A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business

Processes Modelling

Bouafia Khawla and Bálint Molnár

Information Systems Department, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary

Keywords: Dynamic Business Process, Requirements, Environment, Dynamicity, Changing Factors, Running Time.

Abstract: Organizations as sets of business processes (BP) that can be analyzed and improved by approaches such as

BP modelling. Many books, articles, thesis, and previous research are focus on static BP and workflows but

neglect the need of dynamic BP which is very interesting. For that reason, the aim of this paper is to discuss

and review various sources related to the topic of dynamic BP definition, requirements and changes can be

changed during the time under the effect of various factors.

Business is rapidly changing today to meet the requirements of the changing environment or other factors.

All those changes of a business must be solved using various approaches because this gap triggered significant

research efforts to solving dynamic BP modelling problems and ensuring the processes dynamicity.

The main goal motives this work is to survey a group of currently active researchers and investigate some

fundamental concepts in this domain related with the concepts is strongly support dynamic BP to can guide

to find a representative model can express all proprieties and answer the different questions presented later in

the introduction.

1 INTRODUCTION

Processes have become an important asset for daily

life in organizations because an adequate BP

Management (BPM) of an organization (e.g. software

development companies) can help achieve

organizational objectives.

Organizational environment as companies and

enterprises always changing and oblige BP to change

during its runtime, for that Over the years, approaches

for supporting process change have received much

attention from the research community because of the

advanced development of hardware and software that

are applied at different stages of the design process;

the representation issues can be captured in abstract

the models can be implemented in program code

using various approaches .

In this paper, we will present a literature survey

using research papers, theses, articles and books to

cover the domain needed for ours research and try to

find a definition that represent precisely the concept

of dynamic BP

The method of reviewing used is divided into

steps that are formulated as questions, the review

steps are as follows:

Question 1: How can dynamic BP defined and the

meaning of dynamic BP modelling?

Question 2: During the execution time (run time),

which factors have impact on dynamic BP?

Question 3: Which process components or elements

can be changed at run time?

Question 4: What are requirements of dynamic BP

that must be known?

Question 5: How ensure BP dynamically?

Several research efforts have focused on detailed state

of the art that addresses this problem but on static BP

not on dynamic. For that reason, we will be base our

discussion on that concept of dynamic BP which

plays an important role in changing effects nowadays.

This survey organized as follows, we will be

starting with the introduction, includes the reviewing

method, in the second section we will present

dynamic BP and its modelling and give some

differences points between dynamic and static BP,

after that various factors impact the dynamic BP to

change are presented in the third section. Section four

describes the components can be change during

runtime of the process, the requirements of dynamic

BP summarized in section five, after that we will try

to find an answer to ensure the dynamicity, finally we

will settle our ideas in a conclusion.

556

Khawla, B. and Molnár, B.

A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business Processes Modelling.

DOI: 10.5220/0007627105560563

In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2019), pages 556-563

ISBN: 978-989-758-372-8

2 DYNAMIC BP AND DYNAMIC

MODELLING

Research on BP (Aris, 2013) is a very active topic in

recent years because processes are a dominant factor

in workflow management, Modern enterprises and

organizations operate in a dynamic environment

(Branke, 2012) that is constantly evolving, so it must

adapt their processes and establish a framework for

modeling and analyzing workflow processes.

The notion of process plays a major role in the

definition of information system (IS) management, it

has a relevant role related with the concept of

information, use of BP can be considered diverse

according to the view of the company or the structure

of resources used.

Processes are divided into two categories: abstract

and executable processes (Oasis,2007) (Konig et al.,

2008). These two kinds are specified at different

abstraction levels. An abstract process only describes

the control-flow while an executable process captures

both the control-flow and the data-flow as well as

other aspects related to the execution, such as services

bound to activities. Thus, an abstract process is a

model of its corresponding executable process.

First, we will start with the concept of BP which

defined as follows:

Definition 1. A BP is a collection of activities that

takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output

that is of value to the customer. Or is a set of activities

undertaken in a specific objective that can

accomplish a specific organizational goal. Some

examples of this include taking customer orders and

managing bank accounts. (Brahimi and Bouzidi,

2008) (Mejia et al., 2010).

