Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

Hikmatyarsyah

, Sasono Rahardjo

and Juliati Junde

Research and Development Dept, QuadraTel Persada, Mampang Prapatan 12790, Jakarta, Indonesia

Electronics Technology Center, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT),

Puspiptek Serpong 15314, Tangerang, Indonesia

Keywords: Visible Light Communication, Light Fidelity, Radio Frequency, Indoor Building Solutions.

Abstract: The increasing data traffic network is directly proportional to devices connected to the network. Visible Light

Communication (VLC) systems such as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) are not only promising solutions to overcome

the limitations of Radio Frequency (RF), but will become a trend of wireless communication technology in

the near future, especially indoor building solutions. VLC is inevitable from security challenges which is one

of the main problems in communication systems even though the nature of the light itself cannot penetrate

walls or enclosed spaces. This paper discusses the security protocol in the VLC system and describes its

development especially for the indoor mechanism system. The paper also predicts the business market which

will have the highest sector potential to implement the VLC system in the next few years. In conclusion,

indoor buildings such as offices, malls and smart homes are the sectors that are most ready to adapt to the

VLC system in the near future.

1 INTRODUCTION

Wireless technology has become a necessity for

human life, which is widely used as a medium for

reliable communication. The development of this

technology is one of the crucial factors in the

development of the global economy. Wireless mobile

communication generations from 2G, 3G, and

currently 4G took the role as the biggest portion of

this network technology with high subscriber demand

every year. According to cisco visual networking

index forecast 2016 - 2021 report (Cisco, 2017),

overall mobile data traffic is expected to grow to 49

exabytes (1 exabytes equals to 1 billion gigabytes) per

month by 2021. Each year several new devices in

different form are introduced in the market, in which

mobile devices and connections will grow to 11.6

billion by 2021. Another factor contributing to

growing adoption of Internet of Things is the

emergence of wearable devices. By 2021, there will

be 929 million wearable devices globally need to be

connected. If this trend continues, the limited

available radio frequency (RF) spectrum would no

longer fulfil the future wireless data traffic demand.

Another challenges is that the deployment of

advanced wireless technologies comes at the cost of

high energy consumption which increases CO2

emission (Wang et al., 2014). Moreover, it has been

reported by cellular operators that the energy

consumption of base stations contributes to over 60-

80 percent of their electricity bill (Ibrahim et al.,

2018). Another RF-based technology concern is to

enhance area spectral efficiency (ASE) with the

techniques such as advanced transmission schemes

utilize the spatial dimension, channel aggregation,

improved resource allocation, and cell densification.

For an RF Link, the path loss is proportional to the

square of the carrier frequency, and propagation

becomes line-of-sight (LoS). This means moving

current wireless systems from 3 GHz region to the 60

GHz (millimeter-wave) region will cause an

additional path loss (Haas et al., 2017). Consequently,

high path loss along with the limited signal

transmission power constraints require cells to be

smaller to direct energy from transmitter to the

receiver. Therefore, the small-cell concept such as

RF-based femtocell network is one of the solutions to

tackle this limitation, although Interference generated

from femtocell will still exist due to radio-

interference.

One of the solutions to all above challenges is to

explore the visible light communication (VLC), with

the potential in providing very high-rate data

transmission through the use of solid-state lighting

154

Hikmatyarsyah, ., Rahardjo, S. and Junde, J.

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector.

DOI: 10.5220/0007369901540162

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology (PHOTOPTICS 2019), pages 154-162

ISBN: 978-989-758-364-3

device such as LEDs or Laser Diodes. Light Fidelity

(Li-Fi) is a Visible Light Communication based

technology that uses the visible and infrared light

spectrum to provide transmit and receive capability.

