OntoIFML: Automatic Generation of Annotated Web Pages from

IFML and Ontologies using the MDA Approach:

A Case Study of an EMR Management Application

Naziha Laaz and Samir Mbarki

MISC Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

Keywords: SWAs, MDWE, MDA, ODM, IFML, EMR, e-Health, Ontologies.

Abstract: The Semantic Web is a complex ecosystem that integrates a set of software devices necessary to model,

disseminate and exploit the knowledge stored in an ontology. The development of its applications is not an

easy task, it is costly and time-consuming. It consists of the different design and modeling phases and sub-

phases, each with its own modeling language. Among its most delicate development phases, ontology

modeling is mentioned, as well as, the integration of semantic annotations in web pages. In this paper, we

present OntoIFML a new MDA-based approach used as an IFML-based tools plugin to facilitate the

development of web applications relying on Semantic web paradigm. With this approach, we explore the

possibilities for automating the generation of domain ontologies and interfaces annotated by semantic

vocabularies from the front-end IFML model. The approach is illustrated by an EMR management

application. The result obtained have shown the effectiveness of our approach.

1 INTRODUCTION

Concretized more than 10 years ago by the W3C

(World Wide Web Consortium), Semantic Web is,

the metadata web (Berners-Lee et al., 2001) continues

to rise in terms of established links between

information that had previously been treated

separately. Therefore, the semantic web applications

integrate the web with the possibility to aggregate

several data linked together: either "semantically" or

by the attributes that distinguish them. Technically

speaking, the semantic web relies on various

standards and semantic technologies (Klašnja-

Milićević et al., 2017). They can be used to

standardize the terms and concepts of a domain,

facilitating communication and sharing of

knowledge. These technologies can also semantically

annotate a set of resources to perform more

"intelligent" researches and find assets to meet certain

needs. However, the development of semantic web

applications is not a simple task considering the

variety of technologies behind. This affects the

amount of requested time to learn and understand

these technologies for a web developer.

The implementation of this kind of applications

needs to be improved by using MDA-based model-

driven development techniques for generating

platform-compatible user interfaces.

This paper emphasis on the modeling and

generation of ontologies, as well as their use for

semantic web applications. Indeed, our process

centers around the production of several models,

going from abstract to concrete to finally obtain

interfaces of Semantic Web Applications (SWAs).

We use two independent platform models; PIMs,

derived from two standards that have visual design

annotation, this reduces the time and resources of

development. While Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is used to generate a domain ontology file,

Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) is used

to derive the set of annotated interfaces. Then through

well-defined transformation rules, we will get PSMs

respecting Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM)

and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML5), and then

we mergers both models in the code generation phase

to obtain semantically annotated interfaces with the

domain ontology derived by the class diagram. To

validate our ideas and examine the applicability of

our approach, we applied the process to a case study

of an Electronic Medical Records (EMR)

management application.

Laaz, N. and Mbarki, S.

OntoIFML: Automatic Generation of Annotated Web Pages from IFML and Ontologies using the MDA Approach: A Case Study of an EMR Management Application.

DOI: 10.5220/0007402203530361

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development (MODELSWARD 2019), pages 353-361

ISBN: 978-989-758-358-2

353

Table 1: Presenting Existing MDA-based approaches using IFML in the PIM level that support web apps.

Studied papers

IFML Design Code generation

Manual

design

Editor

Components Interactions data

Semantic

Annotations

Layout Style

(Acerbis et al., 2015a) --------- Y Y Y Y N Y Y

(Bernaschina et al.,

2017a)

--------- Y Y Y Y N Y Y

(Bernaschina, 2017) --------- Y Y Y Y N N N

(Rodriguez-Echeverria et

al., 2018)

--------- Y Y Y Y N N N

(Laaz and Mbarki, 2016a) Y N Y Y N N N N

(Roubi et al,2016)(Roubi

et al., 2016)

Y N Y Y N N N N

(Laaz and Mbarki,

2016b)

Y N Y Y N N N N

(Yigitbas et al., 2015) --------- Y Y Y Y N Y Y

Y: Supported N: Not Supported

The rest of this paper is organized as follows.

