highest refractive index is found in treatment B4 which is 1.786

and the lowest value can be seen in treatment B1 which is 1.668. The concentration of n-hexane in kwetiau

lard gave a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the refractive index. The highest refractive index is found in

treatment N4 which is 1.755 and the lowest value can be seen in treatment N1 which is 1.683. Treatment

interactions had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the refractive index. Meanwhile, sample weight on kwetiau

without lard had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the refractive index. The highest refractive index is

found in treatment B4 which is 1.503 and the lowest value can be seen in treatment B1 which is 1.469. The

concentration of n-hexane in kwetiau without lard had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on the refractive

index. The highest refractive index is found in treatment N4 which is 1.497 and the lowest value can be seen

in treatment N1 which is 1.474.

1 INTRODUCTION

Food is one of the primary needs of humans besides

clothing and shelter (Firmansyah 2019). Food plays

an important role in human life, therefore we need a

guarantee that the food consumed daily by humans

has a high level of safety, so that humans can be free

from disease or danger from food (Gustiani 2009).

The total population of Indonesia in 2020 is

projected to reach 271,066 million people. Around

209.28 million people in Indonesia are Muslims.

Based on these data, in terms of food safety, of course

the Indonesian people, especially Muslims, must have

a guarantee that the products consumed are halal and

good food (Taufik et al. 2021).

One of the halal concepts in Islam is that food

must not contain any lard or food fat derived from

pork. Regardless of the lard content in food, it will

make the unclean food for consumption (Salehudin

2014). Pork or its derivatives refers to any object or

compound produced from pork such as pork, lard and

gelatin produced from pork bones or skin. Pig

derivatives are usually cheaper than products derived

from cows, it is on this basis that pork derivatives are

often used as counterfeiters in food systems. Pork is

often mixed with beef by rogue traders with the aim

of making large profits (Rohman et al. 2012).

Along with technological advances, there are

various food products that are very diverse with

excellent quality and prices. It's just that sometimes

to get it you need ingredients that are obtained from

one or several parts of the pig's body and then mix

these parts with other food processed products. The

deliberate mixing of unwanted ingredients in a

particular product is called adulteration. Adulteration

Ardilla, D., Tauﬁk, M. and Ningtias, K.

Analysis of Kwetiau Adulterated with Lard: Case Study of Effect of Sample Weight and Concentration of n-hexane as Solvent.

DOI: 10.5220/0010614500002775

In Proceedings of the 1st International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath 2019), pages 605-610

ISBN: 978-989-758-556-2

605

is a mixture or counterfeiting of a product that does

not meet standards (Taufik et al. 2018).

The case of food containing ingredients from pork

is rife in Indonesia (Mutmainah 2018). In 2015, a case

of kwetiau was found which was allegedly made from

pork oil in Tanjung Pinang. Kwetiau is a type of

noodle made from rice flour, white in color with a

width of 1 cm, served in a processed form that is fried

or put in sauce. Therefore, research on methods of

analyzing pork content in food products must be

developed so that it is more accurate and efficient

(Lusiana Berti, Yetti, and Asra 2020).

Several methods have been used to identify lard

in food, including UPLC with myoglobin markers,

polymerase chain reaction and nanobiophrobe (Yanty

et al. 2018). The weaknesses of these methods require

a lot of effort and time so that a fast analysis technique

is needed (Lusiana Berti, Yetti, and Asra 2020).

The extraction method used in this study is

maceration. Maceration is an extraction process that

aims to extract the whole compound based on the

polarity of the solvent used in stages. The advantage

of using this method is that it does not require heat

during the extracting process and only requires a

container and a lid. The organic solvents most often

used to extract phenolic compounds include

methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane

(Satriavi et al. 2013). The advantage of this method is

easy and does not need heating so that natural

materials are less likely to be damaged or

decomposed. The selection of solvents based on their

solubility and polarity facilitates the separation of

natural substances in the sample. The long operation

of the maceration method and the stationary state

during maceration allows many compounds to be

extracted (Nees et al. 2017). Electrosynthetic

coupling maceration is a way to synthesize or produce

a material based on electrochemical techniques. In

this method there is a change in the element or

chemical compound into the desired compound

(Taufik et al. 2017).

The Maceration method generally uses a non-

aqueous or non-polar solvent. The choice of the type

of solvent in maceration extraction needs to be

considered, among others, the ability to dissolve

oleoresin, boiling point, toxicity, flammability and

influence on the extraction equipment. The use of n-

hexane as a solvent is due to its non-polar nature so

that it dissolves fat faster and makes the extraction

process easier when compared to a solvent (Chemat

et al. 2019).