Modeling is a key element of process control and

ownership that allows the detailed description of a BP

and which can then be mapped to illustrates

pictorially, through graphs and charts, how certain

processes flow into others. As we mentioned in our

previous work (Khawla and Molnár, 2017) that the

modelling of BP is divided in two kinds of models:

static and dynamic modeling summarized below:

Static modeling simplifies a representation of BP

at a point in time. As such, they ignore dynamic

behavior, which may change over time as a result of

resource competition, interactions or other sources of

uncertainty. In fact, static models are very useful in

understanding and representing the structural features

of BP and can be valuable means of communication.

However, BP often display complex interactions

(Billington and Weber, 2003) (Rosenberg, 2010) that

can only be understood by unfolding behavior

through time.

Dynamic modeling is that it enables the outcome

of a changed process to be evaluated prior to it being

implemented into the physical environment.

In this section, we will focus research efforts on

the definition of dynamic BP and its modelling.

Generally, dynamic BP definitions refer to

changes within the external and internal

environment, and the consequences can be traced

through adding, deleting, replacing components

representing activities (Russell et al, 2006).

We can conclude from the table below (Table 1)

which shows various sources related to the definition

the concept of dynamic BP:

Definition 2. Dynamic BP is the process that can

change some BP activities during run time (at certain

points) under various conditions not predefined in the

beginning, it can react and adapt from internal or

external environment changes, it is flexible and agile

in its environment to express the concept of BP

dynamicity. All properties of dynamic BP concept

(Adaptive, Variable, flexible, Ad hoc and dynamic)

are related and used together with various relation

degrees in order to respond to different scenarios

Definition 3. Dynamic BP modeling is the

representation of a BP, the model includes activities,

components, functionalities, resources, individuals

(participant) that need to be understood before

modelling, so the result of modelling exercise could

be implemented and simulated.

After reviewing the table (Table 1), we obtained

the answer needed for our first question, next section

we will try to answer our other questions.

3 CHANGING FACTORS IMPACT

THE DYNAMIC BP

There are various reasons that require process change,

including requirements derived from new business

strategies, new policies, new laws and new

applications (Papazoglou et al., 2002) (Ryuf et al.,

2008), changing market conditions and application

environments (Wang et al., 2012) (Papazoglou et al.

2011) (Andrikopoulos et al., 2012), problems with the

original process, and BPs reengineering and process

enhancement needs (Van and Papazoglou, 2011).

Enterprises either commercial businesses or

government organizations are faced with a range of

challenges recently. These challenges and deferent

factors impact their components during BP execution

(runtime), these factors where summarized from

various research in that domain:

A Survey on Dynamic Business Processes and Dynamic Business Processes Modelling

557

Table 1: Definitions related with dynamic BP and dynamic BP modelling.

Reference (s) Definitions related with dynamic BP and dynamic BP modelling

(Hayes and Lavery, 1991) Four main concepts are popular for defining the ability of a BP to adapt to the changing

environment. those are: dynamicity, flexibility, agility and adaptability.

(Dadam andReichert, 2009)

Not all authors define the concept of dynamic process clearly, Ad hoc processes are always

used together with flexible and dynamic processes and it is mostly used with adaptive

rocesses, but it is never used with variable processes. Variable processes are always used

together with flexible and dynamic process and it is mostly used with adaptive process.

Adaptive processes are always used together with dynamic process and it is mostly used

with flexible processes. Flexible process is always used together with dynamic processes.

(Patel and Hlupic, 2001) In order to create a dynamic model of a process, it is necessary to understand its

functionality; the nature of dynamic modelling enables the representation of resources,

timeframes and the functionality of the individual activities contained within the process.

Dynamic modelling enables a closer representation of the physical BP environment

including people and equipment, resources and their movements are also taken into

consideration within the dynamic model.

(Pucher, 2010) Dynamic BP is a variant of agile process and enables a business user to make changes in th

process at runtime

(Kalibatiene et al., 2015) Dynamic BP is not defined strictly at the beginning of its execution and it changes under

new conditions at runtime.

(Trinkunas, 2015) Dynamic BP can implement a BP model whose components (a set of conditions, a set of

activities, a content of activity, a set of activity sequences, a set of decision nodes, the

participants) may vary and, if necessary, change with low latency at runtime due to change

of the context).

