Home Automation System for People with Visual and Motor Disabilities

in Colombia

William Coral

1 a

, Alvaro Alarcon

2 b

, Jose Llanos

2 c

and Jose Hernandez

1 d

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Corporaci

on Universitaria del Huila - CORHUILA, Neiva, Colombia

Department of Computer Science, Corporaci

on Universitaria del Huila - CORHUILA, Neiva, Colombia

Keywords:

Home Automation, Visual Disabilities, Motor Disabilities, Wi-Fi, Arduino.

Abstract:

In this paper we present the development of a home automation system based on a Smartphone with touch to

speech feedback. The purpose was to solving problems of accessibility and comfort inside homes for people

with visual disabilities. The technological design was based on the development of a web server using an

Arduino Uno and a Wi-Fi Shield. The router connects the smartphone to the web server. Then a router

connects a smartphone to the server to receive information about the home location and send control signals

for power up the household appliances. The tests were performed on people with visual disabilities and people

with motor disabilities.

1 INTRODUCTION

People with disabilities presents many problems of in-

clusion in our country Colombia. For example, those

who have visual impairments have difﬁculties of ori-

entation and mobility inside buildings (Lancioni et al.,

2010), (Mirza et al., 2012). This situation may be

eventually affecting the daily activities of these per-

sons inside homes and buildings: opening doors, an-

swering the telephone and power up the household ap-

pliances (Aburukba et al., 2016), (Mirza et al., 2012).

In this way it is necessary the intervention and help of

caregivers affecting the independence of this people.

In recent years a series of automated devices and

systems have been developed with the purpose of

solving this problem avoiding the need of caregivers

(Ahmed et al., 2016), (Mirza et al., 2012). These de-

vices made part of a system called Domotic. These

are responsible for controlling the operation of de-

vices in a home, in order to reduce human interven-

tion (Faroom et al., 2018).

One of these previous works provides help to peo-

ple for the remote control of household appliances

through a power interface arranged inside a box that

has several power AC sockets (Aburukba et al., 2016).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-9536

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4703-1907

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4642-2770

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9963-1213

In this case the patient activates the devices through a

software and an entry button. The system is controlled

by an Arduino powered by relays and Bluetooth trans-

mission. The use of these technology is an advantage

due to its fast deployment and low costs.

The Domestic Area Networks (HAN) have also

been used to facilitate the supervision and control of

electronic devices remotely (Aburukba et al., 2016).

They are implemented through a system with XBEE

wireless modules (based on IEEE 802.15.4) con-

nected to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with the

purpose of obtaining a scalable and low-cost topol-

ogy.

In South America devices have also been devel-

oped with the aim of providing health services and

increasing the level of independence of the mentioned

population (Freitas et al., 2015). The solutions devel-

oped are based on the use of technologies with low

complexity and price. These solutions frequently use

a small single-board computer like Raspberry Pi, mo-

tion sensor and wireless network (Wi-Fi) to conﬁgure

and monitoring settings through a smartphone. In this

way we facilitate interaction with the system when

moving inside the home.

Systems have also been developed based on the

recognition of hand gestures and voice commands

with the purpose of providing self-dependence and

comfort (Iqbal et al., 2016). This kind of solutions

consists of a Kinect module, a control PC and X10

modules to control the appliances wirelessly.

Coral, W., Alarcon, A., Llanos, J. and Hernandez, J.

Home Automation System for People with Visual and Motor Disabilities in Colombia.

DOI: 10.5220/0007929303330340

In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2019), pages 333-340

ISBN: 978-989-758-380-3

333

In this paper we present a Domotic system con-

trolled by mobile devices developed in Colombia.

The purpose is solving comfort, accessibility and in-

door location problems of people with visual and mo-

tor disabilities inside a building.

This work will be presented as follows, in section

II System Overview, we give a general view of the

system. Then in section III Hardware, we present the

infrastructure of the prototype that are complemented

with the system description in the section IV Soft-

ware. Ends with the experiments and results in the

section Results and the conclusion.

2 RELATED WORK

Smart Home Automation (SMA) systems combine

electronics, communications and data processing de-

vices and end-user applications for household appli-

ance management and indoor location systems. Cur-

rently these systems are based on wireless communi-

cation standards for the establishment of a common

network of home devices (Konings et al., 2016).

