PARADA: Control Support System for Parades

José Evaristo Lima, Pedro Miguel Faria

and Pedro Miguel Moreira

ARC4DigiT, Applied Research Centre for Digital Transformation,

Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Keywords: Courtship, Parade, Distributed Coordination, Control Support System, GPS, Mobile Application.

Abstract: The parade of “Festas in honor of Nossa Senhora D’Agonia”, which is celebrated every year in the city of

Viana do Castelo, it is one of the highlights of the traditional festival, that gathers hundreds of people in one

giant parade throughout the city streets, this event attracts thousands of spectators. Due to its big dimension,

it presents some difficulties regarding its organization. The lack of cohesion of the parade during its course is

one of the issues observed that originates several and large empty spaces, which end up to discredit the parade.

This paper presents the study the issue related with the Parade’s organization/planning, by proposing a

solution based on low-cost technologies. In this work we intend to study the problem of empty spaces,

proposing a solution based on low cost technologies and evaluating the performance of this solution with its

potential users. In this way, a process of collect information was initiated through the observation of the

Parade, an interview with the organization and an inquiry of the collaborators and another one for the drivers.

Based on the collected information, it is proposed a solution that uses smartphones to interconnect through a

mobile application and also a web management application, in order to monitor the Parade and help in

suppressing empty spaces. The proposal was evaluated to its potential users through a functional prototype.

Usability and User Experience tests were performed and the results were promising. It is intended to validate

the proposed solution in the field and extend the proposal to other Parade.

1 INTRODUCTION

Every year, in the city of Viana do Castelo, there is a

parade of “Festas in honor of Nossa Senhora

D’Agonia”, with the goal of presenting to everyone

the traditions of the city and the surrounding villages.

The event gathers 3.000 participants and dozens of

floats, in an extension of 2300 meters, throughout the

streets of Viana do Castelo, where thousands of

people watch this parade (Viana Festas, 2017).

The parade has been having a serious issue for

several years regarding its extension, i.e., throughout

the parade there are many empty spaces, resulting in

several breaks of the cohesion and fluidity of the

course. This study proposes to research about these

issues by suggesting some solutions based on low

cost technologies and evaluating the performance of

this solution amongst its potential users.

On the literature searched it was not possible to

find any kind of system that could solve this issue.

Thus, information was collected by observing the

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-8678

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-0347

parade of Sr. ª D’Agonia and by contacting with the

staff, including the floats drivers and their

collaborators, with the help of an interview and two

queries. This process helped to identify the main

difficulties which every person involved on the

parade faces.

In order to project a solution based on the gathered

information, a proposal was developed, named

PARADA. The PARADA uses smartphones which

interconnect through a mobile application for

Android and iOS devices (APPARADA) and, also, a

web management application, with the ability of

monitoring the parade and helping the suppression of

empty spaces.

Finally, a prototype was designed to be validated

by its potential users, by simulating a micro parade.

To evaluate the usability and users experience,

regarding APPARADA and GESPARADA, there

were used the SUS test – System Usability Scale and

UEQ test – User Experience Questionnaire,

respectively.

352

Lima, J., Faria, P. and Moreira, P.

PARADA: Control Support System for Parades.

DOI: 10.5220/0007932703520359

In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO 2019), pages 352-359

ISBN: 978-989-758-380-3

2 RELATED WORK

The technological advances of smartphones, in terms

of processing capacity, sensor integration and data

communication, has motivated a massive use by users

around the world. In particular, the fact that

smartphones integrate different types of sensors, e.g.,

location, environmental variables, user activity,

facilitate the acquisition of information about what

surround us. Based on these data, it is possible to

develop applications and provide services geared to

user needs (Rafael, et al., 2016).

Conventional, low-cost GPS devices that are

integrated in various devices, e.g. smartphones, have

an error that, depending on the purpose of their use,

may or may not meet the necessary requirements. In

the case of the monitoring of the geographical

position of vehicles, this error can be an obstacle to

the safety of users. In order to increase location

accuracy, even using non-professional GPS sensors,

there are algorithm-based solutions that allow you to

present more accurate data.

