The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from

Business Perspective

Maria Harliyono and Priskila

Master of Business of Administration (MBA), Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, Sudirman, Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Circular Economy, Waste Management, Plastic Waste in Indonesia, Business Role in Making Indonesia More

Circular, Waste Reduction, Sustainable.

Abstract: A circular economy is an economic system where products and services are traded in closed loops or ‘cycles'.

A circular economy is characterized as an economy which is regenerative by design, with the aim to retain as

much value as possible of products, parts, and materials. This means that the aim should be to create a system

that allows for the long life, optimal reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling of products and

materials (Kraaijenhagen, Van Oppen & Bocken. 2016, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016). Indonesia's

economic and population growth has been accompanied by the depletion of natural resources and major

environmental pollution. This study is conducted to highlight the importance of circular economy in Indonesia

due to the high number of waste produced annually without proper management. Indonesia is the second

waste producer (TheJakartaPost, 2015) and four of Indonesia’s rivers are within the 20 most polluted rivers

in the world (The Conversation, 2016). Projected by the Indonesian Misnistry of Environment and Forestry

waste projection will increase by 5 million tons by 2025 and without action taken, global waste is projected

to grow 70% by 2050 (World Bank, 2018). By implementing a circular economy, waste can be transformed

into resources which, aside from reducing the human ecological footprint, it would be beneficial for business

who knows how to utilize this concept.

1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of doing this study is to help Indonesian

to start realizing that the current consumption habits

are creating a lot of waste that is difficult to

decompose, recycle and re-new which will lead to

depletion of resources. By implementing a circular

economy, Indonesia might produce lesser waste, the

country will be cleaner, people will be healthier, and

the degradation of ecosystems can be minimized.

According to news published by the European

Parliament, the circular economy is very important

because as the world's population is growing and

demand crucial raw materials and energy increasing,

our world is heading to scarcity. With applying

circular economy, pressure on the environment could

be reduced and it will also stimulate innovation and

boost economic growth by creating jobs.

To understand the scale of the problem that the

world is facing against plastic pollution, we ought to

understand various elements of plastic production,

distribution, and the waste management chain. In

September 2018, a study of plastic pollution is

conducted by Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser to

highlight data of world plastic waste (Hannah Ritchie

and Max Roser (2019). Hannah and Max (2018) also

listed down some importance of plastic management

by reminding their reader that:

 Plastic pollution is having a negative impact on

our oceans and wildlife health

 High-income countries tend to generate more

plastic waste per person. (Higher

consumption/purchase ability per person)

 How plastic waste is managed determines its risk

of entering the ocean. High-income countries

have very effective waste management systems;

mismanaged waste, and ocean inputs are therefore

low. Poor waste management across many

middles- and low-income countries means they

dominate the sources of global ocean plastic

pollution.

 This makes the improvement of waste

management systems across the world critical to

addressing plastic pollution.

Harliyono, M. and Priskila, .

The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective.

DOI: 10.5220/0008431303630372

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pages 363-372

ISBN: 978-989-758-408-4

363

 Overall, approximately 80 percent of ocean

plastics come from land-based sources, and 20

percent from the marine.

Figure 1: Mismanaged Waste (% global total), 2010.

(Source: Jambeck et al., (2015)).

Figure 2: Cumulative Global Plastics Production. (Source:

Geyer et al., (2017)).

Figure 3: Share of Plastic Waste that is Inadequately

Managed, 2010. (Source: Jambeck et al., (2015)).

On figure 1. shows how crucial Indonesia have to

start transitioning from linear to a circular economy,

particularly in plastic waste, as Indonesia represent

20% of global total mismanaged plastic waste in the

world.

Figure 4: Plastic Waste Generation, 2010. (Source: OWID

based on Jambeck et al., (2015) & World Bank).

By 2015, Our World in Data shows that the world

has produced 7.8 billon tonnes of plastic (≥ 1 tonne of

plastic per person).

From Figure 3 and 4, calculated that Indonesia

contributes 4.09 million tonnes in creating un-

recycled plastic waste per year.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Linear Economy, the way our industrial economy has

been carried out over the last 150 years. It is a one-

way model of production and consumption in which

goods are manufacture from raw materials, sold,

used, and the incinerated or discarded as waste

(Thibaut. W, 2018). The concept of a circular

economy has been discussed since the 1970s.

However, the system just got more attention lately,

moreover from global companies and policymakers.

In the World Economic Forum 2012 in Davos, the

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) and McKinsey

Company published a report which evaluates the

potential benefits of the transition to a circular

economy (CE): it could create an opportunity of

US$630 billion a year for only a subset of the EU

manufacturing sectors (Ellen MacArthur Foundation

(2012, p. 5)).