As in Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can offer mobility for both intra-

cell and inter-cell with two principal version of

handover mechanism (horizontal and vertical)

(Serafimovski et al., 2018). It has been recognized

that wireless data traffic mostly originates in indoor

environments with 80% in late 2015 (Commscope,

2015). Therefore, by exploiting the already-installed

light-emitting-diode (LED) lighting infrastructures

for broadband data transmission, VLC could use the

same amount of power for illuminate the room while

transmitting can be considered as good example of

green communication for high-speed local area

networks. Li-Fi data is transmitted by the LED bulbs

and received by photodetector. In early

developmental models, Li-Fi capable transmit of 150

Mbps, with stronger LEDs type, researchers have

demonstrated data rates of 10 Gbps (Tsonev et al.,

2015). The optical spectrum offers a bandwidth

which is many orders of magnitude greater than the

RF spectrum can offer. The visible and near infrared

(IR) regions together are 2600 times larger than 0-300

GHz RF spectrum (Haas et al., 2017). This spectrum

is unlicensed (free) and subject only to eye-safety

regulations. This makes optical wireless

communication systems, a potentially attractive

medium for wireless communication. A femtocell

network is one such indoor small-cell system that can

significantly increase the ASE of a cellular system

(Chandhar and Das, 2014). VLC enables a step-

change improvement of the small-cell concept with

completely avoiding interference to RF-based

technology, while interference from the femtocell

comes from the adjacent access point signal. The

benefits and challenges of VLC systems compared to

RF systems are described (Stevanovic, 2017)

(Chowdhury et al., 2018).

Furthermore, the objectives of this paper include:

i) describe the characteristics and functions by

compare the most reputable low-powered RF-based

and VLC-based wireless technologies and ii) from

security point of view, we outline the basic wireless

mechanism for Li-Fi in OSI layer, especially physical

and media access layer. After Li-Fi security detailed,

we discuss every aspect for Li-Fi application which

has the most potential to be applied in the near future.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section

II compares low power wireless technologies. Section

III describe Li-Fi security protocols. Section IV

discuss Li-Fi market based on its application. Lastly,

Section V concludes the paper.

2 LOW-POWER WIRELESS

TECHNOLOGIES

The Internet of Things (IoT) defined as the network

system that connect internet-enable devices such as

wearable gadgets, electronics, digital machines,

sensors in which have ability to share data securely

without requiring human action. IoT enable to be

monitored remotely from any network making this

smart system dependable for the future. The

McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) predicts that the

Internet of Things has a total potential economic

impact of $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion per year in

2025, equivalent to about 11% of the world economy

(Manyika, 2015). Wireless communication is steadily

grows in recent years and it can be handily

implemented in places, that are located in remote

areas with difficult environmental conditions and

without complete communication infrastructure.

With considerable standards available in the market,

applying diverse communication protocols in various

frequency bands deployment, the choice of the most

suitable wireless connectivity technology for an IoT

application can be challenging. Higher-frequency

bands offer a broader bandwidth, more channels

available and higher data throughput. Otherwise,

lower-frequency achieve a longer range. Personal

Area Network (PAN), Local Area Network (LAN)

and Wide Area Network (WAN) categorized as IoT

common network range. PAN has coverage of 10 m

propagate low power radio while WAN cover up to

20 km typically use high power radio transmission

(Pau et al., 2018). This paper focus only on low power

technology. The comparison of low power wireless

technologies between RF-based and VLC-based is

presented in Tabel 1.

2.1 Low-power Radio Frequency

Wireless technology transmitting low-powered radio

frequency such as low-power Wi-Fi, Zigbee, NFC,

LoRaWAN and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) will be

suitable channels in the application of IoT. The

difference in frequency usage directly proportional to

the signal coverage will distinguish these five radio-

based technology applications. NFC enables simple

and safe two-way interactions between electronic

devices and extends the capability of contactless card

technology. BLE has advantage in personal device

with its well-known integration in smartphones.

Zigbee offers short to medium with low data rate

which has prominent feature for on body/off body

communications (Ghamari et al., 2015). Wi-Fi have

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

155

Table 1: The comparison between low power RF-based and VLC-based wireless technologies (Ghamari et al., 2015) (Ali and

Hussein, 2016) (Magrin, 2016).

