Systematic Review of Bibliography on Social Interactions using the

Meta-analytical Approach

William Bortoluzzi Pereira

, Renan L

ırio Souza

, Un Hee Schiefelbein

ao Carlos Damasceno Lima

, Bol

ıvar Menezes da Silva

and Cristiano Cortez da Rocha

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima n

1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Penguin Formula, Lisbon, Portugal

cristiano.rocha@penguinformula.com

Keywords:

Context-aware Computing, Intrusiveness, SSP, Social Signal Processing, Social Context, Systematic Review.

Abstract:

The general objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evolution of studies on social interactions

up to 2018, in addition to proposing a diagnostic tool on social interactions, sensors used, among others.

The methodology of the research was the bibliographic research of an exploratory nature, using the data

collection, it was possible to see that there is a signiﬁcant growth of articles on this subject. The analysis

identiﬁed different countries that conducted research on this subject and the most cited articles with their

authors. Different jobs were found, such as care for the elderly, interactions in vehicular networks, social

interactions in public environments, among others.

1 INTRODUCTION

Humans are constantly developing and for this, they

have the need to communicate, whether through spo-

ken language, writing or even by gestures. According

to (de Mello and Teixeira, 2011), since birth the in-

dividual is already a social being in development and

all its manifestations happen because there is another

social being that corresponds, even using the sign lan-

guage the individual can interact, getting used to the

environment in which it lives.

We could consider that the interaction is one of

the main principals means of development of the hu-

man being, especially in the initial years of life in

which the child is interacting crying, pointing, bab-

bling, knowing and adapting to this new environment

in which he lives and the culture that there is submit-

ted. For (Rabello and Passos, 2013), humans are born

’immersed in culture’, and this will be one of the main

inﬂuences on the development of it.

The interactions can be face-to-face or virtual,

where face-to-face interaction happens in a context

of co-presence, in which all involved are present and

share the same referential system of space and time,

being of great importance gestures, posture, facial ex-

pression and even the physical distance between the

interlocutors (Gumperz, 1998).

The virtual interaction according to (Leontiev,

1978), the subject is perceived in its relations with the

object to be learned, a relation made through a medi-

ation instrument. This subject is not isolated in space

but situated within a context in which he interacts with

other people, forming a community to achieve a cer-

tain goal that is shared by all.

The structure of the present study is given below.

Section 2 presents the background, section 3 presents

the areas of knowledge that will be applied as crite-

ria in the comparison of works, section 4 presents the

methodology and analysis on the Search String in ad-

dition to the questions that should be answered. Sec-

tion 5 will present the criteria for inclusion and pa-

pers, synthesis, and synthesis and a comparative ta-

ble, and in section 6 a report and the answers to the

questions will be presented, and section 7 will present

the conclusions of the research.

2 BACKGROUND

This section will present the background needed to

understand this systematic review. Context Aware-

ness concepts, which is a subarea of Ubiquitous Com-

puting will be presented.

Context Awareness is represented by the ability of

the system to use the context in which it is currently

Pereira, W., Souza, R., Schiefelbein, U., Lima, J., Menezes da Silva, B. and Cortez da Rocha, C.

Systematic Review of Bibliography on Social Interactions using the Meta-analytical Approach.

DOI: 10.5220/0007727002610268

In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2019), pages 261-268

ISBN: 978-989-758-372-8

261

providing appropriate information/responses to users.

Several systems can be considered as Context Aware-

ness, but they are often called by other names like in-

telligent systems, evolutionary systems, etc.

In Ubiquitous Computing it is important that mod-

ules and sensors interact with each other and between

users, making them sensitive, allowing interaction

with users through response actions and/or reactions,

and these characteristics make them aware or sensi-

tive to the context, these are designated as a subgroup

of Ubiquitous Computing.

According to (Abowd et al., 1999), there are dif-

ferent ways of using Context Awareness, which may

interact together or separately. According to (Kofod-

Petersen and Cassens, 2006), the context can be di-

vided into ﬁve subcategories: environmental context,

personal context, social context, task context, and

temporal space context, these subcategories are:

Environmental Context: This context captures the

user environment, such as existing elements in the

environment, services, people, and information ac-

cessed by the user.

Personal Context: This context captures the phys-

ical and mental information about the user, such as

mood, abilities, and disabilities.

Social context: This context captures the social as-

pects of the user, such as information about the differ-

ent functions that a user can assume.