The European Commission has been emphasizing

on the importance of the circular economy, and the

Government of Netherlands has been progressing

with this new system. "The world population is

growing, and this is affecting the environment. To

ensure there are enough food, water, and prosperity

in 2050, we need to switch from a linear to a circular

economy. That's why the government has developed

the Government-wide programme for a Circular

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

364

Economy. The aim is to ensure healthy and safe living

and working conditions, and cause less harm to the

environment." (Netherlands Government Website,

2019).

Such an economy is based on a few simple

principles, as shown in Figure 6. First, at its core, a

circular economy aims to design out waste. Waste

does not exist: products are designed and optimized

for a cycle of disassembly and reuse. These tight

component and product cycles define the circular

economy and set it apart from disposal and even

recycling, where large amounts of embedded energy

and labour are lost. Second, circularity introduces a

strict differentiation between consumable and durable

components of a product. Unlike today, consumables

in the circular economy are largely made of biological

ingredients or ‘nutrients' that are at least non-toxic

and possibly even beneficial, and can safely be

returned to the biosphere, either directly or in a

cascade of consecutive uses. Durables such as

engines or computers, on the other hand, are made of

technical nutrients unsuitable for the biosphere, such

as metals and most plastics. These it is calculated

from the start for reuse, and products subject to rapid

technological advance, for an upgrade. Third, the

energy required to fuel this cycle should be renewable

by nature, again to decrease resource dependence and

increase systems resilience (McDonough, W.,

Braungart, M., Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way

We Make Things, New York: North Point Press,

2002).

Figure 5: From Linear to Circular Economy

Source: Netherlands Government Website, 2019

https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-

a-linear-to-a-circular-economy.

The two Towards the Circular Economy reports

published by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation

provide ample evidence that circularity has started to

make inroads into the linear economy and has moved

beyond proof of concept. A number of businesses are

already thriving on it. Innovative products and

contracts designed for the circular economy are

already available in a variety of forms—from

innovative designs of daily materials and products

(e.g., biodegradable food packaging and easy-to-

disassemble office printers) to pay-per-use contracts

(for tyres for instance). Demonstrably, these

examples have in common that they have focused on

optimizing total systems performance rather than that

of a single component.

Figure 6: The Circular Economy - an industrial system that

is restorative by design. (Source: World Economic Forum,

2019 by Ellen MacArthur Foundation circular economy

team drawing from Braungart & McDonough and Cradle to

Cradle (C2C)).

Source: Ellen MacArthur Foundation circular economy team

3 METHODOLOGY

Analysing secondary data based on Circular

Economy literature review and the content of this

desk review is based on information that collected

The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective

365

through a systematic review of the relevant document

such as books, journals, scientific research, website,

and opinion from the experts in the relevant area and

other trusted information in the world. A desk review

was an implementation model that has been taken

based on data and statements from The Ministry of

Environment and Forestry Indonesia, The European

Economy: From a Linear to a Circular Economy

Report, and other journals, websites, and scientific

researches that related with the Circular Economic

content. However, the limitation of a desk review

approach is that reseachers only can found and rely

on data that is already available on the sources. The

new concept of Circular Economy from linear to

circular and it benefits needs to be describe more

comprehend and clear for measuring the Circular

Economy through specific indicators that make it

successful in implementing. The indicators of the

Circular Economy rely on six basic principles that

should be known and observed (Circle Economy,

2015a) is the infinite nature of matter and material

cycle, the use of renewable energy, supporting

ecosystemic services and natural capital, supporting

healthcare and human activity, supporting society and

culture, the generation of value – both financial and

of other types. But, this research is focused on waste

plastic management that would be reduced through

Cicular Economy concept.

Thus, the World Bank has developed over 50

specific environment and sustainable development

related indicators; Eurostat has developed 32

indicators to measure the efficiency of resources use,

and UN environment has developed indicators for

sustainables development. The main point of

indicators which are the five common areas; resource

productivity, environment related issues, economic

opportunities, social aspects, waste management

(Åkerman, 2016; p. 23).

Resources Efficiency

Indicator Sub-classes:

 Energy consumption

 Consumption of resources Ecological

efficiency

 Ecological footprint

 Consumption patterns

 Organic farming

 Land use

Indicators:

 Consumption of natural resources

 The consumption of timber

 Energy consumption

 The use of renewable energy

 The proportion of renewable energy by

sources

 Domestic material consumption, calculated

by material types

 The rate of the surfaces occupied by organic

farms / total area used in agriculture

 Energy consumption calculated in terms of

the type of transportation Investment in road

infrastructure by types - Annual energy

consumption / per capita

 The rate of energy consumption covered by

renewable sources

Environment and Components

Indicator Sub-classes:

 Climate change

 Biodiversity

 Eco systemic services

Indicators:

 Artificial land

 Energy consumption

 Natural capital

 The level of CO2 emissions

 The ratio of forests affected by deforestation

 The ratio of total area running the risk of soil

erosion

Economic Development

Indicator Sub-classes:

 Investment Competitiveness Profitability

 Returns Economic value

 Market diversity

Indicators:

 GDP/capita

 The rate of GDP growth

 The rate of inflation

 Net national income (% of GDP)

 Total expenditure on research development

(% of GDP)

 Public expenditure on education (% of GDP)

Population

Indicator Sub-classes:

 Access to the labour market

 Poverty

 Consumption behaviour

 The protection of human health

 Food safety

 Society and culture

 Education

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

366

Indicators:

 Sanitation services

 Indicators referring to human health The

unemployment rate

 The poverty rate

 Healthy life expectancy by gender

 Expenditure on healthcare (% of GDP)

 The number and size of households

 Mean years of schooling

Waste Management

Indicator Sub-classes:

 Recycling

o 3R

o 7R

Indicator:

 The amount of waste collected/capita

 The production of hazardous waste

/economic activities

 The population connected to the waste water

treatment system

 Solid waste derived from industrial and

household consumption

 Radioactive waste management

Waste recycling and reuse

Source: Quantitive Approach to Circular Economy in

the OECD Countries (2018), apud. Akerman (2016).

3.1 Research Limitations

The limitation of this study is for lack of business

stakeholders to realize how to impact the plastic

waste for the environment and the company it self. It

might be happened for the hiding components or

under reporting issues around these Circular

Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective. In

the other hand, the more information about the

companies program that has been implemented

before is needed to fulfill the completeness of this

study field about the plastic waste issues in Indonesia.

The limitation of this study is a very short time and

the less of the fact of implementation quantitive data

that can get from the business stakeholders. So far,

information that has collected from various literature

are so complex and sometimes contradictory. The

very large number indicators that used in the analysis

carrying the readers unto a general waste reduction.

However, such data can be used in analizing the

pollution due to the use of inefficient plastic waste

reduction.

4 DISCUSSION

From all information that we have got, the conclusion

of this study is based on regulation as written in act

No. 18/2008 that the Indonesian government should

do the targets in implementing of good waste

management especially in plastic reduction. As the

Presidential regulation number 97/2017 on national

policy, household and company must have their

strategy to manage their waste properly. The

programs will be started from reducing waste by 3R

(reduce-reuse-recycle) until 30% to 2025, while

target a reduction plastic waste as much as 70% in

2025 Coordinating Ministy for Marine Affairs

Republic of Indonesia, 2018). There would be five

strategies in national action plans which are;

behavioural change, reduced land-based leakage,

reduce sea-based leakage, enhanced law enforcement

and financial, also reseach and development in

implementing integrated manner on plastic waste

reduction at sea.

Based on the regulation No. 83 the year 2018

about garbage handling sea, there would be five

startegies in national action plans which are;

1. Behavioral Change

Educate youth, campaign, increase awareness,

awards, school curriculum, and train waste

sorting.

2. Reducing Leaks Through Land

Solid waste management, recycking industries are

producing bio / degradable plastics, reuse of

plastic waste (plastic asphalt roads) handling

plastic waste from housing and rivers, and also

payable plastic bags.

3. Reducing Waste Leakage from Activities at

Sea

Reception facilities at ports, bilateral and regional

collaborations, collecting plastic waste from

coastal and marine areas, plastic waste

management in tourism.

4. Law Reinforcement and Funding

Supervision and monitoring, financing

commitments, public heatlh, and ecological risk

assesments due to microplastic, application of

incentives, and disincentives.

5. Research and Development

Biodegradable plastic from

cassava/seaweed/palm oil, impact on human

health, innovation, and technology for the circular

economy, and waste to energy solutions.

The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective

367

Target reduction of ocean waste 2018-2015 with a

total estimate of plastic waste 1,692 million ton/year

BPS and Inaplas (Kemenperin). Total of National

waste is 65.8 million ton (Jakstranas LKHK 2017).

Meanwhile, this target is also needing more support

from the government as well as written ini policy

transformation (Law No. 18/2008, Govt Reg No.

81/2012, and Presidential Decree No. 97/2017).

Shifting the paradigm from the the upstream to the

downstream (before the law, law implementation,

until the advance implementation). The advance

implementation refers to the Circular Economy which

means, that would be less waste by design, make

waste a new life as long as possible sustainable cities

and communities, and also responsible consumption

and production. As a solid waste potential, plastic has

become the 2nd largest amount that possible to

pollute the environment (MoEF Indonesia, 2016-

2017).

