The Story Map for Metaxa Mine (Santorini, Greece):

A Unique Site Where History and Volcanology Meet Each Other

Antoniou Varvara

1 a

, Nomikou Paraskevi

1 b

, Bardouli Pavlina

1 c

, Sorotou Pantelia

1 d

Bonali Fabio Luca

2 e

, Ragia Lemonia

3 f

and Metaxas Andreas

1 g

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment,

Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece

University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza 4 – Ed. U04,

20126 Milan, Italy

Technical University of Crete, Natural Hazards, Tsunami and Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Chania, Greece

Andreas.Metaxas@maris.gr

Keywords: GIS Story Map, Structure from Motion, Santorini Volcano, Geotope and LBA Eruption.

Abstract: Story maps are widespread as an interactive tool used for science and spatial data communication, information

and dissemination. A Web-based application using story mapping technology is here presented to show the

historical importance of Metaxa Mine, known also as Mavormatis mine. This mine is characterized by the

presence of several key outcrops where the pumice layers of the Late Bronze Age (Minoan) eruption are very

well exposed. We made up a tailored story map that combines maps, narrative texts, multimedia content and

a brand-new 3D model. Its purpose is to highlight the visualisation and the exploitation of Metaxa Mine as a

unique “geotope” of Santorini volcano, to enable users to interact with data and maps, texts and images, and

to inform academic and non-academic audience about the historical and volcanological aspects of this

geological site. The spatial and geological data of this story map involve thematic maps entirely created by a

Geographic Information System.

1 INTRODUCTION

Recent improvements in digital Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) technologies can provide

new opportunities for immersive and wide engaging

public audiences with complex multivariate datasets.

Story Maps can be not only robust but also versatile

tools for visualizing spatial data effectively and when

combined with multi-media assets (e.g. photos, videos,

3D representations) and narrative text, they can

provide support for scientific storytelling in a

compelling and straightforward way.

Thereby, Story Maps can be used in order to dis-

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-0351

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-9730

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4764-1214

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-7546

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-0793

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-8671

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-6628

seminate and understand scientific findings to broader

non-technical audiences (Janicki et al., 2016; Wright et

al., 2014).

Santorini Volcanic Complex is consisted of Thera,

Thirasia, Aspronisi, Palea and Nea Kameni volcanic

islands, located in the most southern part of the

Cyclades in the Aegean Sea (Fig. 1). Using Story Maps

along with novel methods and research tools is an

attempt to visualize the volcanic landscape of Metaxa

Mine, as a unique geotope of Santorini volcano where

the pumice layers of the famous Late Bronze Age

(LBA) (well-known also as Minoan) eruption (Fig. 1)

are exposed.

212

Varvara, A., Paraskevi, N., Pavlina, B., Pantelia, S., Luca, B., Lemonia, R. and Andreas, M.

The Story Map for Metaxa Mine (Santorini, Greece): A Unique Site Where History and Volcanology Meet Each Other.

DOI: 10.5220/0007715602120219

In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management (GISTAM 2019), pages 212-219

ISBN: 978-989-758-371-1

Figure 1: Location of Santorini group in the Aegean Sea (A)

and Metaxa Mine at the southern part of Santorini’s caldera

(B-C).

Adopting Story Maps for this study, offers a

number of advantages compared to traditional

methods: the friendly mapping, the ease of use and

understanding of the provided information, the

increased interactivity comparing to analogue or

simple web maps, the customized display based on the

user’s needs, the ability to import different kind of

media (images and videos) and ultimately the ability to

add explanatory text covering a wide range of

heterogeneous information.

This paper presents a web-based application to

disseminate information to geologists, earth scientists,

tourists and other non-expert users to explore the LBA

volcanic outcrops in Metaxa Mine.

2 HISTORY OF METAXA MINE

"Balades" (or mines in the local dialect) had been in

operation for over 140 years (up to May 1979). The

mortar produced from Thera’s terrestrial land had been

used in several ancient construction projects such as

the great fortification in Crete during the Cretan

Revolution, but also in earlier periods. Their strength is

even increased when construction occurs with sea

water.