Task Context: This context captures what the user

is doing, can describe the user’s goals, tasks, and ac-

tivities.

Temporal Space Context: This context captures

attributes such as: time, location, and community

present.

3 RESEARCH DIMENSIONS

This section presents concepts related to the areas of

knowledge involved in this systematic review, which

include Social Context, Social Signal Processing, and

Intrusiveness.

3.1 Social Context

According to author (Kofod-Petersen and Cassens,

2006), social context describes the social aspects of

the user, such as information about friends, relatives,

and colleagues. For (Carter, 2013) the social context

is the medium by which people can relate easily, in-

cluding the culture in which the individual lives and

was educated and the people and institutions he inter-

acts with. It’s possible to add places and activities to

this concept. Therefore, according to the deﬁnition of

(Schilit and Want, 1994) mentioned above, the social

context addresses two of the main aspects to deﬁne

the context, which is: ”where are you?” and ”who are

you with?”.

3.2 Social Signal Processing (SSP)

To automate the process of evaluating human behav-

ior, the Social Signal Processing (SSP) has emerged.

The purpose is to use the maximum number of sensors

to collect data and automatically detect information

about users’ social behavior, identifying the informa-

tion of the context in which the user is. SSP addresses

the issues of impartiality, indifference, and scalability.

The author (Vinciarelli et al., 2010) deﬁned some

procedures for the detection of social behavior, which

were later adapted to the mobile environment by

(Palaghias et al., 2016), who concluded that to ex-

tract knowledge about social behavior in mobile de-

vices four steps are necessary:

Sensing: It is done by the sensors present in the

device, such as a gyroscope, accelerometer, camera,

microphone, etc. Each sensor is responsible for gen-

erating the data of certain characteristics, the micro-

phone will generate the data referring to the user’s

speech, for example.

Detection of social interaction: It can be per-

formed using a single modality or multiple modali-

ties. In the single mode, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connec-

tions are used to identify nearby people. In the multi-

ple modes are used Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections,

microphone, camera, among other sensors.

Extraction of behavioral cues: Behavioral cues are

characteristics, habits or patterns of user interactions

with people.

Obtaining knowledge about social behavior

through the inference of social signals: During a so-

cial interaction, in addition to dialogue, there are ges-

tures, features, directing speech, etc. All these at-

tributes are called social signs. The author (Eagle and

Pentland, 2005) describes that social cues as signs of

non-verbal communication emitted when people are

interacting socially. The union of these social signs

for a period of time leads to the knowledge of social

behavior.

3.3 Intrusiveness

Second author (Palaghias et al., 2016) the understand-

ing of human behavior in an automatic non-intrusive

way is an important area for several applications.

These applications will reduce the human error that

is introduced by intrusive methods used, one of the

most widely used methods known to be intrusive are

ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

262

questionnaires. Below can be seen non-intrusive and

intrusive technological methods:

Non-intrusive: Through mobile devices and their

internal sensors, not changing the daily routine of the

user; Smart glasses that have several built-in sensors

(only if the user already uses glasses); Sound trans-

mission from mobile devices; Applications that the

user must ﬁll in few data to enjoy the same is consid-

ered non-intrusive.

Intrusive: Sensors attached to the user’s body;

Video or external sensor for monitoring; force the

user to place their smartphone in a respective posi-

tion; force the user to hold something.

4 PLANNING

As planning of this section of the work, the method-

ology of exploratory bibliographic research was uti-

lized through the meta-analytical approach, aiming to

combine a well-known database, in order to present

a reliable material base. The meta-analysis allows to

obtain the best authors, articles, and journals, as well

as to perform an analysis of the statistical techniques,

the sampling techniques, the most searched lines and

the approaches used in the works.

The methodology of the systematic review applied

in this work was based on the use of the meta-analytic

approach, and was subdivided by the author (Correa

and Cruz, 2005), in four stages: (1) choice of articles

for the study; (2) reading articles, planning items for

exclusion and inclusion of articles; (3) build a basis

for analyzing the articles; and (4) analysis and expo-

sure of results. In this section, you will see the se-

lection of the search source, the search string, graphi-

cal analysis of the return of the searched string, and a

comparative analysis of the articles.

4.1 Research Questions

The objective of this systematic review is to answer

the following research questions:

Q-1 What does it take to create applications that

span the social context in an automated way without

interfering with the user’s life?

Q-1.1 What is the intrusiveness of each job?

Q-1.2 What types of interaction sensors were

used?