Feature

RF Technologies

LC Technologies

Low Power

WiFi

Zigbee

NFC

LoRaWAN

BLE

LiFi

Standard

IEEE

802.11

IEEE 802.15.4

ISO/IEC

18000-3

LoRaWAN

Bluetooth

4.0

IEEE

802.15.7

IrDA-1.1

Frequency

Band

2.4 GHz

868 MHz / 915 MHz

/ 2.4 GHz

13.56 MHz

(ISM)

470/868/920/2400

MHz

2.4 GHz

400-700

THz

2.4 GHz

Data Rate

54 Mbps

868 MHz: 20 kbps

915 MHz: 40 kbps

2.4 GHz: 250 kbps

400 kbps

868 MHz: 50 kbps

920 MHz: 21 kbps

1 Mbps

1 Gbps

4 Mbps

Modulation

64 QAM

BPSK & QPSK

ASK

SS Chirp

GFSK

OFDMA

PPM

Range

30 m

100 m

10 cm

5 km (Urban)

10 m

(Indoor)

1 m

Power

Profile

Hours

Months/Year

Months/Ye

Days

Months/Ye

Months/

Year

Network

Topology

Point-To-

Multipoint

Peer-To-Peer

Point-To-

Point

Star-of-Star

Point-To-

Point

Point-To-

Point

Point-To-

Point

Complexity

Complex

Simple

Complex

Simple

Security

Medium

High

Medium

High

been widely used for short distance in offices and

restaurants, whereas LoRaWAN is applicable for

long range communication smart system.

2.2 Low-power Light Communication

Various products use light as a medium to transfer

data between various IoT objects. Li-Fi and Infrared

(IR) are two of the most popular IoT communication

technologies in this category. IR Electromagnetic

invisible light is used for data communication over a

short distance. IR wireless technology is used in

entertainment control units, robot control systems and

medium-range line-of-sight laser communications.

Similar to Wi-Fi, Li-Fi uses wireless communication

technology. It utilizes from visible until infrared

spectrum to transfer data with shorter coverage (for

indoor system) with higher data rates.

3 LI-FI SECURITY SYSTEM

Light-based network data transmission can

accommodate better solution to radio wireless

network, since i) they are interface-orthogonal to

radio-based communication (low electromagnetic

interference) and ii) inherent security due to spatial

confinement (light does not penetrate through solid

objects) make this system considered to provide a

secure way to transmit data within a closed indoor

environment, making it difficult to be intercepted

from outside. However, the application of the VLC

system has limitations and need be addressed. Major

challenges are in the form of ambient light

interference, co-channel interference and

interconnection to existing network technologies. A

standardization of VLC is necessary in order to cope

the above challenges, from IEEE 802.15.7 (2011) to

IEEE 802.15.7m OWC (2014) and IEEE 802.15.13

task group (2017) have been introduced.

3.1 Li-Fi Architecture

A basic user equipment to core network Li-Fi

architecture in VLC system for Indoor application as

optical channel is shown in Figure 1. LED lamps are

used as transmitter and photodiodes are used as Li-Fi

receiver while image sensors used as optical camera

communication (OCC) that mainly communicate

through visual data. VLC access networks are

connected to the internet or core network through

wired (optical fibres) or wireless (FSO) for backhaul

connectivity.

The VLC system sending signals by controlling

the ON/OFF repetition of LED or using the color dif-

ference of transmitting light without flickering that

PHOTOPTICS 2019 - 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology

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Figure 1: VLC system architecture from user equipment to core network (Chowdhury et al., 2018).

Figure 2: VLC architecture layer.

can cause vision problems. The transmitting part

(LED) must have Physical Layer (PHY) and Media

Access Control (MAC) functions for illumination and

transmission performance. The receiving part

photodiode or image sensor uses additional

prevention to avoid interference of other light

sources. PHY has a modulation and line coding for a

wireless communication and MAC has to support

different application (Bhalerao et al., 2013). The

reference model of the VLC communication system

is shown in Figure 2.

3.2 Media Access Control Layer

The role undertaking by medium access control

(MAC) layer include mobility support, dimming

support, Visibility support, security support,

flickering mitigation, colour function, Network

beacons, VPAN and entities link provider (IEEE,

2011). The topology that support by MAC layer at

least one of three transfer modes: bidirectional (peer

to peer) mode, unidirectional (star) mode, or

broadcast mode.