Section II analyzes the Model Driven Web

Engineering (MDWE) approaches based on model

driven architecture (MDA) and IFML. Section III

outlines the Semantic Web and the MDA based

standards. Section IV presents our approach and gives

an overview of model driven development process

(MDD) describing its different phases. In section V,

we illustrate our proposal with an EMR case study.

Finally, we show the results of our process and

conclude by determining the outcome of our work

and describing future works.

2 RELATED WORK

Focusing on the topic of model-driven user interfaces

development integrating ontology and semantic

annotations, several aspects must be taken into

account. Based on MDA, our approach makes it

possible to generate ontologies from UML class

diagrams and derive annotated pages from IFML

diagrams. Therefore, our work is related to and

influenced by a wide range of research fields in the

view of overcoming the gap between semantic web

and Model-driven methodology. In the following, we

cite existing MDA-based approaches taking as input

IFML models for generating web applications and

approaches for an MDA-based ontology development

and set them in relation to our own solution.

Indeed, during these last few years, several

research works have proposed model-driven

approaches for the user interfaces and interactions

development based on the IFML standard. IFML has

rapidly advanced in the software industry and

academia, under the motivation of many studies

(Hamdani et al., 2018; Laaz et al., 2018; Queiroz et

al., 2018; Wakil and N.A., 2017) and approaches.

They have exploited the IFML in different domains

such as: Interactive systems (Gotti and Mbarki,

2016), interactive visualizations(Morgan et al.,

2018), Big Data (Bernaschina et al., 2017a),

execution models (Gotti and Mbarki, 2016), mobile

applications(Acerbis et al., 2015b; Bernaschina et al.,

2017b; Brambilla et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2018;

Umuhoza et al., 2015). Table 1 highlights the MDA-

based approaches using IFML in the PIM level that

support web apps code generation. We identified the

evaluation criteria based on the development process

of web applications and design experience to evaluate

each of these approaches, and then, provide a

comparative analysis. Therefore, "IFML Design" and

"Code generation" have been chosen as major criteria.

The IFML design must be developed either by the

classical method using a dynamic instance directly

from the IFML metamodel syntax, or from a

graphical editor such as IFMLEditor (Ed-Douibi and

Brunelière, 2015). As for code generation criterion,

which is the final step of development process, it

encapsulates various information relating to:

Components, interactions, data, semantic

annotations, layout and style. The selection of these

criteria is based on and has been influenced by

various sources as mentioned before. This set of

criteria will be used to compare and examine these

approaches.

MODELSWARD 2019 - 7th International Conference on Model-Driven Engineering and Software Development

354

After analyzing all these approaches, we notice

that the described approaches enable the design and

also support the generation of UIs of web

applications, but there is no solution which permits to

add semantic annotations to web pages. For the

purpose of adding this feature to the generated code,

it was absolutely necessary to prepare a literature

study of different approaches based on MDA for

ontology modeling.

The most relevant are: (A\s smann et al., 2006;

Belghiat and Bourahla, 2012; Brockmans et al., 2006;

Musumbu, 2013; Saripalle et al., 2013; Zedlitz et al.,

2012). All these approaches did not propose an MDA-

based ontology generation process that exhibits the

ODM standard. This work will be the first approach

proposed for the generation of domain ontologies

from UML class diagrams and ODM models, as well

as their use for SWAs development based on IFML.

3 BACKGROUND

3.1 MDA Related Standards

MDA is a branch of software engineering proposed

by the OMG (Belaunde et al., 2003), which proposes

an architecture that takes into account all phases of a

project, ranging from the CIM model of requirements

and subsequently the PIM model analysis and design,

up to the PSM, the implementation model. This

ensures a better development organization and allows

a separation of the functional specifications of an

information system from its implementation.

The MDA approach advocates the use of OMG

standards. In this work, we considered the three

standards: ODM, IFML, and UML as central

elements for design, transformation of models and

generation of final interfaces.