Han Kim propose an algorithm to increase the

accuracy in positioning the data collected by a low-

cost GPS sensor. This method uses the information

collected by the GPS sensor associated with the

vehicle in progress, places that data in a buffer and,

after the buffer is complete, matches the vehicle's

trajectory with a predefined map (Kim, et al., 2016).

Based on the determined error, rotations and

translations are applied to correct the trajectory of the

vehicle.

Based on the location of the vehicles through the

GPS coordinates and later calculation of their travel

path, it is possible to monitor the traffic at a certain

location. For this, it is only necessary to count

vehicles and contextualize the route on a map. By

knowing the number of vehicles that circulate in a

certain street and adding the vehicles that follow the

same route, it is possible to anticipate a forecast of the

traffic.

What D’Andrea e Marcelloni presents is a system

to detect congestion and traffic incidents, from GPS

data collected in real time. This system aims to be an

useful tool for countries and cities in the management

of traffic density. Therefore, it uses the GPS sensors

present in vehicles and mobile devices to acquire the

necessary data for the system, e.g., smartphones or

tablets (D'Ándrea and Marcelloni, 2017).

Adaptative Cruise Control (ACC) is a system that

keeps the speed of a vehicle constant and safe for the

user, taking into account the distance of the vehicle in

front of you. This system uses "LiDAR" (Light

Detection And Ranging) sensors to measure distance

and cause accelerations and decelerations as needed

(Noei, et al., 2016). However, the response of the

sensors to the changes has a large delay. In addition,

they are also susceptible to interference from the

environment, e.g., in the case of vegetation, their

physiognomy may induce the result of the reflection

in error. A solution to increase the response speed of

the ACC system is to use wireless communication

between vehicles-to-vehicles (V2V) and vehicles-to-

infrastructures (V2I) (Noei, et al., 2016). This

paradigm is called the Cooperative Adaptive Cruise

Control (CACC). Considering, then, the scheme in

Figure 1 composed of three vehicles, a leader and two

precedents: each vehicle sends via V2V

communications its current state that includes its

position, speed and acceleration or deceleration. This

same data is received by other vehicles traveling in

the same range (Noei, et al., 2016).

Wireless comm. Wireless comm.

Follower l=1Follower l=2Follower l=3

LIDAR LIDARLIDAR

Figure 1: Representation of CACC system based in (Noei,

et al., 2016).

However, as it happens with the GPS signal, both

are susceptible to electronic interference. These

interferences may arise from natural causes, e.g.,

electromagnetic noise or, hence, structured attacks by

hackers (Carson, et al., 2016). To keep the system

robust, both systems should be used together, i.e.

"Drive" sensors for distance control and V2V or V2I

communication to increase the speed response.

3 METHODOLOGY

The parade of Sr. ª D’Agonia is organized by sections,

in which each section is composed of participants

and/or floats (Carros Alegóricos). During the parade

the distance between the sections should be

considered uniform, for example, between the

participants and the float of section 1 and section 2

there should be a range of 10 meters. An empty space

happens when this distance is not respected and does

not allow the spectacle to be able to see two

consecutive sections in a row, as Figure 2 shows.

Thus, a break in the flow of the parade is generated.

During the parade there are people, called

collaborators and organizers, who are responsible for

keeping the parade together and organized, avoiding

the existence of empty spaces. These people are

PARADA: Control Support System for Parades

353

Empty space

Normal

distance

Exceeding distance

~10m

~100m

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Figure 2: Representation of a parade end the empty space

issue.

distributed throughout the length of the parade and

they help to keep its flow, from beginning to end, in

order to keep it as constant as possible. The floats’

drivers, by driving vehicles with low acceleration,

play an important role in the cohesion of the parade,

due to limiting its progress and consequently its flow.

3.1 Observation and Analysis of 2017

Parade

Observing the parade allows, in addition to

establishing the problems that cause empty spaces, to

have a realistic overview of the whole process in

order to develop a proposal for an effective solution.