3.3 Physical Layer

The physical layer defines the physical specification

of the device and the relationship between the device

and the medium. One device transmits information to

the channel, and another device receives data from

channel based on the physical layer. Figure 3 shows

the block diagram of the general physical layer

implementation of the VLC system. The transmitter

typically consists of the channel encoder and the

modulator followed by the optical front end. The

electrical signal modulates the intensity of the optical

carrier to send the information over the optical

channel. At the receiver, a photodiode receives the

optical signal and converts into an electrical signal

followed by the recovery of data.

Three different types of physical implementations of

VLC are given in IEEE 802.15.7-2011 in which the

operating range are PHY I, PHY II, and PHY III. Due

to the growing interest this technology, the new

standardization IEEE 802.15.7m Optical Wireless

Communication in 2014 formed and adds three more

PHY operating range to support LED Identification

Lamp

Driver

Gateway

Lamp

Driver

Li-Fi

OCC

Backhaul Networks

Core Network

Server

Cloud

Internet

Free Space

Optical

Network

Optical

Fiber

Connection

Macrocellular BS

Satellite

Network

Optical

wireless

channel

Optical

wireless

channel

LED lamp

LED

lamp

Application Layer

MAC Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Medium

Physical Layer

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

157

Figure 3: PHY layer for VLC system based 802.15.7 (Khan,

2016).

(LED-ID), Optical Camera Communication (OCC)

and Li-Fi (High Rate PD Communications)

technology as summarized in Table 2.

3.4 MAC and Physical Layer Security

VLC system often assumed to be eavesdropping-

proof due to its properties that light cannot penetrate

through wall, this is not entirely true. Although the

system mostly propagated via the line-of-sight path,

VLC channel has a broadcast nature that distribute to

all users illuminated by the LEDs such as in public

spaces. This lead to the opportunity for unauthorized

users to eavesdrop the information of legitimate

users. Power received and bandwidth of the signal by

the eavesdropper should become critical parameters

that need to observe for either indoor-to-indoor or

indoor-to-outdoor mechanism.

The possibility threats such as jamming (range-

related), snooping (power-related) and data

modification (range and power) for mobile-to-

mobile, infrastructure-to-mobile, mobile-to-

infrastructure, and infrastructure-to-infrastructure

communication schemes based on distance

measurement from 10 cm and 3 m have been

reviewed (Blinowski, 2015). As the result, the

greatest risk of violating VLC security arises when

communication with infrastructure is concerned.

According to (Rohner et al., 2015), there exist three

security mechanisms that can be used to protect VLC

in MAC layer: proximity-based protection (LOS

communication only), steganographic protection

(encryption without authentication or integrity),

chaffing and winnowing (authentication without

encryption) and cryptographic protection

(encryption, integrity, and authentication) with

uncomplicated implementation and should not

consume too many computational resources as

defines in IEEE in 802.15.7. The study for SISO and

MISO schemes have been done (Mostafa, 2017), for

the simple single-input-single-output (SISO) case, the

numerical results revealed that zero-forcing

beamforming transmission scheme is an appropriate

strategy for secure transmission in VLC scenarios,

provided that the transmitter has accurate channel

information. In (Marin-Garcia et al., 2017), for

indoor-to-outdoor VLC system mechanism, leakages

light source that refracted through window not only

in front of the window but there are still leakages on

the sides and higher power density received at middle

range than the closest to the window eventhough the

bandwidth of the signal decreased. In another paper

(Wang et al., 2018), a secrecy capacity with the

dependence of the optical intensity constraints for

indoor system has been proposed.

4 VLC POTENTIAL MARKET

The VLC global market is expected to grow from

USD 1.3 billion in 2017 to USD 75 billion by 2023,

at a CAGR of 96.57 % between 2018 and 2023

according to markets and markets

(Marketsandmarkets, 2018). The growth of the VLC

market is driven by factors such as faster and safer

data transfer than other competing technologies, RF

spectrum bandwidth crunch, no bandwidth limitation,

less energy consumption; and greener, cleaner and

safer technology. The major components of the VLC

system are LED, photodiode, microcontroller, and

software. VLC potential markets are divided

according to light-distance application which are

indoor, outdoor and underwater.