The SMA can also integrate internal positioning

systems (IPS) that use radio frequency signals, mag-

netic ﬁelds and acoustic signals. These signals are

collected by a mobile device with the purpose of get-

ting people location (Els et al., 2016). A special ap-

plication is the use of these systems for solving the

problems of interior location for people with disabili-

ties (Mirza et al., 2012).

2.1 Technologies used in IPS

One of the most common indoor positioning tech-

niques is Radio Frequency Identiﬁcation (RFID) tech-

nology (Li et al., 2015), (De Cillis et al., 2017). This

is due to its low cost of installation and maintenance

because most of the RFID systems do not require ca-

bling infrastructure. However, radio frequency sig-

nals from RFID systems could easily be blocked by

external devices tuned to the same frequency. On

the other hand, for indoor location purposes a smart

phone could not be used as a location device and an

additional RFID card would be required. In this way

if we want to use the smart phone to help people with

visually impaired it would be necessary to use addi-

tional routing and conversion devices to send RFID

over the wireless Ethernet standard IEEE 802.11 (Wi-

Fi).

ZigBee technology operating under the IEEE

802.15.4 standard is also used for IPS applications

due to its cost efﬁciency, low power consumption,

low processing capacity and transmission speed of

250Kbps (Konings et al., 2016), (Bianchi et al.,

2018). However, for RFID it would not be possible

to use smart phones as devices for the interior loca-

tion of people with visual disabilities, because these

devices could not connect to the ZigBee network.

Through Wi-Fi transmission technology it is also

possible to detect the presence of a person inside a

building. By using the smart phone as a location de-

vice, we can triangulate the position according to the

signal strength received from different access points

(AP) (Curran et al., 2011). This type of technol-

ogy makes it easier the use of mobile devices be-

cause these devices have connection interface for this

type of networks. Because of this it is not necessary

to install devices to adapt other technologies to (Wi-

Fi). This feature helps the implementation of this type

of systems due to the massive use of mobile devices

by people including those with visual disabilities and

WLAN IEEE 802.11 networks inside the home.

2.2 Indoor Positioning Techniques using

Wi-Fi

Wireless location systems (WPS) based on the use of

wireless local area networks (WLAN) have some ad-

vantages over other types of positioning systems due

to most of the buildings and homes have available a

WLAN infrastructure (Wen et al., 2011). Below we

review various techniques that can ﬁnd the estimated

position of a person using WLAN and mobile devices.

Arrival time (ToA) and arrival time difference

(TDoA), calculate the distance between the client de-

vice and the wireless access point (AP) based on mea-

surements of time and signal speed between these

points, the exact position is found by means of tri-

angulation of signals (Yassin and Rachid, 2015). This

type of technique requires a synchronization of equip-

ment, a very stable connection and an algorithm for

estimating the location of the individual, which would

require a real-time location system server (RTSL) in-

creasing the complexity and costs of the system. This

makes it inappropriate for the development of the

work described here because people with disabilities

in Colombia generally have a very few economic re-

sources requiring low-cost solutions.

The Arrival Angle (AoA) technique uses direc-

tional antennas to measure the arrival angle of sig-

nals transmitted by customers and the position is esti-

mated through the geometry of the triangles by mea-

suring the angles between the target and the reference

nodes. An algorithm is required to calculate the esti-

mated position with the data of the mentioned angles.

The implementation would need a server in charge of

this process increasing the costs and complexity of the

ICINCO 2019 - 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

334

system.

The received signal strength indication (RSSI) and

the ”ﬁngerprint” method are based on propagation

models and associate the power levels of the cus-

tomer’s signal with the distance between the customer

and the AP access point (Yassin and Rachid, 2015).

The strength of the client signal is measured from sev-

eral access points and a propagation model is estab-

lished based on this information to determine the po-

sition. There are two variants: one based on a map of

RSSI vectors and another based on the calculation of

signal loss by propagation. Therefore, an algorithm

and a server are required to process the information

and establish the propagation model, which would

make the implementation of the technique more com-

plex and expensive.