The point of observation in the parade that took most

interest was the southern top of Avenida dos

Combatentes. This location allows you to observe the

parade along the avenue (from a south to north

perspective), in the curve at the bottom of the avenue

and following the Gil Eanes (west), which are points

where is more troublesome.

During the analysis of the flow of the 2017

Parade, at the chosen point, information was collected

about stops, particularly their duration, and

photographs, which depicted breaks or empty spaces.

In Figure 3 it is possible to verify a distance

between two sections that begins to be noticeable. At

this point it is known that there is a separation of

about 30 meters and, if the horses move faster or the

tractor advances more slowly, an empty space is

created. In the case of a curve, it is known that the

public at the knee of the curve, either on the side of

the avenue (right side of the figure) or on the side of

Gil Eanes (left side of the figure), cannot have visual

perception in order to observe the parade in a long

Figure 3: 2017 evidence of large distance between two

sections of the parade.

stretch, as can be seen in the photograph. At this moment a

subliminal idea is transmitted to the audience that the

parade may have ended.

3.2 Requirements Assessment

The current panorama of the Parade, regarding the

problem of empty spaces, was obtained using the

observation of the 2017 Parade, as presented in the

previous point, and an interview with the person in

charge of planning and organizing the Parade,

Hermenegildo Viana. With this interview, we verified

the methodology that has been implemented in order

to minimize this problem. Hermenegildo says that

when there are empty spaces throughout the parade,

it is communicated through a radio system. However,

due to the city's geography and architecture, this

system becomes obsolete and only works properly in

straight line. This way, it would be ideal if there was

a possibility to avoid this problem or to be able to

readjust it. In order to do this, the front of the Parade

would have to be informed of the existence of the

various spaces, as well as the collaborators

themselves, who, with this knowledge, would be able

to fill the empty areas.

Groups of people who have a direct connection to

the problem of empty spaces in the Parade, in order

to identify and minimize them in real time, are the

organizers, collaborators and drivers. In order to

collect information from the collaborators and

drivers, it was decided to carry out a survey for each

group instead of an interview. Due to similar tasks

performed by organizers and collaborators, only the

collaborators were questioned.

The survey directed to collaborators consists of

four parts, the first part of which is intended to

characterize the sample, and the next three focus on

aspects of the parade. Regarding the characterization

of the participants, six questions were defined: age,

gender, number of collaborators, which area of the

parade was responsible, whether the mobile phone is

used and which operating system the mobile phone

performs. In terms of the three parts related to the

parade, the first part of the question was about the

problems that occur in the parade and what are the

main difficulties. Then, in the second part, eleven

statements were asked about the degree of agreement

on a 7-level Likert scale, and finally the third part

questioned the type of information that a system

should provide to drivers, collaborators and

organizers, respectively.

The questionnaire for drivers is composed of three

open-ended questions, where one intends to perceive

the difficulties they face during the parade.

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354

3.3 Requirements Analysis

The interview to the person in charge of the

organization and the surveys to collaborators and

drivers were based on the 2017 Parade.

In the case of collaborators, a total of 43

participants in the 2017 parade, 20 were randomly

selected. All of them responded to the survey. The

average age of the collaborators who responded was

49 years, being in the middle age group. 60% were

female and 40% male. The responses obtained from

the survey led to the following conclusions:

• They have experience as collaborators in the

parade, around 90% have done so more than

once;

• All have mobile phones, mostly with Android

system (70%), 20% refer to iOS

;

• The main difficulties affecting the flow of

courtship are uncoordinated stops;

• They consider communication with the

organization efficient, although between

collaborators and floats’ drivers it is ineffective;

• It is difficult to perceive the state of the parade in

areas far from where they are;

• It is very important to have an application-based

system that provides real-time information on the

status of the parade to be sent to organizers,

collaborators and drivers;

• It is very relevant, in terms of organization, to

have a system that allows viewing the parade in

real time;

• It is useful for an application to provide

information to collaborators about the status of

the parade, stops and allow contact with the

organization;

• For drivers an application should convey

information about stops and fluidity; however,

because they should drive, they should only

receive this information by collaborators;

• For the organization, an application must provide

all the information useful to the parade,

highlighting fluency, stops, information

messages, among others.