In the beginning, the mining operation was

performed by simple means using a method called

"cut", which is, probably, a unique process globally

(Tsoutrelis and Livadaros, 1995). The method was

based on supporting large volumes of land, each with

a height of 20 to 70m. This was done by opening in

parallel covered galleries of around 1.2-1.5m wide and

2m high, in a direction perpendicular to the slope and

at a depth of 10-15m. The opening was done with

simple tools and the distance between the galleries was

typically 3.5-5m (see Fig. 5). This mining method was

dangerous, and several accidents had occurred before

1970, when the method was in use. In Metaxa mine,

the "cut" method was applied at the initial stages of its

operation only and no accidents have been recorded.

A total of 4.5 million m

is estimated to have been

extracted from the mine. Transportation of the mined

material was done by rail wagons to the so called

"ruler" (or storage tank) and from there through a

conveyor belt loaded into ships. The use of machinery

and new technological developments changed the way

and the rates of mining and transportation to the

"ruler".

Metaxa mine also contains the so-called “famous

section”, as it is known to geologists, and more. The

famous section (Fig. 2) shows the pumice layers of the

LBA (Minoan) eruption along a length of 150m.

The LBA eruption of Santorini has influenced the

The Story Map for Metaxa Mine (Santorini, Greece): A Unique Site Where History and Volcanology Meet Each Other

213

Figure 2: Panoramic view of the best volcanological outcrop in Metaxa Mine, the different Minoan eruption phases are

highlighted. Pre-Minoan landscape, P0 – Phase 0, P1 – Phase 1, P2 – Phase 2, P4 – Phase 4. The location of the panoramic

view is shown in figure 1C.

decline of the great Minoan civilization on Crete,

making it an iconic event in both volcanology and

archaeology disciplines (e.g., Manning et al. 2006;

Druitt, 2014).

The eruption impacted the LBA Mediterranean

world through a combination of ash fallout (Johnston

et al., 2014), climate modification (Pyle, 1997) and

tsunamis (Bruins et al., 2008) and it was the last plinian

eruption of Santorini (Sparks and Wilson, 1990; Druitt,

2014). It discharged between 30 and 80km

(dense-

rock equivalent; Johnston et. al., 2014) of rhyodacitic

magma, mostly as pyroclastic flows which entered the

sea, and which are preserved as ignimbrite in the

surrounding submarine basins (Sigurdsson et. al.,

2006). According to numerous volcanological studies,

there is a consensus that the eruption occurred in four

major phases with an initial precursory phase (P0) (Fig.

2; Reck, 1936; Heiken and McCoy, 1990; Druitt,

2014):

 Phase 0: The eruption began with precursory

explosions that left two lapilli fallout layers and a

phreatomagmatic ash totaling 10cm in thickness

(Heiken and McCoy, 1990). Druitt (2014) call

these explosions eruptive phase 0. The two lapilli

layers were laid down from a subplinian plume 7–

10km high. The plume was blown to the SSE, so

that P0 is restricted to that sector.

 Phase 1: The first main Plinian eruption, generated

a sustained plume estimated at a height of 36 ± 5km

and produced a reverse-graded pumice fall deposit

that ranges from 6m to less than 10cm in thickness

on the islands of Santorini, Therasia and Aspronisi

(Sparks and Wilson, 1990; Sigurdsson et al., 1990;

Druitt, 2014).

 Phase 2: During Phase 2, access of seawater to the

vent initiated violent phreatomagmatic explosions

and triggered the generation of base surges that

spread radially away from the vent and formed

stratified deposits up to 12m thick (Sparks and

Wilson, 1990; McCoy and Heiken, 2000). The

phase 2 products are dominated by pyroclastic

surge deposits with multiple bedsets, dune-like

bedforms with wavelengths of several meters or

more, bomb sag horizons, and TRM temperatures

of 100–250°C (Heiken and McCoy, 1984;

McClelland and Thomas, 1990).