4.1 LED Lighting Market

The forecast for the global lighting product market

between 2016 and 2020, as illustrate in Figure 4. It is

estimated that office lighting and residential lighting

will dominate a market volume of around 15 billion

euros and 32 billion euros respectively in 2020

(statista.com, 2012). The VLC technology is entirely

based on light, and LED is used as a main source of

transmission for Indoor application, a statistic

represents the estimated LED market penetration

between 2010 and 2020 in Figure 5. In 2020, light-

emitting diodes are expected to reach a penetration

into the lighting market of approximately 61 percent

(statista.com, 2012).

As per analyst at Zion Market Research, the global

LED lighting market added up for USD 26.09 Billion

in 2016 and is likely to cross USD 54.28 Billion by

end of 2022, developing at a CAGR of almost 13%

from 2017 to 2022 (Zion Market Research, 2016).

Input

Bits

Channel

Encoder

Line

Encoder

Modulator

LED

Optical

Channel

PD/IS

Demodulator

Line

Decoder

Channel

Decoder

Output

Bits

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Table 2: PHY I to VIII Operating Modes Specifications.

PHY

Description

Modulation Schemes

Data rate

IEEE 802.15.7-2011 for outdoor usage

OOK & VPPM

100 kbps (OOK), 266 kbps

(VPPM) (Khan, 2016)

IEEE 802.15.7-2011 for indoor usage

OOK & VPPM

96 Mbps (OOK), 5 Mbps (VPPM)

(Khan, 2016)

III

IEEE 802.15.7-2011 multiple light

sources & detectors

CSK

96 Mbps (16-CSK) (Khan, 2016)

IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for

Image Sensor Communication modes

(discrete light sources)

UFSOOK, Twinkle VPPM,

S2-PSK, HS-PSK, Offset

VPPM

22 kbps (HS-PSK) (Mariappan,

and Cha, 2018)

IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for

Image Sensor Communication modes

(diffused surface light sources)

MPM, CM-FSK, C-OOK,

RS-FSK

12.5 kbps (MPM) (Mariappan, and

Cha, 2018)

IEEE 802.15.7m OWC TG7m for

Image Sensor Communication modes

(video displays)

A-QL, VTASC, HA-QL,

SS2DC

512 kbps (VTASC) (Mariappan,

and Cha, 2018) (Cha et al., 2018)

VII

IEEE 802.15.7 OWC TG13 for PD

Low-rate Communication modes

OFDM-based

Under Research 1Mbps – 10Mbps

(Li et al., 2018)

VIII

IEEE 802.15.7 OWC TG13 for PD

High-rate Communication modes

OFDM-based

Under Research 10Mbps – 10Gbps

(Li et al., 2018)

Figure 4: General lighting market volume from 2016 to

2020 (statista.com, 2012).

Figure 5: LED penetration estimated market from 2010 to

2020 (statista.com, 2012).

4.2 VLC Indoor Applications

VLC has many indoor networking applications and

where the intercommunication of personal electronic

devices is priority, Li-Fi has potential to apply in the

near future due to its low ambient interference, higher

data rate for short distance communication and

already-existed infrastructure. Smart lighting market

is estimated to grow from USD 7.93 Billion in 2018

to USD 20.98 Billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 21.50%

between 2018 and 2023 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018).

The major factors driving the growth of the smart

lighting market include modernization and

development of infrastructure to transform cities into

smart cities. VLC indoor smart lighting applications

are such as offices, universities, shopping markets,

airports and restaurants (facilitates illumination,

communication and control simultaneously that save

cost and energy consumption), hospitals (where

surroundings electromagnetic wave sensitive areas

and VLC will not interfere with radio waves),

aviation (LEDs can also be used instead of wires to

provide media services to passengers that reduces the

cost of aircraft construction and its weight),

residential houses (VLC system will integrate with

smartmeter to send and store data daily). Smart retails

such as shopping market is the early adopters of

visible light communication technology. The retail

indoor positioning segment such as sending coupons,

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Residential

Office

Outdoor

Shop

Architect…

Hospitality

Industrial

Market Volume in Billion Euros

2016 2020

11%

18%

26%

35%

44%

53%

61%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi): Security and Market Sector

159

notifying customers of discounts and helping

customers reach the exact position of the product by

communicate through smartphones has become

exceptionally easy through VLC modules. Indoor

positioning segment is expected to represent an

opportunity worth USD 33.54 billion by 2022 as it

expands at a CAGR 93.82% between 2015 and 2022.