In the case of the drivers' survey, of the 33 who

participated in the 2017 parade, 14 were randomly

selected, of whom 11 responded to the survey. The

respondents were all males with an average age of 46

years. The responses obtained through the survey

drivers, after a qualitative analysis, allowed to draw

the following conclusions:

• The main difficulties found during the parade by

the drivers are related to the disrespect by the

public about the circulation of floats and the

improper stops in places such as the avenue.

• As to the classification of communication among

the participants, one of the problems is related to

the fact that the information that the

collaborators/ organization pass on to the drivers

are contradictory to each other.

• Regarding the possibility of a system that helps

the organization is said to be useful, especially

for collaborators and organization.

3.4 Definition of Requirements

The information obtained from the members of the

parade, namely the Organization, Collaborators and

Drivers allowed, after processing the data, to draw

conclusions about the main needs that an auxiliary

system to the parade’s organization should respond

to. Based on this information, the following

requirements were defined:

• Allow real-time communication between

collaborators, organizers and drivers;

• Receive / send information in real time about

events related to the parade (stoppages, breaks,

participants, among others);

• Make it possible to display the status of the

parade in real time at any point in the route on a

map (mainly for the organization);

• Transmit information to drivers about stoppages

and the fluidity of the parade.

3.5 Proposal for a Solution

The main requirement on which the whole solution

proposal is based is related to the need for

interconnection of Organizers, Collaborators and

Drivers. It is essential that the system is networked

and allows the exchange of information in real time

between these elements. It should also enable the

organization to visualize, in real time, the status of the

Parade and allow its monitoring.

After a first approach to the problem, smartphones

presented themselves as a tool with the ideal

capabilities to integrate the proposed solution. In

addition to its network connectivity capabilities, it is

possible to develop applications and the incorporation

of several sensors.

The proposed solution to solve the problem of

empty spaces, shown in Figure 4, supposes the use of

a smartphone by Organizers, Collaborators and

PARADA: Control Support System for Parades

355

Drivers, on which a certain application is executed.

This application provides relevant information about

the Parade, in real time, according to the type of user,

i.e. Organizer, Collaborator and Driver. It also

enables communication between Collaborators and

Organizers.

Moreover, it proposes a web application

(optimized for computers) for the Organization that

does not accompany the Parade on the ground.

Su btit le

Organizers

Driver

Collaborator

Organizer

Participant

Smartpho ne

Cloud

Web Server

Access Point

Database

Connection

Internet

connection

Figure 4: Schema of the proposed solution.

4 PARADA

The PARADA is composed by a mobile application,

APPARADA, which has an interface adaptive to the

type of user and by a management Web application,

GESPARADA, which incorporates a set of functions

for configuration and organization of the Procession.

The characteristics of the architecture of

PARADA presuppose the creation of a set of

heterogeneous applications to access at the same

back-end, i.e., database and computational logic. It

was decided, due to integration issues, to provide all

the functions of operation with this backend, through

a layer of services. This way, it is possible to create a

level of abstraction large enough to be easier to

implement applications on several platforms, extend

or add components or new operations to these

applications in a relatively simple way. It should be

noted that because some of these operations are

security-sensitive, security solutions have been

implemented over these services.

The RESTful architecture, Figure 6, was used to

allow access to resources through URIs (addresses)

and to use the HTTP protocol, namely the GET,

POST, PUT and DELETE verbs, to perform

operations. The data exchange is done in JSON

notation. The storage of this data is done using a

MongoDB database, type NoSQL, which stores them

in the same format. This data model substantially

facilitates the implementation and use of CRUD

(Create, Read, Update, Delete) services as it does not

require conversions.

nodeJS

MongoDB

(Database)

Mongoose Model

(CRUD Services)

Web

Socket

GET

POST

PUT

DELETE

Controller

(url)

Express

(Router)

TOKEN

JSONWebToken

Authentication/Descodification

APPARADA

GESPARADA

!TOKEN

Client side Server side

Figure 5: Architecture of the proposed solution.