In the cell ID technique mobile devices are re-

sponsible for estimating which of the radio beacons is

the nearest. This is done by scanning the radio prop-

agation models or ﬁngerprints to discover the near-

est access point through its ID or MAC and therefore

the position of the device in the network (Yassin and

Rachid, 2015). It compares the received signals with

those recorded in a database. Therefore, a server is re-

quired to register the data in a database. Table 1 shows

a brief comparison between the techniques used.

In Colombia some works has been carried out

to simulate interior positioning systems in order to

compare the performance of a non-cooperative TDoA

/ DoA hybrid radio-location approach with a non-

hybrid approach (Sanchez et al., 2018). This work

corresponds to a simulation. Therefore, the system is

not implemented and the hardware to be used is not

set-up. Another work contemplates the design and

implementation of a system for micro-localization by

means of Wi-Fi wireless networks and low-power

Bluetooth (BLE) technologies. The location of clients

is based on a location algorithm performed with ma-

chine learning (ML) derived from the Signal-to-Noise

Ratio (SNR) footprint method and the Received Sig-

nal Strength (RSS) (Ter

an et al., 2018).

In previous works, prediction models were used

and localization algorithms were developed. This de-

manded the use of complex simulation scenarios for

the ﬁrst case and cloud servers in the second. The

could increase the development costs of the men-

tioned projects. In this way the aim of the present

work consists in developing a low-cost Domotic sys-

tem for indoor location bringing conform for people

with disabilities. For this, the mobile device was used

as location equipment inside buildings as it is a device

commonly used by people today. In addition, hard-

ware such as an Arduino, a Router and a low-priced

power board that easily available in the local market

of small cities in Colombia were used.

In this way a Domotic system was developed that

used a variant of the cell identiﬁcation technique.

This is focused on the detection of the nearest access

point. As well, based on the comparison of the trans-

mission power level of the nearby access points (AP),

in that way the device established a connection with

the one that provided a higher power level. Estab-

lishing a connection with it and with the local server

conﬁgured in the Arduino.

3 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The system consists of two local area networks (LAN)

composed of a wireless router, an Arduino connected

via shield (Wi-Fi) and the smartphone of the disabled

person. Each LAN is an independent physical net-

work operating in a speciﬁc area of the house and has

its own IP block.

The Arduino was programmed as a web server for

mobile devices. In this way we can know the posi-

tion inside the house (IPS) of the disabled person and

the location could be set according to the network to

which the mobile was connected. The person received

this information through a mobile application which

in turn allowed the control of turning on and off ap-

pliances. A portable AC power interface was imple-

mented, which connected to the home network and

delivered the controlled AC signal to the appliances.

The general scheme is shown in the ﬁgure 1.

4 EXPERIMENTAL TEST-BED

SETUP

4.1 Hardware

The system was based on two LANs the ﬁrst have a

stationary node composed of a wireless Router, an Ar-

duino with a shield (Wi-Fi), a power card with relays

to control AC connection to supply household appli-

ances. This node was located in a room and worked

in standby mode in order to detect the presence of the

mobile node (smart phone of the disabled person) and

establish a Wi-Fi connection with it.

The objective was to develop an indoor position-

ing system (IPS) through Wi-Fi location. The second

LAN works in the room and is composed by a station-

ary node and a mobile node with the same character-

istics as those mentioned above.

At the stationary node an Arduino Uno was con-

ﬁgured as a server. This has the function of send-

Home Automation System for People with Visual and Motor Disabilities in Colombia

335

Table 1: IPS Comparison Table.

Category Technique Position calculation Characteristics Coverage

Time of arrival (ToA) Time Measurement of time and speed Synchronization between devices Indoor

Time of arrival difference (TDoA) Time Measurement of time and speed Synchronization between devices Indoor

Arrival angle (AoA) Angle Geometry of triangles Requires special antennas Indoor

Empirical Model Received signal strength (RSSI) Power levels No special hardware needed for (MS) Indoor

Fingerprint Received signal strength (RSSI) Power levels No special hardware needed for (MS) Indoor

Smartphone

Router

Arduino

Uno

Power

Interface

Household

Appliances

Wi-Fi

Connection

Wi-Fi

Connection

User

Figure 1: Block diagram of the domotic system - This ﬁgure

shows the block diagram of the domotic system for people

with disabilities. The smart phone can receive indoor lo-

cation information from the Arduino located in each house

area. It can also send on/off control signals to the household

appliances.

ing messages wirelessly through the Wi-Fi extension

board (shield Wi-Fi model R3) connected by SPI bus.