In statistics, doing an experiment is one way to get

data. This study used a factorial complete randomized

design model. A factorial experiment is an

experiment whose treatment consists of all possible

combinations of levels of several factors. A factorial

experiment can be applied directly to all experimental

units if the unit experiments are relatively

homogeneous. Such a design is called a factorial

design with the basic design of the RAL or further

called the factorial RAL (Ardilla et al. 2018). In this

work, the effect of sample weight and concentration

of n-hexane as solvent will be studied and this will be

compared with the specific graffity and refractive

index values.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Material

The materials used in this study were kwetiau and

kwetiau adulterated with lard, n-hexane, aquadest,

alcohol, aluminum foil, plastic wrap, whattman paper

No 41.

2.2 Methodology

This Method of research was carried out by the

factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

method which consisted of 2 factors, namely:

Factor I: Material Weight (B) which consists of 4

levels, namely:

B1 = 50 g B3 = 70 g

B2 = 60 g B4 = 80 g

Factor II: Concentration of n-Hexane (N) which

consists of 4 levels, namely:

N1 = 20% N3 = 40%

N2 = 30% N4 = 50%

The number of treatment combinations (Tc) is 4 x

4 = 16, then the number of repetitions (n) is as

follows:

Tc (n-1) ≥ 15

16 (n-1) ≥ 15

16 n-16 ≥ 15

16 n ≥ 31

n ≥ 1,937 ............. rounded to n = 2

then for research accuracy, repeated 2 (two)

treatments.

2.3 Experimental Design

The research was conducted with a factorial

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the

model:

Ỹĳk = µ + αi + βj + (αβ)ij + εijk

Caption ;

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

606

Ỹĳk: Observation of factor B from level i and

factor N at level j :

k-th repeat.

µ: Middle value effect

αi: Effect of factor B at level-i.

βj: Effect of factor N at level j.

(αβ) ij: The interaction effect of factor B at level i

and factor N at level j.

εijk: The error effect of factor B at level i and

factor N at level j in k-th test.

2.4 Sample

Extraction

Kwetiau weighed according to the treatment, namely

50 g, 60 g, 70 g and 80 g, and then mashed using a

mortar and pestle. The noodles that have been refined

are put into a beaker glass then added with n-hexane

according to the treatment, namely 20%, 30% 40%

and 50%. Maceration process was developed used

electro synthetic method at 120 minutes with a strong

current of 2,2 volts using an aluminum cathode and

anode. The macerated kwetiau are then filtered with

gauze. The filter results are centrifuged at 3000 rpm

for 20 minutes. The sample is then filtered again with

Whattman paper No 41. Furthermore, the sample is

tested for density and refractive index, then analyzed.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Effect of Sample Weight

The effect of sample weight on Parameters of

Kwetiau adulterated with lard and kwetiau non lard

can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Effect of sample weight

Weight

(g)

Density

(g/mL)

Refractive

index

(°Brix)

Kwetiau with

lar

0.829

0.880

0.955

0.960

1.668

1.684

1.738

1.786

Kwetiau non

lar

0.864

0.879

0.923

0.955

1.469

1.475

1.485

1.503

Based on the reference list of variance, it can be

seen that the effect of sample weight of lard kwetiau

and non-lard kwetiau has a very significant effect (p

<0.01) on the refractive index. The level of difference

has been tested with the average difference test and

can be seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Results of the Mean Difference Test of the Effect

of Sample Weight of Kwetiau with lard on Refractive Index

Table 2 shows that B1 is significantly different

from B2, B3 and B4. B2 is very different from B4 and

not significantly different from B3. B3 is very

different from B4. The highest value can be seen in

treatment B4 = 1.786 and the lowest value can be seen

in treatment B1 = 1.668. The results of the average

difference test for the effect of sample weight kwetiau

without lard on the refractive index can be seen in

Table 3.

Analysis of Kwetiau Adulterated with Lard: Case Study of Effect of Sample Weight and Concentration of n-hexane as Solvent

607

Table 3: The Results of the Mean Difference Test The

Effect of Sample Weight Kwetiau without lard on the

Refractive Index

Note: Different letters in the notation column show a

significantly different effect at the level of p <0.05 and very

significantly different at the level of p <0.01.

Table 2 and Table 3 shows the effect of sample

weight on the refractive index. The higher the sample

weight used, the higher the refractive index produced.

The refractive index of a substance is the ratio of the

speed of light in the air to the speed of light in the

substance. Overall, the refractive index value of

kwetiau with lard ranged from 1.668°Brix to

1.768°Brix. The oil component extracted by the

solvent increases along with the increasing weight of

the sample used as simplicia so that the oil density

will increase and the light coming will be difficult to

refract causing the refractive index value to be larger.

This can be explained that the greater the content in

the oil, the smaller the speed of light due to being

obstructed by oil particles. Thus it can be understood

that the more content in the oil, the greater the

refractive index of the oil (Prasetyo et al., 2014).

However, the refractive index value of lard rice

noodles was higher than that of non-lard rice noodles.

The increase in the value of the refractive index is

thought to be due to the large number of combinations

of meat and oil used in the kwetiau, the more

components will be extracted from the compound.