 Phase 3: The increasing water–magma ratios

produced denser, partly wet, low-temperature

pumiceous pyroclastic flows transitional to mud

flows. In this phase, significant column collapse

produced the most prominent unit of the eruption

on land. This is a coarse-grained, massive,

phreatomagmatic ignimbrite up to 55m thick

(Druitt et al., 1999), still reflecting magma-water

interaction and deposited at low temperatures

(Druitt, 2014; McClelland and Thomas, 1990). The

third eruptive phase may have created a tuff cone

(Nomikou et al., 2016), possibly a large pyroclastic

construct filling the caldera bay (Johnston et al.,

2014). This phase is thought to coincide with the

explosive disruption of the Pre-Kameni island

(along with other parts of Santorini), given the

occurrence of abundant, evenly distributed lithic

clasts up to 10m in size in the deposit (Karatson et.

al., 2018).

 Phase 4: This Phase saw the venting of high-

temperature (300–500°C) pyroclastic flows, which

produced fine-grained, nonwelded ignimbrites

around the caldera rim and the coastal plains

(Heiken and McCoy, 1984; Sparks and Wilson,

1990; Druitt et al., 1999). The dominant facies is a

tan-to pink- colored compound ignimbrite (“tan

ignimbrite”) (Druitt, 2014). The ignimbrite is

mostly fine grained (ash and lapilli grade), with a

high abundance of comminuted lithic debris in the

ash fraction. This phase may have been coeval with

GISTAM 2019 - 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

214

major caldera collapse (Sparks and Wilson, 1990;

Druitt, 2014). Minoan ignimbrite, possibly up to

80m thick, lies offshore of Santorini (Sigurdsson et.

al., 2006) and is the most voluminous Minoan unit.

3 METHODOLOGY

To tackle the challenge of creating the Story Map of

Metaxa Mine, the open geo-museum of LBA (Minoan)

eruption, different types of datasets have been

compiled (historical, geological, and topographical

data together with geospatial data from open source

portals). Moreover, three field trips have taken place in

September 2017, March and October 2018, for field

data collection, such as photographic material, in order

to better recognize and map the layers of LBA eruption

in the Mine.

In order to enrich the webgis application with

webmaps and scenes giving the sense of spatial

distribution of text described, a geodatabase containing

all the available data (literature and field data) was

created in ArcGIS Desktop - ArcMap environment.

The feature layers were then uploaded to the ArcGIS

Online platform for further processing (Antoniou et al.,

2018). Also, ArcGIS Desktop – Pro version was used

to create 3D animations using the available spatial data.

Regarding field activity, several parts of the mine

were surveyed, focusing the main areas of interest.

Pictures and videos were collected using classical

cameras as well as a campaign with an unmanned

aerial vehicle (UAV) was conducted. This allowed the

collection of pictures with a high level of detail for the

lower part of the mine and, much more important, for

the upper part of mine walls.

Using the Aerial Structure from Motion (ASfM)

technique (e.g. Turner, Lucieer and Watson, 2012) the

western part of the mine was reconstructed, where the

layers related to the famous LBA eruption are well

exposed and where the processing machinery are also

presented (Fig. 3A). Pictures have been taken using the

DJI Phantom 4 PRO that is equipped with a 20

Megapixels camera, including EXIF information

(Exchangeable image file format) together with GPS

coordinates, provided by the integrated Satellite

Positioning Systems GPS/GLONASS (referred to the

WGS84 datum).

Two missions were performed, the first one was

devoted to capture a set of photos in nadir camera view

(Figs. 3A-B) to cover the whole selected area (Fig. 3A)

with an overlap of 90% along the path and 80% in

lateral direction; the high overlap ratio is useful to

obtain a good alignment of images. The photos have

been captured every 2 seconds (equal time interval

mode), at an altitude of 20 m from the highest point of

the ground (Home point – Fig. 3A) and with a constant

velocity of 2 m/s in order to minimize the motion blur,

as well as to achieve well-balanced camera settings

(exposure time, ISO, aperture) and ensure sharp and

correctly exposed images with low noise. The UAV

flight mission has been planned and managed using

DJI Ground Station Pro software

(https://www.dji.com/ground-station-pro) and is

represented by black arrows in Figure 3A.

The second mission was devoted to collect photos

of the vertical outcrops and the camera was oriented

orthogonal (oblique) to vertical cliff (e.g. Fig. 3C), in

order to add as much details as possible to the model.