This was responsible for processing and transmission

of indoor location information and control on / off ap-

pliances. For the development of the domotic system

the decision was made to use routers and create Wi-

Fi subnets. Because of low cost equipment needed

to implement this topology and the facility to ﬁnd

them in the local market. This guaranteed the viabil-

ity of implementing the system in the homes of peo-

ple with disabilities. To prevent the network overlap-

ping problems, the Router’s power transmission was

reduced to minimum level. Also, no proximity detec-

tors are used because the user only uses mobile equip-

ment and it would be necessary to use additional hard-

ware. The wireless router Tp-link TL-WR841ND acts

as access point and interconnection between station-

ary node and mobile node for each of the LANs men-

tioned. The connection to the LAN was made through

the Ethernet wireless standard IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi)

by the nearest neighbor method based on the strength

of transmission power.

The power module with 4 relay-controlled outputs

was connected to the Arduino to receive the control

signals transmitted from the mobile node. The pur-

pose is to switching the alternating current loads con-

nected to the electrical grid module (fan, television

and luminaires). The elements described above were

installed in a single module with the purpose of mak-

ing it portable, allowing the location of the same in

different areas of the house.

Shield Wi-Fi

Router Arduino

Shield 4

Relay

Outputs

Power

Socket

Figure 2: Hardware block diagram of the domotic system -

This ﬁgure shows the block diagram of the domotic system

hardware for people with disabilities. The Wi-Fi shield al-

lows the Arduino to be connected to the subnet of the smart-

phone in order to receive the ON/OFF control signals from

the appliances. The power card of 4 relay outputs is con-

nected to the home network to allow the passage of AC cur-

rent.

One of the advantages of the system is its easy

conﬁguration and the low implementation costs. The

aim was to develop a tool that would improve the

comfort of people with disabilities who are usually

those with the lowest incomes rates in the case of

Colombia. Figure 3 shows the hardware node.

The mobile node was based on a smart phone

which had a mobile application developed for An-

droid operating system. This allows the person in a

situation of disability to receive spoken notiﬁcations

of their position inside the home, operate the buttons

to power devices and conﬁrmation of the activation

and deactivation of appliances.

4.2 Software

For the development of the mobile application

an architectural pattern Model-View-ViewModel

ICINCO 2019 - 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

336

Figure 3: Stationary node of a domotic system - In this

image you can see the stationary node of the domotic sys-

tem. It includes an Arduino connected to the Wi-Fi Shield,

a router for the wireless connection to the subnet, a power

card with 4 relays and a socket for the connection of house-

hold appliances.

(MVVM) was used. The layer view provides the

graphical interface with the purpose of capturing the

required requests and displaying the answers to the

end user. Through this the visually impaired person

received voice notiﬁcations about their position inside

the house also controlled the switching on and off of

appliances. Figure 4 shows the MVVM architectural

pattern.

The model layer encapsulates the application logic

and manages the wireless connection via Wi-Fi (IEEE

802.11) between the mobile device and the Arduino.

It stores the data provided by the view, sends it to

the Arduino for processing and returns the responses

from the Arduino to the view model layer. It allowed

the sending of data through objects of entities that rep-

resent actions executed or required by the persons.

Developed through the Arduino IDE and JAVA

programming language, with the purpose of establish-

ing the conﬁguration method (Setup), inputs and out-

puts and establishing connection to the Wi-Fi network

through the IP address and logical port. It allowed

the storage of the network identiﬁer (SSID) and pass-

word. To assign Wi-Fi channels, existing networks

were scanned and the least used networks were se-

lected.

At the ﬁrst instance the view layer sends an ob-

ject with the requirements of the disabled person to

the logical view model layer. This took the object

and transforms it to send the information to the model

layer in charge of executing the user’s request and

responding to the view model layer conﬁrming the

execution of the request. This response was sent to

the view layer so that the disabled person could re-

ceive a conﬁrmation by voice or text. An image of

the MVVM app and block diagram is shown below.

Figure 5 shows the frontend of the App.