(Vasilecas et al, 2016) The dynamics of BP is characterized by a variety of terms: ad-hoc (there is no predefined

definition), adaptive (the ability of workflow to react to exceptional circumstances),

dynamic (must have flexible and adaptive execution), flexible (ability of a process to adapt

to the changes in the environment or to its changing requirement) and variable process

(adapted as a response to evolution in internal and external environment).

(Kalibatiene et al, 2016) Dynamic BP where content and the sequence of activities depends on the context of the

environment and can be changed at runtime. In contrast to dynamic BP, static BP has a

strict specification, i.e. the content and sequence of activities are defined before BP instanc

execution and cannot be changed at runtime

(Vasilecas et al, 2017) The concept of dynamic BP can be perceived as group of states that a collection of BP

activities might change at certain point in time due to the changes occurring in the BP

context, therefore, a sequence of activity execution cannot be predefined in advance

In fact, the success of enterprises depends

increasingly on their ability to react to changing

conditions of operation in their environment in a

quick and flexible way (Adam, 2010) (Sheng, 2015),

for that reason, we can say that the environment and

its nature exert internal and external impact on the BP

during the execution time.

Changes of the environment, like new

government regulations, stock price change, or

internal changes like business volatility, desire to

remain competitive, that motivate companies to

change BP components quickly, i.e., BP components

must be adopted in response to changes of internal

and external environment, named as a context at

runtime.

In (

Yu, 2015) the author examines the impact of

internal changes on BPs and the capability of

processes to adapt themselves to the changing

environment; the externally initiated alterations are

not considered.

Dynamics is dependent on internal (Business

strategy, organizations infrastructure, IT) and

external (market, regulating acts by government,

changes in technologies) drivers (Lankhorst, 2009).

Resources too are able to impact changes on the

workflow that may cause a problem if resources are

limited and could not finish the execution of

workflow on time so the process may be blocked,

might be the type of resources have the capability to

change on dynamic characteristic of BP.

Resources that appears on workflow structures are

as follows: sequential, parallel, choice and loop

patterns. Although in (Lankhorst, 2009) considers

only sequential and parallel patterns.

ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

558

In reference (Salman and Madani, 2002) too, we

have found offline stage which determines the

required resources to execute a workflow while

minimizing the cost and meeting the user specified

deadline. The second one is an online stage which

reacts to structural changes that can take place at

runtime like adding tasks during execution.

The author in (Jain, 2008) examines the impact of

internal changes on BP and the capability of the

processes to adapt themselves to the changing

environment; the externally initiated alterations are

not considered.

In (Van et al., 2016), the author postulate that

processes should be capable for dynamic adaptation

to different scenarios, although the method for

adaptation cannot be exhibited in detail.

Next section we will search for the components

that are impacted during the execution time.

4 PROCESS COMPONENTS CAN

BE CHANGE AT RUN TIME

In this section we will investigate the processes

components can be changed under the impact of

different factor, after that we collect some important

components at the execution time (i.e. at runtime,

before runtime and after runtime).

Activity: as we know that the activities are the main

components of BP and it have the responsibility to

handle different events of BP that may be running in

cases, namely defined or non-defined (formed at

runtime). These activities are those ones which are

affected during changes; an activity can be modified

a new activity can be added or existing one can be

removed.

Some previous works implement as dynamic BP

tools (DYPROTO) (Wörzberger and Heer, 2011)

which can insert new activities, delete old activities

or dynamically implement activity loop, another tool

mentioned in (Zeng et al., 2002) able to adapt flexibly

to the changing business environment and can

determine the sequence of activities at BP runtime.

But these solutions don't meet the dynamic BP

requirements.