Q-1.3 How much was the percentage used in the

works in what is said referring to the SSP?

Q-1.4 What works have contributions to face-to-

face social relations?

4.2 Selecting Fonts and Search String

As a data source for this review, the Scopus search

engine was used, as it indexes other data sources such

as ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore and Science

Direct. Table 1 below shows the search string devel-

oped for the search, which considers the terms in the

title, abstract and keywords ﬁelds of the article.

Table 1: Search string.

(TITLE-ABS-KEY ”Context Awareness” AND

TITLE-ABS-KEY ”Social Context” OR

TITLE-ABS-KEY ”Social Interaction”

In the return of the search, it was possible to ver-

ify in the area of the computation the quantity of 93

publications of the year of 1999 until 2018, this can

be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Representation of the number of publications x

year.

An analysis was also made of the number of ci-

tations per year, the total citation is 591 between the

years 1999 and 2018, this information can be seen in

Figure 2.

Figure 2: Representation of the number of citations x year.

4.3 Analysis of the Most Cited

Publications

For the analysis of the most cited publications, we

chose to identify 10 articles with their authors, and

Systematic Review of Bibliography on Social Interactions using the Meta-analytical Approach

263

these will be presented in Table 2. We obtained a to-

tal of 289 citations from the 10 articles most cited,

that corresponds to approximately 49% of the total

citations which is (591).

Table 2: Ten most cited articles and their year of publica-

tion.

4.4 Distribution of Articles by

Countries of Origin

Table 3 presents the 10 articles classiﬁed by the coun-

tries of origin. Data analysis shows that 27 countries

as a whole contribute to the research of this theme,

considering the Scopus database. These 10 countries

account for 65.66% of the total of 93 articles pub-

lished in the area of computing.

Table 3: Ten countries that contributed the most in the pub-

lications.

5 CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION

AND EXCLUSION OF WORKS

The inclusion (I) and exclusion (E) criteria were elab-

orated for the selection of the studies, as shown in Ta-

ble 4. The criteria have the objective of selecting rel-

evant studies that can answer the research questions

previously described in this review.

Table 4: Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

(I-1) Studies containing terms from the Social

Features area in the title, abstract or keywords.

(I-2) Studies published in workshops, conferences

or periodicals.

(I-3) Complete studies (4 or more pages).

(E-1) Studies not related to the area of Social

Characteristics.

(E-2) Works in research areas other than

computing.

(E-3) Works prior to the year 2000.

(E-4) Works that are not in Portuguese / English.

(E-5) Studies not entirely available on the web.

5.1 Leading

The research was carried out in the Scopus database,

held on October 18, 2017, until October 22, 2018, us-

ing ﬁlter tools, returned 111 papers. Out of this total,

18 papers were excluded because they were not from

the Computing area, with 93 papers remaining.

Then of this result were excluded after reading ti-

tles and keywords 19 articles, the remaining 74 stud-

ies to be analyzed. Of these, 44 were excluded after

reading summaries, totaling 30 remaining studies, af-

ter which the other criteria for inclusion and exclusion

of work were used, which were cited in Table 4 above.

Thus remaining 11 papers, which were included in

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264

this systematic review. In Figure 3 the process de-

scribed can be seen in detail.

Figure 3: Steps of the study selection process.

5.2 Selected Works

After the exclusion step using different criteria pre-

sented in Figure 4, we obtained 11 selected papers,

Figure 6 will present a Word Cloud, which returns

a cloud of words that illustrate the most used words

in the titles of the 11 selected papers. The larger the

word the greater the number of occurrences of it, after

the segment will be presented the proposals of each

selected work.

Figure 4: Word Cloud with the titles of the selected articles.

5.3 Synthesis of Selected Works

In the article in (Correa and Cruz, 2005) it shows that

society is represented by one or more human beings,

they have visual contact and interact with each other

in casual situations, talk, dance, play and so on. The

most signiﬁcant part of our long-term research is how

to enable the AffectiveWare platform to convey in-

ferred user mood from the aesthetics of the wearer’s

clothing.

As a result of this article, it was possible to de-

tect through a graphical analysis whether the system

user was feeling sad, cheerful, accepting or angry. In

the work of (Paay and Kjeldskov, 2008) a prototype

system was created to promote social connections in

places of the city. A 2-day planning workshop was

conducted to derive ideas of applying sensitivity to

the environment so that the context-aware mobile sys-

tem assists sociality in City.