Figure 4: MVVM Block Diagram - In this image you can

see the APP installed in the smart phone of the person in

a situation of availability. This APP allows the user to re-

ceive conﬁrmations about the interior location. It could also

send on/off signals for the activation of household appli-

ances. The user could recognize the graphical interface of

the application using Google’s APP Talkback.

5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The tests of the domotic system were performed by

11 visually impaired people, these developed inside

the homes of people living in the city of Neiva. In

each of the tests 3 routes were performed: route be-

tween a room and the living room, between room and

kitchen, route between rooms. A total of 33 tests were

performed with the purpose of tracking the change of

internal position of the visually impaired person.

The tests involved the route of these individuals

between two rooms of the house (points A and B).

In each of these rooms had previously installed a sta-

tionary node: wireless router Tp-link TL-WR841ND,

an Arduino UNO, a power interface connected to a

Home Automation System for People with Visual and Motor Disabilities in Colombia

337

View - App

View Model -

App

Arduino

Uno

Request Request

Response Response

Graphical Interface

Logic Process and Communication

Setup and Communication

Figure 5: App graphical interface - This diagram shows the

MVVM Model implemented in the development of soft-

ware of the domotic system for people with disabilities.

In the model layer the coding of the Arduino was imple-

mented, in the view layer the code of the graphical interface

of the APP was implemented and in the model layer the

code necessary for the Wi-Fi connection processes of the

system was implemented.

power socket, to the latter were connected AC loads

(television, fan and light bulb). Each time a test was

carried out on a different route it was necessary to re-

locate and adjust the stationary nodes.

Therefore, each of these rooms (stationary node)

had a wireless subnet provided by the Router. Thus,

as the person moved between the rooms was con-

nected to the different Wi-Fi networks through a smart

phone (mobile node). As each room was approached,

the server conﬁgured in the Arduino sent position in-

formation to the mobile device. Which through the

APP generated warning and location voice messages

such as ”approaching the room” in order to guide the

visually impaired person inside the home.

When the person entered the room A or B he has

the control to power on or off the AC loads (TV,

fan and bulb) by using the buttons arranged in the

App. People with disabilities recognized the buttons

through touch thanks to Google’s Talkback applica-

tion. Each time a section of the graphical interface

is touched voice conﬁrmations were generated about

the name and function of each one of them. Figure 6

shows the diagram with the room distribution inside

the house.

In addition, the App provided voice messages to

conﬁrm the activation or deactivation of appliances.

When the person moved away from the room into

which they had entered, conﬁrmation voice messages

were also generated such as: ”leaving the room”.

Once the tests of the domotic system were ﬁnished

we proceeded to make an analysis of the performance

of the same one. To evaluate the system, we had car-

ried out several test. In this ﬁrst phase the aim was

to use a voice detection module to make it easier for

visually impaired people to send control signals for

switching household appliances on and off. Unfor-

Room B

Subnet B

Room A

Subnet A

Household

Appliances

Household

Appliances

Figure 6: Schematic drawing of the tests performed - The

test diagram shows the track made by the person in a situ-

ation of disability. The user moves from the room (A) and

once identiﬁed in the subnet (A) could perform the activa-

tion of household appliances. Afterwards he left the room

(A) and moved to the room (B) identifying himself in the

subnet (B) and having the possibility of turning on house-

hold appliances.

tunately, there were failures in the detection of voice

commands and therefore it was not possible to send

the control word to the stationary node.

Due to the problems with the detection of voice

commands we opted for use Google Talkback appli-

cation in order to facilitate the recognition of the in-

terface and use the App by people with visual dis-

abilities. In this way, the on/off control of household

appliances worked correctly.

There were also drawbacks of high processing

times and blocking of the interface when trying to es-

tablish connection to the network through the user in-

terface (foreground). In order to solve this problem

network connection methods were created that work

in the background achieving a partial reduction in pro-

cessing times for network access.

Likewise, there were problems with the wireless

signal strength levels of the routers because the sig-

nals overlapped between those located in different ar-

eas of the house. As a solution, the output power lev-

els of the aforementioned interconnection equipment

were decreased.