4.1 GESPARADA

GESPARADA is a web application, with an interface

adapted to the theme Ace Admin

, supported by the

RESTful architecture that allows the user to define,

configure and monitor the Process. Each page

responds to at least one requirement, e.g., viewing

parade status in real time. Only Organizer users have

access to all features. This system was developed to

be generalist, i.e. support the management of several

parades and for each of them it is possible to associate

floats, their drivers and collaborators. It can be

divided into three parts for a better understanding:

• Creation of the Parade (and floats and users).

• Parade Setup:

o Allocation of floats;

o The Association of Floats to drivers;

o Association of collaborators and organizers.

• Parade Monitoring:

o See the parade in real-time on a map;

o Send / receive information messages.

4.2 APPARADA

The mobile app, APPARADA, is intended for

Android

and iOS

mobile phones. This requirement

was one of the conclusions of the collaborators survey

since, based on the answers, collaborators were using

smartphones with both systems. In order to facilitate

the development of the application, a study was made

on hybrid development platforms that support both

systems (Latif, et al., 2017) (Martinez and Lecomte,

2017) (Biswas, et al., 2013). It was decided, based

onthe development capabilities, support for both

systems and the documentation available, for a

development with React Native. React Native allows

you to develop the application for smartphones using

JavaScript and the React architecture. This tool

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enables the creation of applications that use real

components as if they were programmed in

Objective-C / Swift or Java.

The APPARADA is used in two strands, the first

focuses on the acquisition of data and the second on

the presentation of data. It can be summarized in the

following functionalities:

•

Monitor the GPS position (drivers using

APPARADA send their geographic position to

the server).

•

Monitor the Parade (based on the geographic

position, it is shown to drivers, collaborators and

organizers the distance between floats, namely

for what follows immediately in front of and

behind).

•

View of the Parade on a map (any user can see

the geographic position of the floats on a map).

The user, when opening the application, may

choose to see the parade on the map, which does not

require authentication, or else, being a Driver,

Collaborator or Organizer, can authenticate and

access the other functions dedicated to monitoring the

Parade.

Figure 6: The main interface of the APPARADA.

GPS position monitoring is a feature of the mobile

application that is only available to Driver type users.

This feature supports the parade monitoring because

it is based on the GPS coordinates acquired that the

distance calculations are carried out, through the

Distance Matrix API of Google Maps, between Floats

and what you can see of the parade on a map.

In this case, the Driver type user, after

authentication, is identified in GESPARADA as the

driver of a particular float. From that moment, it starts

to acquire GPS coordinates of the place where it is

and sends them remotely. In response, the distance in

meters from the float that follows in front of you is

shown on the screen as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: The interface for the Drivers user.

Inside the red circle of Figure 7 written the current

distance that the car 7 has towards the car 6. At the

bottom appears a message indicating which distance

should be maintained, in this case 24 meters. At the

top (after the arrow) messages are generated with

suggestions that help the driver make a decision. Both

the circle and the rectangle with suggestions change

colour according to whether or not the distance to the

car that follows is met. In particular, this functionality

is sensitive to both positive and negative distances,

i.e. if the Driver is at a lower distance than the

recommended (reference) distance it is suggested to

slow down. If you are at a greater distance than

recommended, you are advised to increase the speed.

Finally, it should be noted that this functionality

should not interfere with driving, so the interface is

only expositive. In the case of the interface (Figure 7

– middle image) for the Collaborators or Organizers

the aspect changes slightly since the use of a chat is

already foreseen for sending and receiving

information.

5 TESTS AND RESULTS

A test scenario was created for the solution proposal,

in order to obtain information on the Usability of the

System and on the User Experience.

Twelve volunteers gathered in Viana do Castelo

to walk a portion of the parade of Sr. ª D'Agonia on

foot from the start (next to the Eiffel bridge) to the

end of the avenue using the mobile application. Eight

of the volunteers have already participated in the

parade as participants and one of them has already

collaborated. The rest were spectators only. The

system's functionalities were explained and

assignments were assigned to each one.