4.3 VLC Outdoor Applications

VLC can be used for vehicular communication (V2X)

due to the presence of the LED vehicle lights and the

existing traffic lights infrastructure that are adopting

LED technology. Factors such as rising demand for

real-time traffic and incident alerts for increasing

public safety are driving the growth of the V2X

market. The V2X market is valued at USD 22.60

Billion in 2016 and is projected to grow at a CAGR

of 17.61% during the forecast period, to reach USD

99.55 Billion by 2025 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018).

For long-distance communication purposes, Free-

Space Optics (FSO) technology uses laser-diode

lights for high transmission of data and is ideal for

outdoor networking. FSO can be installed along with

any line of sight up to more than 10,000 km

(Chowdhury et al., 2018). The invention of lasers in

1960s boosted the FSO market that market is

expected to grow from USD 0.15 billion in 2017 to

USD 1.45 billion by 2023, at CAGR of 39.58 %

between 2018 and 2023 (Marketsandmarkets, 2018).

Because of the scalability and flexibility of this

technology, optical wireless products based on FSO

can be deployed in many applications such as mobile

backhaul enterprise connectivity, disaster recovery,

defence, satellite and metropolitan area network.

4.4 Underwater Communications

There are three underwater communications

preference for implementing underwater wireless

sensor networks: acoustics, RF and optics. Compared

with the acoustic waves that have scattering, high

attenuation, low bandwidth and RF waves still have

high attenuation even use ultra-low frequencies

which lead to higher cost for hardware, underwater

optical wireless communication (UOWC) has the

highest transmission data rate, the lowest link delay

and the lowest implementation costs. UOWC also has

higher communication security over the acoustic and

RF methods. Most UOWC systems are implemented

in line-of-sight (LOS) configuration, rather than the

diffused broadcasting scenario such as acoustic and

RF wave which it becomes more difficult to be

eavesdropped (Zeng et al., 2017) (Saeed et al., 2018).

According to (Wu et al., 2017), a 7.2 Gbps UOWC

system has been proposed in for 450 nm blue laser

with the transmission distance of 6 m. The market

promotion of UOWC has not been achieved so far,

mostly this system owned by military. Only a few

limited UOWC products were commercialized in the

early 2010s (The Sonardyne Site, 2016) (The

Ambalux Site, 2016). The proposal of underwater

wireless sensor networks (UWSN) has facilitated the

development of UOWC due to increasing demands

for ocean exploration with efficient high bandwidth

data transmission, make it the UOWC market

showing future promise.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Further research is needed to reduce interference,

environmental effects, and transmitter power levels in

VLC system for outdoor. Visible light system using

LED for indoor application is more suitable to be

applied in the near future due to low ambient light

source, higher sector for data consumption, low cost

infrastructure, and high level of needs other than RF-

based system. Furthermore, LEDs advantages to have

high switching capability along with other important

features such as energy efficiency and longer lifetime

make them the most favourable light source that can

be incorporated into VLC. LED can be used in

different types of lighting applications. The potential

market growth of LED lighting technology is

foreseen to be very strong in the coming years, which

create a strong case for this lighting technology to be

integrated into VLC system. Although at security

level in IEEE 802.15.7 standard does not provide

adequate MAC-level protection against physical level

risk and still under research to develop, physical layer

security must be the priority to be enhanced due to the

first layer of security for unintended user interface.

The unification of 5G radio technology especially

femtocell for indoor application will make both

systems work better to cope each other challenges.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The first author wish to thank for Indonesian Agency

for the Assessment and Application of Technology

(BPPT) to facilitate and cooperate to finish this paper,

the author also thank author’s future wife for her

support and encouragement thus author can complete

this paper on time.

PHOTOPTICS 2019 - 7th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology

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