The difference in refractive index is influenced by

differences in diffraction patterns between the

mediums due to differences in optical density

between the two mediums (Supriyadi et al., 2014). Oil

extracted from lard kwetiau has a higher optical

density than oil extracted from kwetiau without lard.

3.2 Effect of Hexane Concentration

The effect of n-hexane concentration on parameters

of Kwetiau adulterated with lard and kwetiau non lard

can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4: Effect of hexane concentration

Weight

(g)

Density

(g/mL)

Refractive

index

(°Brix)

Kwetiau with

lar

0.855

0.903

0.913

0.923

1.683

1.696

1.742

1.755

Kwetiau non

lar

0.890

0.899

0.910

0.921

1.474

1.478

1.484

1.496

Table 4 shows that N1 is significantly different

from N3 and N4 and not significantly different from

N2. N2 is very different from N3 and N4. N3 is not

significantly different from N4. The highest value can

be seen in treatment N4 = 1.755 and the lowest value

can be seen in treatment N1 = 1.683. The level of

difference has been tested with the average difference

test and can be seen in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Results of the Mean Difference Test of the Effect

of n-hexane Concentration of Kwetiau with lard on

Refractive Index

Note: Different letters in the notation column show a

significantly different effect at the level of p <0.05 and very

significantly different at the level of p <0.01.

Table 5 shows that N1 is very significantly

different from N3 and N4 and not significantly

different from N2. N2 is very different from N3 and

N4. N3 is not significantly different from N4. The

highest value can be seen in treatment N4 = 1.755 and

the lowest value can be seen in treatment N1 = 1.683.

The Results of the Mean Difference Test The Effect

of Sample Weight Kwetiau without lard on the

Refractive Index.

Distance

LSR Treatment

Average

Notation

0.05 0.01 B (gram) 0.05 0.01

- - - B

= 20 1.474 b B

2 1.07711 1.48282 B

= 30 1.478 b B

3 1.13096 1.55821 B

= 40 1.484 b A

4 1.15968 1.59771 B

= 50 1.497 a A

Distance

LSR Treatment

Average

Notation

0.05 0.01 B (gram) 0.05 0.01

- - N

= 20 1.683 b B

2 0.00818 0.01126 N

= 30 1.696 b B

3 0.00859 0.01183 N

= 40 1.742 b A

4 0.00881 0.01213 N

= 50 1.755 a A

IMC-SciMath 2019 - The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath)

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Table 6: The Results of the Mean Difference Test of The

Effect of n-hexane Concentration Kwetiau without lard on

the Refractive Index

Distance

Treatment

Avg.

Notation

B (gram) 0,05 0.01

- N

= 20 1.474 b B

2 N

= 30 1.478 b B

3 N

= 40 1.484 b B

4 N

= 50 1.497 a A

Note: Different letters in the notation column show a

significantly different effect at the level of p <0.05 and very

significantly different at the level of p <0.01.

Table 6 shows that N1 is very significantly

different from N4 and not significantly different from

N2 and N3. N2 is significantly different from N4 and

not significantly different from N3. N3 is very

different from N4. The highest value can be seen in

treatment N4 = 1.497 and the lowest value can be seen

in treatment N1 = 1.474

Table 5 and Table 6 shows that the effect of n-

Hexane concentration on the refractive index. The

higher the concentration of n-hexane used as the

solvent, the higher the refractive index produced. The

refractive index of a substance is the ratio of the speed

of light in the air to the speed of light in the substance.

Overall, the refractive index value of lard rice noodles

ranged from 1.683 ° Brix to 1.755 ° Brix and the

overall refractive index value for non-lard rice

noodles ranged from 1.474 ° Brix to 1.469 ° Brix.

This is because the components in the oil

extracted by n-hexane are extracted more so that the

density of the oil will increase and the light will be

difficult to refract, causing the refractive index value

to be larger. Diffraction is one of the wave behaviors

where the wave will experience a deflection because

it passes through a narrow gap (Young and Freedman,

2001).

The refractive index value of lard kwetiau is not

much different from the refractive index value of lard

based on the research of Taufik et al. (2018) that the

refractive index of lard is between 1.502 ° Brix to

1.505 ° Brix. While the refractive index value of

kwetiau without lard is presumed that the type of oil

used in this kwetiau without lard is cooking oil

because this value is close to the refractive index

value of cooking oil based on data from the National

Standardization Agency (1995), namely the quality

standard for cooking oil has a range of refractive

index criteria. between 1.448 ° Brix to 1.450 ° Brix.

4 CONCLUSION

The sample weight had a very significant effect (p

<0.01) on the refractive index and had an insignificant

difference (p> 0.05) on the specific gravity of lard

kwetiau. The concentration of n-hexane had a very

significant effect (p <0.01) on the refractive index and

had an insignificant difference (p> 0.05) on the

specific gravity of lard kwetiau.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dirjen Dikti –

DRPM for the financial support via Penelitian Dasar

Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi.

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