In this latter case, the UAV was manually driven,

maintaining a constant velocity of 2-3 m/s, and the

pictures were automatically taken every two seconds

using the DJI GO 4 app (http://www.dji.com/). A set of

20 uniformly distributed Ground Control Points have

also been included in order to co-register the 3D model

to the World Geodetic System (WGS84) (e.g. Smith

et al., 2016; Esposito et al., 2017).

The 3D model reconstruction has been performed

using Agisoft PhotoScan (http://www.agisoft.com/), a

commercial Structure from Motion (SfM) software

with user-friendly interface, intuitive workflow and

high quality of points clouds (Benassi et al., 2017;

(Burns and Delparte, 2017; Cook, 2017).

The resulting 3D model (Fig. 3D) is as large as 349

x 383 m and the resulting pixel resolution is 8 mm,

allowing to recognize all the volcanic layers in the

scene (Fig. 3E) through the navigation software

developed in the framework of the 3DTeLC Erasmus+

project (http://3dtelc.lmv.uca.fr/).

4 THE STORY MAP

In order to compose a Story Map, all available data

must be uploaded to an online platform, either a private

server, or ArcGIS Online. The latter approach was

followed during the deployment of this Story Map

(https://goo.gl/scE4fg).

A template called Cascade Story Map was

implemented, to present the available information.

Webmaps, narrative texts, images, tables, multimedia

content, scenes which correspond to 3D presentation of

data, were used.

The Story Map for Metaxa Mine (Santorini, Greece): A Unique Site Where History and Volcanology Meet Each Other

215

Figure 3: (A) Location of UAV-captured images, spatial reference: WGS 84 / UTM zone 35N. Examples of pictures captured

in nadir (C) and orthogonal view (C). (D) 3D tiled model of the western part of the mine. (E) Details of the 3D reconstructed

famous outcrop where the Minoan eruption layers are recognizable.

The thematic maps which are presented in the

application, were created in ArcGIS Online

(https://goo.gl/7sJ8ca), based on the collected data,

fieldwork and literature review, depicting the most

important and unique points. Although the use of this

template does not require the knowledge of language

programming, ArcGIS Assistant was used

(https://goo.gl/PmHrwM), to perform certain

modifications, e.g. text formatting, using CSS.

This specific linear template combines all the

presented information in full-screen scrolling method.

This is an advantage, because it is easy for the users to

navigate following the “path” that the developer has

chosen rather than jump from one tab of information to

the other.

User’s first experience entering the web application

is a three-dimensional navigation through the entire

mine. Results from ASfM were used to create a 3D

animation in ArcGIS Pro

The narrative starts giving general information

about the location of Santorini’s group of islets, along

with representative photos of the area. A video, using

spatial distribution of feature layers along with an

imagery basemap animate the location and the

boundary of Metaxa Mine. This video, in MP4 format,

was made in ArcGIS Pro, combining successive

thumbnails of the spatial data.

The volcanic history and morphology of Santorini

volcanic complex is presented subsequently. Starting

with a scene, meaning a 3D representation (Fig. 4), of

the spatial distribution of geological formations across

Santorini volcanic complex a narrative text using

multimedia content describes the unique steep

morphology of the caldera. Users can select a

formation to obtain further information through a pop-

up window and can also use the tools on the right

bottom of the map, to zoom in and out or right-click

anywhere on the scene to tilt and rotate.

Further information about the onshore-offshore

morphology of the entire area follows using a photo

showing the digital elevation model (DEM) of

Santorini complex along with subaerial topography

and submarine morphology, accompanied by narrative

text. Τhe information on the volcanic activity of

Santorini is completed by the representation of

volcanic eruptions in Palea and Nea Kameni in the

center of the caldera.

Nine volcanic eruptions took place giving the

opportunity to create equal number of successive web

maps, including the onshore and offshore spatial

distribution of lava in each eruption, highlighted, along

with the previous ones overlying a shaded relief. In this

way, by successively scrolling, the volcanic formation

of Palea and Nea Kameni islands is revealed up to their

recent morphological shapes. Narrative text along with

multimedia content describes each eruption while users

can select an area to see representative photos through

a pop-up window and can also use the tools on the right

bottom of the map, to zoom in and out.