5.1 Usability of the System

To determine the usability of the system a test plan

was designed for people with visual and motor dis-

abilities. The individuals who would perform the tests

were selected and a basic questionnaire was proposed

to be applied to the participants. In this way, the

virtues and shortcomings of the system were deter-

ICINCO 2019 - 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

338

mined in order to facilitate the movement inside the

buildings and the control of the power on and off of

electrical appliances for this type of population.

We performed 11 tests of approximately 2 hours

each. The experiment consisted of 3 routes between

different sectors of the house. Once the person was lo-

cated in one of these points, it was possible to control

the switching on and off of the electrical appliances.

18 tests, 54.5% of which were carried out on men and

15 (45.5%) on women. 21 tests (64%) were devel-

oped by people with visual disabilities and 12 (36%)

by individuals with motor disabilities. This last group

was included because in the execution of the project

it was established that the system could also be useful

for this type of population.

The operation of the domotic system (software

and hardware) was analyzed. 7 (64%) of the people

indicated that it worked correctly and 4 (36%) of the

people informed of small deﬁciencies in the localiza-

tion function. The process of user interaction with

the mobile application interface was also evaluated.

6 (55%) of the individuals did not present signiﬁcant

usability problems and 5 (45%) of the individuals pre-

sented difﬁculties with the touch recognition. How-

ever, they indicated that with frequent use the results

could be improved.

The system proposed here uses a mobile applica-

tion that through the power level of the Wi-Fi signal

allows to establish connection with the subnet of a

speciﬁc area of the home and determine the interior

position of the people with disabilities. Therefore,

does not need the incorporation of special hardware

in the mobile node compared to other systems that

use ToA and AoA. This ensure that it is economical

to implement. Also, does not use advanced technique

of signal triangulation that allows it to be easy to im-

plement by anyone.

To evaluate the satisfaction rate of use of the home

automation system an interview was applied to people

with disabilities that participated in the system test-

ing. In the ﬁrst place the usefulness of the home au-

tomation system for people with disabilities was ques-

tioned, with the purpose of asking people participat-

ing in the performance tests to express the possible

beneﬁts of using the system. It was also asked about

the operation to know the effectiveness and possible

failures of the system with the purpose of performing

later adjustments. The use of the graphical interface

was also investigated, the objective was to ﬁnd out the

possible operating problems to adjust it later. It was

also asked about the type of disability to establish if

the use of the system can be extended to another type

of disability other than visual.

Figure 7 summarizes the satisfaction survey ap-

plied to the volunteers who tested the system.

Figure 7: Survey Results.

6 CONCLUSIONS

For the development of the App it had to be con-

sidered that the disabled people who supported the

present work did not have skills for the management

of complex IT systems. Therefore, for the develop-

ment of the application, simple controls were chosen

by means of symbols, without using menus, dialogues

or alerts.

In addition, for the proper functioning of the home

automation system it was necessary for the App to

establish a constant interaction with the visually im-

paired person, since in this way the user could have

continuous information about their interior location

and the appliances turned on.

It was also necessary for people with disabilities

to have a period of adaptation to the application, in

order to potentiate its operation and avoid situations

of frustration due to possible failures of the system.

It is important to consider that the TP-LINK TL-

WR841ND routers generated a low wireless transmis-

sion power, since a high level could cause identiﬁca-

tion errors of the subnet (area of the house) in the mo-

bile device due to the superposition of signals from

several routers, affecting the interior location of indi-

viduals.

It is expected in the future to be able to integrate

the system to the home Wi-Fi network in order to

avoid the installation of additional wireless routers,

as a future option is considered to install Access Point

Layer 2 and segment the broadcast domains through

VLAN’s. The advantage of this future adaptation con-

sists in the fact that it is not necessary to install a dif-

ferent network to the domestic Wi-Fi, in such a way

that it is not necessary to incur additional expenses for

the development of the system.

One of the advantages of the domotic system pro-

posed here is the use of smart phones as mobile nodes,

because most people own one of these devices. There-

fore it is not necessary for people to have additional

devices for indoor location processes. It is only nec-

Home Automation System for People with Visual and Motor Disabilities in Colombia

339

essary to install the mobile application developed for

the systems.

The tests were performed with only two appli-

ances to test the functionality of the home automa-

tion system. However, it is expected to develop a sys-

tem that includes a greater number of households ap-

pliances to be controlled from the application, which

also should be reprogrammed.

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