With this article, it was discovered that peo-

ple were fascinated with the idea of meeting peo-

ple, places, and activities in the space around them.

This was from the great interest and value to get an

overview of a public place and generate discussions

between groups about possible activities that the user

can do next to their current action or even a next place

he can go.

In the article of (Izumi et al., 2009) the uEyes pro-

totype was implemented, and some experiments were

carried out based on several real-life scenarios. It was

assumed scenario where an elderly person is seen by

his family and neighbors of the local community. It

was assumed that when the old man was in his room, a

low quality live video streaming system would work,

it was set up in such a way as to protect the maximum

of his privacy.

As a result, it has been conﬁrmed that uEyes can

provide real-time multimedia viewing services for se-

niors with reasonable quality of service and privacy

according to each user’s situation.

In the article (Pernek and Hummel, 2009), So-

cioNet, a social network platform dedicated to mobile

devices to support social interactions between people,

was presented. SocioNet provides tips for people who

are willing to interact, interact, follow the view that

human interaction allows a better resolution of every-

day problems through the richness of human social

interactions. In order to ﬁnd the best people, a repre-

sentative model of social relations was presented.

After testing the application in a group of people,

a questionnaire was done with 40 people, of whom

75% answered that SocioNet would be better to estab-

lish communication channels with friends and people

of similar interest than with unknown people, even if

they are friends of friends .

The article (Tran et al., 2009) presents a prototype

for cars, these are equipped with context-sensitive

telematics systems that allow interactions between

them. Relationships can be formed ad-hoc.

The results of this article show that with the help

of contextual information and the connectivity of

Systematic Review of Bibliography on Social Interactions using the Meta-analytical Approach

265

users between cars it is possible to detect improve-

ments in overall drivability performance.

The article (Yasar et al., 2010) shows how a so-

cial network of vehicles is part of the general context,

allowing to signiﬁcantly improve the sharing of infor-

mation in the vehicular network. The goal is for ve-

hicles to be able to acquire information from relevant

contexts of other nodes based on their social proﬁles

and subsequently manipulate this information to per-

form context-sensitive tasks so that this information

can be shared with a friend or friend of a friend.

The results show that with the help of quality and

relevance information provided by the social network

and the sociability among friends, we can limit the

ﬂow of messages between a smaller number of nodes,

but with a high degree of reliability, improving the

overall performance of a network vehicle.

In the article of (Hasswa and Hassanein, 2010) a

new conscious architecture was proposed in a context

that captures multiple properties of the environment

through different sources, using different contexts of

location, social, network, physical device, physical

environment.

As a result, greater socialization of people was

achieved because of separate groups in different

themes/categories, directing users to social groups

that satisﬁed them at that time.

The article (Biamino, 2011) presents a proposal

for an ontology-based social context model to enable

intelligent objects to communicate through social rea-

soning in a pervasive computational environment. For

this, a social context approach was introduced based

on the idea of relying on social network structures for

classiﬁcation and reasoning of the context.

As a result of this article, it is concluded that the

analysis of group and user modeling improves the rea-

soning and the prospective group-centered perspec-

tive.

The article of (O’Connor, 2012) aims to contribute

with research on social context and to help in the de-

velopment of machines for social purposes through

the provision of contexts information, currently, sev-

eral questions are produced regarding the deﬁnition,

detection and processing contextual information re-

lated to the use of this information in applications.

As a result, we have identiﬁed that it is possible to

identify possible user social events from a collection

of data collected from YouTube.

In the article of (Gilman et al., 2013) an intelligent

space interaction was deﬁned as a sequence of inter-

actions between actors (or a group of actors) that take

into account the context, including the actions and be-

havior of these actors. Actors in such interaction are

independent entities, able to detect and receive infor-

mation, act on their own and communicate with one

another through the environment (eg, outdoors, wire-

less networks, etc.).

This work served to help researchers recognize

human social activities in intelligent spaces, and with

these activities being recognized, it is possible to pro-

vide support and services for them, considering the

intelligent space as an active actor.

In the article (Moreno et al., 2013) SSP was ap-

plied in interactive parks/playgrounds the SSP can

lead to a new generation of playgrounds where each

game acts differently depending on the game and the

children, the way they play, and the type of behavior

promoted or discouraged. The game helps children

explore the capabilities of their bodies, develop their

motor skills, coordination and cognition.

Activities such as jumping and running can help

develop and maintain muscular ﬁtness and ﬂexibility,

creating positive social relationships between players.