When changes alter the workflow, i.e. BPs during

the run time which is seen as the composition of a set

of basic operations (general flow structures including

sequential, parallel, choice and loop patterns) that

must be performed on a given input data set to

produce the expected result. So, these modifications

can provide as data too and make some changes on it

as well. For solving that problem cloud computing

has emerged as a new technology which offers a new

model of service provisioning for workflows

applications. It provides on demand network access

to a shared pool of computing resources that can be

elastically provisioned and released. Then, the elastic

nature of cloud environment enables such dynamic

workflow to be enacted more efficiently since it

facilitates the changing of resource quantities at

runtime

The challenges impact the architecture of

enterprises, for that reason, it should be able to focus

their attention on all those impacts, The proposal is to

extend the BP modeling approaches with an

organization and planning level according to

Zachman Framework (Zachman , 1987) thereby an

“analysis season” is created beside the “design

season” and “operational season” (Bell et al., 2008).

In our previous work (Khawla and Molnár, 2017), we

propose an approach where the data and business

structure (operational level and design level) is

expanded with an analysis phase (organizational and

strategic planning level) to observe and to detect

business events that enforce changes in process flow,

documents and document flow. The impact of

business events influences both the structure of the

workflow and the structure of document types.

Next, the process context where the set of external

factors and set of internal factors. and conditions

changes too. Challenges related to the development

of a new promising paradigm for BP modelling is to

support explicit definition of the ‘context related

knowledge’ that should be identified. For example, in

health process activities are selected according to the

user's context, which describes user's health state.

When a user's context changes, like blood pressure or

temperature, necessary activities, Moreover, in many

cases, it is difficult or impossible to predict all

possible changes of a context and predefine possible

sequences of activities. Contrary to DBP static

processes have predefined sequence of activities and

could be adopted only in predefined places of a

process instance, like variation points

Authors argue that any information reflecting

changing in circumstances during the execution of a

BP can be considered as contextual information. The

context is thus defined as “the collection of implicit

assumptions that is required to activate accurate

assignments in the BP model at the process instance

level”. In (Saidani and Nurcan, 2007), the role-driven

BP modeling approach (RBPM) presented in (Saidani

and Nurcan, 2006) was extended to support context

awareness.

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5 DYNAMIC BP REQUIREMENT

Most recently, the rapidly changing business

environment and thereby originated adaptivity

requirement against business IS led to the agile

business approach as a management science

philosophy. In this section we will have a look at the

dynamic BP requirements.

Dynamic BP have no predefined sequences of

activities, it formed at runtime: so every subsequent

should selected according to the external and internal

context and predefined rules, Therefore, every

subsequent instance may differ from the other

instance of the same BP, if there is no activity for

further execution at a dynamic BP runtime we should

terminate the execution of a dynamic BP instance or

to define a new activity and concerning rules for a

dynamic BP instance execution.

• Context-based (Hallerbach et al., 2008)

Dynamicity: BP must support changes due to any

process context which defined with a set of

external (variables and rules) (Bui at al., 2013)

and internal (state of system and resources users)

factors and dynamic BP should react with that

context changes (Saidani and Nurcan, 2007).

• Rule-based (Kalibatiene et al., 2015) Dynamicity

i.e. it must define new business rules,

change/delete existing business rules at BP

runtime. Where dynamic BP should be reacting to

those changes formulated in business rules at

runtime of the business rules at process instance.

Every next activity in the sequence within

dynamic BP should be selected according to the

predefined rules.

• The Low Latency: dynamic BP execution should

support dynamic BP instance change, according

to role of the process, at any time, with very low

latency compared with duration of the process.

• Analyzing of Historical Data of Instance: Before

selecting the next activity, the historical data

(stored in a log file) of instances execution (can

be a good practice which is suitable instance from

the historical data for repeated execution, or as

bad practice should not be executed ) of the same

dynamic BP should be analyzed and the selected

next activity should not cause execution of an

unacceptable sequence of activities, in addition

time, cost, values should be calculated and stored

for each executed dynamic BP instance. This

requirement describes that before executing any

dynamic BP instance.

• BP should support changes to any process

component (a set of conditions, activity, activity

sequences, decision nodes and participants).

The table below (Table 2) summarize requirements

and their role:

Table 2: Dynamic BP requirements and its roles.

Requirements Role

No predefined sequences of

activities

The advantage of implementing this requirement is that we increase dynamicity of a

process.