Having gained a full knowledge of Santorini

volcanic history, which is essential to understand the

importance of Metaxa Mine, users scroll down to

reveal the history of Metaxa Mine. Explanatory text

along with representative multimedia content (photos,

videos and 3D model) describe the unique mining

operations (Fig. 5) while Prof. Druitt, explains the

importance of the mine, summarizing the LBA

eruption and its phases in the mine.

GISTAM 2019 - 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

216

Narrative text gives more detailed information

about the LBA eruption while representative schemas

show the distinguished pumice layers.

Finally, sections showing the pumice layers of the

different phases of LBA eruption and other volcanic

formations are following (Fig. 6). The panoramas

reveal different locations inside the mine, as shown in

the representative photos.

All the available information (texts, multimedia,

etc.) that was used in this GIS application, is properly

mentioned, along with the research team responsible

for its creation, at the end of the story map.

Figure 4: Screenshot showing in 3D the spatial distribution of geological formations across Santorini volcanic complex. Web

scene is accompanied by narrative text and multimedia content in order to explain the volcanic history of the islands.

Figure 5: Screenshot showing a representative photo of the covered galleries while narrative text explains the extraction

method, or “cut”.

The Story Map for Metaxa Mine (Santorini, Greece): A Unique Site Where History and Volcanology Meet Each Other

217

Figure 6: Screenshot showing a representative photo of the Pre Minoan-landscape and the distinguished phases: P0 and P1

while narrative text gives further information.

5 DISCUSSION

The use of GIS technology has a great impact on web-

based visual presentations. A flexible and interactive

application has been created in order to strengthen the

use of story maps in disseminating scientific

information concerning geodiversity. Two totally

different subjects were presented, using just one

application: the volcanic history of LBA eruption and

the exploitation history of Metaxa Mine, allowing

users to understand the importance of the mine as

geological and historical site while using and

integrating modern technology for data.

The created story map is based on webmaps and

scenes while it is enriched with the integration of

different data like images, narrative texts and

multimedia that help the end users to engage in

scientific knowledge. Users can navigate easily

through the content, either using the predefined

“narration path” or swiping up and down or even

through the predefined bookmarks. In addition, the use

of ASfM technique allowed the acquisition of a very

high-detailed 3D model of the western part of the mine

(pixel size 8 mm), providing better definition of the

different volcanic layers even in inaccessible outcrops

like vertical cliffs or landslides and addition of

representative snapshots in the app.

This new geographical approach, having open

source code, provides many possibilities, as it is easy

to be used both from the developer and from the end

user and allows integration of new functions,

combining many scientific fields. Furthermore, it is

responsive, and it can be also as interactive as the

developer wishes. In the presented application, having

as main aim to present a fundamental geological site

using modern technologies and techniques the already

provided functions have been used. Further

improvement of the available functions can be made,

giving the possibility of interactive exploration of 3D

models.

Story maps are used the last 3-4 years and have

already been adapted for many different scientific

disciplines, as well as for touristic purposes, being

useful to both academics and non-academics. Their

value, among others, is also recognized by the efforts

made by the scientific community which developed

similar platforms with reduced capabilities compared

to the one described in this paper, but with free access

(e.g. https://goo.gl/6LB1Qe, https://goo.gl/bHwZJE).

The developed application can be an ideal way for

presenting the geological, geomorphological and

historical contents of other places, especially those that

can be characterized as geotopes or protected areas

(e.g. Natura 2000 areas, Antoniou et al., 2018). Such

examples have already been created worldwide (e.g.

https://goo.gl/g2p89P). Finally, as Metaxa Mine

portrays a possible geotope, this application provides a

quick access of the available information to a wide

audience, developing the interest and possibly

motivating the public to learn more (or even to visit)

about the display area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported and funded by METAXA

group, in the framework of the Research Project

‘Highlighting Metaxa Mine with Modern Online Dig-

GISTAM 2019 - 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management

218

tal Cartography Tools” of NKUA. Argo3D project

(http://www.argo3d.unimib.it/) provided the UAV and

Cometa consortium (http://www.consorzio-

cometa.it/) the license of Agisoft Photoscan.

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