Finally, the game allows children to feel part of a

group, helping children to interact with others. The

interactive game ﬁelds are composed of three main

elements: sensors, actuators, and gameplay.

In this article, it is concluded that the evaluation

of entertainment facilities particularly those aimed at

free play is difﬁcult. Current playing ﬁelds are usu-

ally assessed using questionnaires, group discussions,

or observational studies. The SSP could assist in the

assessment process by automatically measuring raw

data instead of annotated and subjective data. This

could help to better determine if goals were achieved.

5.4 Comparation of Works

After reading the 11 selected papers, it was possible to

generate a table that can verify if there is intrusiveness

to the user, the types of sensors used in each work and

an analysis of which steps of the SSP were used, be-

sides detecting if there was a social relation of mode

virtual or face-to-face, these relationships can be seen

in Table 5.

6 REPORT AND ANSWERS OF

QUESTIONS

In this section, the different proposals present in the

domain of the different types of interactions, whether

face to face or virtual, are evaluated and compared.

The selected papers provide an overview of the tech-

niques used to apply these contexts to Context Aware-

ness. By explaining the works, it was possible to an-

swer the questions asked in this systematic review and

their answers will be presented below.

ICEIS 2019 - 21st International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems

266

Table 5: Comparative work table.

Q-1.1 What is the intrusiveness of each job?

Of the 11 papers selected, 9 papers have a low

degree of intrusiveness that can be considered non-

existent, since the work of (Izumi et al., 2009)

presents a high level of intrusiveness due to being

an assisted environment for elderly people contain-

ing cameras, monitors, among others; the work of

(Goulev et al., 2004) also has a high level of intrusive-

ness using sensors in the user’s clothing to measure

the degree of user’s mood from the wearer’s clothing

being able to deﬁne their primary emotions as anger,

joy, sadness and acceptance, thus resulting in 81,81%

of the articles selected have a low degree of intrusive-

ness or are not intrusive.

Q-1.2 What types of interaction sensors were

used?

Besides the works, they need to have network ac-

cess be it Wi-Fi, 3G, etc. They use a variety of dif-

ferent sensors such as image detection through (cam-

eras and monitors), GPS, interpersonal distance, time,

accelerometer, environment sensors, pressure sensors,

temperature, sensors for clothes, light sensors, etc.

Q-1.3 How much was the percentage used in the

works in what is said referring to the SSP?

Of the 11 works, 4 use 100% of the techniques

available through the SSP, 6 works use 75% of the

techniques and 1 work uses 50%.

Q-1.4 Do the papers contain contributions to face-

to-face social relations?

The works that have contributions to social rela-

tions are 6 out of 11, which use techniques that focus

on users to have possible face-to-face social interac-

tions.

Q-1 What does it take to create applications that

span the social context in an automated way without

interfering with the user’s life?

After reading the selected works, it was possible

to detect that it is necessary to implement contextu-

ally aware applications since Context Awareness has

the ability to identify the current context of the user by

providing appropriate information/responses to users

automatically. It is important that the application be-

comes ubiquitous in the user’s day-to-day life, and

that it is not intrusive to the user, and utilize the SSP

techniques because these techniques help to solve the

user’s impartiality and indifference problems.

7 CONCLUSION

Due to the constant growth and development of hu-

man beings in relation to social interactions, differ-

ent ways of communicating human beings were un-

veiled. Being able to communicate with oral language

Systematic Review of Bibliography on Social Interactions using the Meta-analytical Approach

267

(face to face), but also through virtual means express-

ing himself through a mediation tool, to interact with

other people.

Interaction through virtual means can help human

life in daily life, being relevant to different tasks in

order to achieve a certain goal, which is shared by all,

can be given as example basis a trip between friends,

who suffers the intermediation of a conscious applica-

tion of context that aims to travel together to a certain

destination in safety.

This systematic review had as a contribution of re-

search to the academic community, how the dynamics

of social interactions between individuals are done ei-

ther face-to-face or virtual, using context-aware com-

puting.

We also interpreted all selected works for the use

of social signals behavior, recognizing which steps

are appropriate for each work, being (1) sensing, (2)

detecting social interaction, (3) extracting behavioral

cues, and (4) obtaining knowledge about social be-

havior through the inference of social signs, these

were presented in a comparative table in order to con-

tribute with possible future work that will be carried

out in this area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Penguin Formula

for partial supporting/funding of this research and

UFSM/FATEC through project number 041250 -

9.07.0025 (100548).

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