Context-based dynamicity The advantage of implementing this requirement is that at process instance runtime

context can change and process should be adopted to those changes immediately at

process instance runtime

Rule-based dynamicity We believe the main opportunities of using business rules to ensure dynamicity of BP

are as follows: each activity in a process is selected according to the defined

conditions (expressing constraints of application domain) at BP runtime, and the

content of an activity is chosen based on the changing internal and/or external

context, and it should be implementing those changes at process instance runtime.

Low latency The advantage of implementing this requirement is that the change of a context or of

business rules influences selection of the next activity immediately after the changes

comes in force at process instance changes and allows rising process dynamically

Analyzing of previous activity

(historical data)

The analysis of historical data allows determining so called "good" (requires

minimum resources and process is reached) and "bad" (use too many resources).

During historical data analysis, it can be found what conditions i.e. state of current

context and to propose suitable alternative sequence of activities for execution.

Supporting of changes to any

process component

Components and their relationships are organized in such a way as to support rule and

context-based dynamic BP activity is modelling and simulation. And are also

included into the architecture in order to add intelligent functionality.

ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

560

The representation at business analysis and process

level should consider the demands for changes at the

data perspective. As the requirement for changes at

data perspective can be perceived as modification in

the structure of documents, collections of data and

database schemas. The intimate interrelationship

between documents and BPs can assist to deduce the

requirements for changes dynamically.

The traditional linear model that involves design,

build independent test, implement and support

design, build and test occurs iteratively, and the

critical requirements are not system requirements,

but BP requirements. A more traditional private

sector organizational model should be used; i.e., one

that explicitly addresses the importance of BP

requirements in defining an Enterprise Resource

Planning (ERP) implementation. The role of BP

requirements as mentioned in (Blick et al., 2000) is

to support of the life-cycle implementation process,

support BP functionality which described in the

models, and it facilitates analysis and BP

configuration management. From the references that

where analyzed we can conclude an answer for the

dynamic BP requirements and the importance of

each one and its role when we implement, therefor

that we should observe these requirements when we

want to propose an approach or model for dynamic

environment and the requirements can guide the

selection of activities.

6 BP DYNAMICITY

The main opportunities of using business rules to

ensure dynamicity of BP lie in the following: each

activity in a process is selected according to the

defined conditions at BP runtime; choice of activity

content; and representing the changing dynamic BP

context. However, as presented in the works related

to this paper, there is no complete approach or tool for

rule- and context-based dynamic BP modelling and

simulation i.e. none of the analyzed tools which are

widely used for BP modelling and simulation,

supports changing business rules during the

simulation of dynamic BP. Some approaches, like

(Hermosillo et al., 2010), describe BP dynamicity

using BP pointcuts, where adaptations can be made,

or changes of BP are available in new instances of the

BP, but not at the same instance, like in (Xiao at

al.,2011).

Process adaptation is a topic that create a lot of

interest in the research community, however there is

still no integration. In (Hermosillo et al., 2010) the

authors presented Complex EVent processIng for

Context-adaptive processes in pervasive and

Heterogeneous Environments (CEVICHE), a

framework that intends to facilitate the integration of

Complex Event Processing (CEP) into existing BP

and to allow these processes to be dynamically

adapted to different circumstances and to address four

issues: adaptation, dynamicity, integration to BP, and

non-dependency to a specific CEP engine.

As part of the CEVICHE framework proposed the

Standard Business Process Language (SBPL), an

extension of BP Execution Language (BPEL) that

allows the user to include the adaptation points and

conditions in order to create dynamically adaptable

BP.

7 CONCLUSION

From our research in that domain we found that there

are various approaches and methods for modelling

which are suitable for static BP and their execution.

The concept of dynamic BP is analyzed and its

deferent definitions which are used to define

requirements are presented in our simple survey.

In our future work we will focus on an approach

of modeling using hypergraph based on formal and

logic-based model to express the different

requirements mentioned before and try to control

activities of dynamic BP to define the main goal of

the process. The model that will be proposed improve

the realization of requirements and can be checked

using various methods, moreover, can verify

consistency of dynamic BP and ensure its dynamicity.

We believe that the approach yields are a model that

includes all characteristics and properties of dynamic

BP and its simulation or implementation.

We hope that this survey will inspire other

researchers to take up some of the challenging

problems in this field.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The project has been supported by the European

Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund

(EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00002).

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