The ODM specification was appeared in 2007 for

ontology modeling. ODM defines five metamodels;

RDFS, OWL, Topic Maps, Common Logic and

Description Logic, two UML Profiles (RDFS/OWL

Profile, Topic Maps Profile) and a set of QVT

mappings from RDFS/OWL to Common Logic,

Topic Maps to OWL and UML to OWL. With ODM,

it would be possible to profit more quickly from

MDA's capabilities to develop ontologies.

On the other hand, IFML is a standard adopted by

the OMG in 2013 (Brambilla et al., 2013). It is a

platform independent metamodel, which provides a

stable set of concepts that can be used to characterize

the essential aspects of the user’s interaction with a

software application interface. Consequently, an

IFML model supports a lot of design perspectives as

depicted in figure 1. This perspective allows modeler

to define elements of user interfaces, their

relationships and dependencies between view

elements or between view elements and action

(Brambilla and Fraternali, 2014).

Figure 1: IFML Model Perspectives.

The present specification defines four main

technical artifacts. This work uses the first artifact as

a domain-specific metamodel to design graphical user

interfaces of SWAs.

3.2 Semantic Web Applications (SWA)

Semantic Web is a component of web 3.0

standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium

(W3C), bridging a gap between human’s real-world

domain knowledge and the machines. The main

purpose of the Semantic Web is to guide the evolution

of the Web to enable users without intermediaries to

find, share and combine information more easily.

Compared to other web applications, SWAs use a

pyramid of languages and standards for representing

knowledge on the web by meeting the criteria of

standardization, interoperability and flexibility

(Klašnja-Milićević et al., 2017). As see in figure 2, a

language of the top layer must be an extension of the

language of the layer below. In fact, XML structures

the content of documents by providing a basic syntax,

but it does not describe the semantics of the

document. RDF is a standard of W3C presented as a

data model that describes the available resources on

the web across RDF triples of “subject”, “predicate”

and “object”. As for OWL, it represents an ontology.

As a matter of fact, all these technologies cited above

complement each other in order to build linked data

database.

Domain ontologies are the most fundamental part

of semantic web applications (Djurić et al., 2005;

Wakil and Isa, 2015). Indeed, the SWAs are

controlled by metadata, described by ontologies that

will give understandable meaning by machine to its

OntoIFML: Automatic Generation of Annotated Web Pages from IFML and Ontologies using the MDA Approach: A Case Study of an

EMR Management Application

355

data. In the semantic web context, this notion can be

used to standardize the terms and concepts of each

domain, which facilitates communication and

knowledge sharing, and this is done by annotating

resources of web pages by semantic description using

for example the RDFa syntax.

Figure 2: Semantic web stack, as presented by Tim

Berners-Lee.

4 OntoIFML

This section gives an overview of our OntoIFML, an

MDA-based approach, and how it could be used as a

plugin for IFML-based tools, to design and generate

automatically graphical user interfaces of SWAs.

5 OntoIFML

This section gives an overview of our OntoIFML, an

MDA-based approach, and how it could be used as a

plugin for IFML-based tools, to design and generate

automatically graphical user interfaces of SWAs.

5.1 The Proposed Approach

The semantic web and the MDA were developed in

parallel during this last decade, but by different

communities. These two branches can be brought

closer together by applying the MDA architecture in

the semantic web (Gašević et al., 2007). Many

authors have attempted so far to fill the gaps between

them and have proposed several solutions, we may

mention (Heinz et al., 2017; Partridge et al., 2018).

Nevertheless, the only significant result of these

efforts is the OMG initiative by defining the ODM

standard. Then, the researchers of this group proposed

mapping solutions between UML and OWL, but

remains the exploitation of this mapping in the MDA

process. So, if we want to provide a consistent

solution with MDA proposals for the integration of

ontologies in web pages, we should also support the

automatic generation of a completely operational

ontology definitions (for example in OWL) which are

driven by models.