Thus, of the twelve people, seven took the

position of user of the type driver and four of the type

Collaborator, using APPARADA. The rest was an

organizer and used the GESPARADA. In order to

PARADA: Control Support System for Parades

357

evaluate the PARADA on the part of the participants,

the System Usability Scale (Brooke and others, 1996)

and UEQ - User Experience Questionnaire (Cota, et

al., 2014) were used.

Figure 8: Photograph collected during the conducted test.

5.1 System Usability Scale (SUS)

In this case, the SUS test was used with a 5-level

Likert scale, from totally disagreeing to fully

agreeing. The PARADA Score resulting from the

evaluation, based on the responses to the SUS survey,

is 69.4. The SUS Score predicts a ranking above the

average for values greater than 68. Thus, PARADA

is considered good in terms of usability (Bangor et al.,

2009).

62.6

70.5

77.8

90.1 “best imaginable”

85.5 “excellent”

71.4 “good”

50.9 “ok”

35.7 “poor”

20.3 “awful”

12.5 “worst imaginable”

69.4

PARADA

Figure 9: SUS evaluation score levels.

5.2 User Experience Questionnaire

(UEQ)

To classify the PARADA through the UEQ test, the

Portuguese version (Cota, et al., 2014) was used with

a questionnaire composed of twenty-six items

grouped into six characteristics. In the graphic of

Figure 10 it is possible to see the classification of the

application, based on the obtained answers.

In this evaluation it is possible to verify that the

efficiency has a level almost below the average that is

identified with the failures in the acquisition of the

GPS coordinates. Moreover, at the interface level all

functions performed without any problem, both at the

level of APPARADA and at the level of

GESPARADA.

Figure 10: UEQ evaluation graphic.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The proposed solution, known as PARADA, has the

main goal of helping the organization of the parade

and its organizers, Drivers and collaborators, to carry

out their tasks in a more assertive and easy way.

Drivers, using APPARADA, can consult the

mobile application to check if they are complying

with the distance between vehicles. At the same time,

Collaborators can control this distance and receive or

send information to other Collaborators and

Organization through a chat. With this

communication model it is possible, at any point in

the parade, to have the information exchanged in real

time. This factor is crucial to keep the parade orderly

and also to give a quick response when unforeseen

events occur. In addition, the application allows you

to see the positioning of all Floats on the map,

including the description of each one, which also

allows anyone to identify the float and where it is.

At GESPARADA, the organization has at its

disposal a detailed information panel on each float,

including a map with the positioning along the route.

With this information it is possible that the organizers

anticipate possible empty spaces even before they

happen.

Finally, it should be noticed that this system

serves as support to the organizers and not as a

complete automation substitute of the human

component of the organization, as the event has a

huge complexity and there is vast amount of existing

distributed knowledge that will be bewildering to

model. Thus, the intended developed system -

-1,00

-0,50

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

Excellent

Good

Above Average

Below Average

Bad

Mean

ICINCO 2019 - 16th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics

358

PARADA should be used to support decision making

regarding control and coordination, i.e. as a control

support system.

This work was always developed with close

proximity to the users, and a survey was carried out

based on queries and an interview that allowed the

identification of the main problems and the main

expectations of the various collaborators. The

developed system was tested, namely through the

simulation of a mini parade, after which it was

verified the fulfilment of the requirements of

functionality as well as usability and user experience.

The results are very promising, however, some

interface situations have to be corrected, as well as to

perfect any problems of precision in obtaining

coordinates that, if they occur, can have a negative

impact on the usefulness of the proposed solution.

The use of Bluetooth devices to improve position

accuracy and robustness to GPS errors/faults is being

considered in the future developments. Our intention

is to validate the presented system by using it in a real

parade (namely the Nossa Senhora D’Agonia Parade)

and measuring the impact and its benefits with respect

to the existing organizational model and tools.

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