This work is built on this integration of OMG's

efforts with the semantic web concepts to bring a new

solution in order to generate annotated web interfaces

by integrating automatically semantic meta data into

these pages using the RDFa standard. So, the idea is

to represent abstractly the graphical user interfaces

accompanied by their data to reuse the common

aspects in different applications, as well as the

reduction of the repetitive tasks such as the

integration of the annotations into web pages.

5.2 Process Overview

We propose an MDD process that allows the

development of graphical user interfaces in the

semantic web area. The process is based on the

OntoIFML

Figure 3: The MDD Process Overview.

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356

Figure 4: EMR Class Diagram.

approach. We implemented this process using IFML

editor and several eclipse modeling tools. Indeed, we

designed the IFML Model conformed to the PIM

metamodel. This model consists of two sub models;

the Interaction Flow Model and Domain Model. We

elaborated PSM metamodels, then we established the

transformation rules that gives us the models results

which describe sufficiently Semantic Web Platform,

focusing on domain ontology, the graphic aspect of

the application and semantic annotations. Finally, we

combined the two PSM models in the code generation

phase to obtain UIs of the semantic web application.

This behavior allows the automatic incorporation of

domain ontology into web pages, and this enriches the

interfaces with semantic features. The figure 3 depicts

the architecture of the implemented approach. We

were based on operational transformation language

(QVT) (OMG, 2011) defined by the OMG to

establish our model to model transformation.

 IFML2HTML5 Mappings

Table 2: IFML2HTML5 Mappings.

IFML

HTML5

Package

Element

CORE

InteractionFlowMod

WebSite

Extensions

IFMLWindow HTMLHtmlElement

Extensions

Form FORM

Extensions

SimpleField INPUT,TEXTAREA

Extensions

List UL,OL

Extensions

Details FIELDSET

Core

VisualisationAttribu

DIV,LABEL..

Table 2 and Table 3 show our main transformation

rules.

 UML2ODM mapping

Table 3: Mappings between UM and ODM concepts.

UML ODM

Model OWLGraph

Package OWLOntology

Class OWLClass

AssociationClass OWLClass

PrimitiveType RDFSDataType

Enumeration EnumeratedClass

Property

OWLDatatypeProperty

OWLObjectProperty

CardinalityRestriction

MaxCardinalityRestriction

MinCardinalityRestriction

SymmetricProperty

InverseFunctionalProperty

InstanceSpecification Individual

Slot OWLStatement

We used RDFS/XML as a format for the

generated owl file, to do so, we defined the rules that

border the construction of Ontology file. On the other

hand, the generation of annotated web pages is done

using the generation rules injected into the Acceleo

template.

OntoIFML: Automatic Generation of Annotated Web Pages from IFML and Ontologies using the MDA Approach: A Case Study of an

EMR Management Application

357

6 RESULTS AND EVALUATION

6.1 Case Study

To illustrate our proposal approach, we choose an

EMR management application. This case study was

not randomly chosen, given the importance of the e-

health domain and the need to set up tools for the

computerization of medical data processing with the

aim of improving healthcare and reducing

administrative tasks; specially, the management of

EMRs. EMR is a web vocabulary for e-health,

published in an ontology form. It is a digital version

of the paper charts in a doctor’s office (PMR). It

consists of collecting information from the physician

for their patients’ diagnosis and treatment. This

ontology is used to annotate web pages that describe

a medication or patient. The pages are annotated

according to the EMR vocabulary using the RDFa

serialization format. On the other hand, the

vocabulary is available in RDF / XML format; Turtle,

JSON and the newest HTML5 microdata are also

other serialization formats.

A data model resulting from a real analysis in the

e-health domain for the EMR was presented as a class

diagram in UML standard (“PMR - Droid,” n.d.). In

this context, UML was used to build a domain model

that correspond to an abstract representation of data

contained in hospitals.

The figure 4 shows the taxonomy of an EMR

domain. The healthcare worker(provider) is in charge

of inputted the medical data to make an EMR.

However, the patient can navigate and view his

medical record with an organized and easy way. This

EMR domain provides a high-level view of the key

types of medical information that includes

medications, procedures, vaccinations, conditions,

allergies, family history, test and lab results,

insurance providers, and emergency contacts.

Figure 5: Scenario prototyping.

Thus, domain modeling naturally interplays with

the modeling of the front end of the application. So,

we choose the scenario shown in figure 5 (mockup),

in which we designed three interfaces related to

‘medications’ in a high-level of abstraction:

 Interface 1: « add Medication» It represents a

Form to add medication infos.

 Interface 2: «find Medication » it represents a List

of medications.

 Interface 3: “display Medication” it represents

Details where medication information’s will be

displayed. This page is annotated according to the

EMR vocabulary using the RDFa serialization

format.

6.2 Results

In order to validate the utility and applicability of our

proposal, this section shows an evaluation of its

application to the case study presented above. The

main goal of this evaluation is to analyze the Model-

driven development process that can be functional in

real projects. We provide the IFML model, designed

by IFML editor, which is basically the only input file

to our generator.

Figure 6: Medication pages designed at the high level of abstraction as an IFML diagram using IFML editor.

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After the creation of an UML class diagram of the

EMR domain, we proceed to the creation of the Core

model which contains both interaction and domain

model. From this abstract representation of interfaces

associated with a domain model, we defined the three

views that we have for our scenario. Figure 6

illustrates the EMR case study designed by the IFML

graphic syntax: The ViewContainer initial page

contains a ViewComponent displaying a form to add

a medication information’s by clicking on the submit

event. The user can select medication and see its

details by clicking on a details event. The user goes

to the Medication Details page, where he can see the

details of the selected medication.

Figure 7: QVTo Code excerpt of IFML to html

transformation.

Once the application has been sufficiently

modeled by the IFML, the PIM model is used as an

input for the transformation engine developed for the

approach. The Implementation of model to model

transformation is carried out using QVT language,

which is proposed as a standard model transformation

language by the OMG. The figure 7 shows an excerpt

of the transformation engine.

The resulting files from the step of code

generation are three web pages of insertion, finding,

and displaying medications, accompanying with owl

file representing an EMR domain ontology. The last

page displays details, as a result of the click event on

the list. Information sent are relative to the medication

selected.

Figure 8 shows the code generated of this

annotated page. Each information is annotated

according to the EMR vocabulary using the RDFa

serialization format. For the ontology file, the result

is very long either in the ODM model or the ontology

generated. Using SPARQL queries, we obtained 270

triples. So it is difficult to display all the results.

Figure 8: Annotated web pages Resulting from the code

generation engine.

7 CONCLUSION

In this paper we presented an approach based on

MDA for the user interfaces development of SWAs.

Furthermore, we defined a Meta Model for Html5

comprising 177 meta-classes and developed the

transformation engine that allows the automatic

generation of the output models. These models

represent an input to a Model to Text generator that

give an almost complete web pages ready to be

deployed, focusing on the graphical aspect of the

application on one hand, and the annotations and the

user event handling on the other. We generated also

an owl file for the EMR vocabulary respecting RDF /

XML format.

The main contribution in the proposed approach

is the generation of ontologies, as well as annotated

web pages from one IFML diagram, besides the

abstraction of technical details. By using this models

driven method, the user interfaces of semantic web

applications can be easily generated without having

to know all the technical specification of the

execution platform. However, this can be only a

particular step of MDWE process, because we

restricted ourselves to one feature of SWAs which is

Semantic annotations. Other, more modern features

exist and must be designed using ontology-aware.

Future works will cover the implementation of more

refined code generator and the application of the

proposed method to estimate how this approach

scales in large projects. Also, we aim at enrich the

proposed process and target other features of SWAs

related to user interfaces.

OntoIFML: Automatic Generation of Annotated Web Pages from IFML and Ontologies using the MDA Approach: A Case Study of an

EMR Management Application

359

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