On the mainland, Circular Economy concept on

solid waste management (Ministerial Decree

No.13/2012). The integrated solid waste management

program is managed by the source to the final

treatment (TPA) with promoting the 3R (reduce-

reuse-recycle) and the Circular Economy may use the

concepts of “Waste Bank Mechanism”. The works of

waste bank program is a kind of solid waste facility

that managed by community (informal sector) to

collect re-cycle solid waste by educating people to do

segregation the waste from the source and bring it’s

waste to the waste bank, including the separation of

organic trash, plastic, and organic. The scheme would

be the easiest way to succeed in the program and

becoming the customs conducted routine and

compulsory by the community around. After that, the

community will get the benefit such as the garbage

that has been separated and grouped by type,

especially plastic waste that can then be used as a

livelihood for the local community. Besides that, the

results of the exchange of waste in the community

banks of this waste will then give some money to

those who have passed it instead of the trash.

The impact of the implementation of 3R program

solid waste management through the waste bank to

promote resource efficiency and Circular Economy.

In 2017, the total waste bank was about 5.244

spreading in 34 provinces and 219 cities in Indonesia.

But, need more time and an excellent method to make

this program massive in Indonesia. There are several

benefits in social, environmental, and economic

benefits from the Circular Economy of the waste

bank;

1. Increase solid waste treated in the source

(ton/year)

2. Create job opportunity for community

3. Contribute to the national waste reduction

4. More Circular Economy (Income)

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

368

From the perceptions of companies who have

implemented the circular economy shows the

commitment of the companies that have supported

this movement and want to reduce the use of plastic

waste to the impact of the use of plastic waste. As an

example of the circular motion of the real economy,

Unilever argues that plastic packaging plays a critical

role in making our products appealing, safe, and

enjoyable for our consumers “So we've committed to

ensuring that all of our plastic packagings is fully

reusable, recyclable or compostable by 2025.”

Nestle aiming to make it’s packaging recyclable

or re-usable by 2025, "Nestle believes that there is an

urgent need to minimize the impact of packaging on

the environment.”

Danone,-AQUA plastic pladge, as a pioneer, an

iconic brand has the opportunity to drive change at

scale. "Against a backdrop of rapid advancement in

technology and increasing consumer concern about

plastic waste, now is the time for AQUA to use it’s

voice and act.”

4.1 Commercial Opportunities Today

In developing countries, more circular opportunities

are lost at the manufacturing stage. In developed

countries, losses are more heavily concentrated at the

consumer level (Arthur M, 2013). Especially in

packaging that would be more time for circulation

and end of life materials can be cycled back through

one of two forms: either recycling the materials or

returning nutrients to the soil via biodegradable

packaging.

Recycling – solution when it is able to reuse and

renew the plastic packaging from the trash and with

the environmental friendly compositions. Arthur M,

2013 also said that this case shows a profit of nearly

USD per tonne of plastic collected fro recycling. In

parallel, more thoughtful product design and material

choices should also significantly improve recovery

and regeneration solutions.

Biodegradable packaging - more choice that

correctly and become the alternative solution when

using packaging return of bio-based materials such as

seaweed or cassava. The lack of this packaging

materials are currently more expensive than

traditional packaging but, right now that problems are

being developing and could allow the profitable

evolution of biodegradable packaging. As Steve

Sharp, executive director of marketing at Marks &

Spencer, says: “Not many years ago people would

have been incredulous at the idea of routinely

recycling bottles and plastic, yet this is now

commonplace behavior. We want to try to achieve

that same shift of behavior with our Shwopping

campaign and make recycling clothes a habit”.

4.2 Accounting for the Business and

Economic Benefits

Based on research for the fast-moving consumer

goods could be much ad USD 700 billion per annum

in material savings or a recurring 1.1 per cent of 2010

GD, all net of materials used in the reverse-cycle

processes. Also, those materials savings would

represent about 20 per cent of the materials input

costs incurred by the consumer goods industry. In

addition, by 2030 the prize could be much more than

700 billion and we expect to see circular business

models accounting for a large part of the global bio-

value chains.so, it is not distant worls, investors,

managers, and regulators will be talking about how

companies get going and start learning how to

hybridise their business models for markets that will

be worth well over USD 25 trillion.

Refers to a potential consumption time bomb,

there will be 1.1 billions more people, shift to

packaged products, 1.8 billion more middle class

consumers, and much greater waste at the end of life.

Food (caloric consumption) will increase 24%, food

spending will increase 57%, packaging will increase

47%, and end of life materials will increase 41%

(Macarthur, E. (2013).

The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective

369

5 RESULTS

The finding of this study is that Indonesia still

produces way more plastics than the capacity to

manage plastic waste. It is true that the government

has become more aware of this matter. Thus the

nudge for action is still very low. The data that

supports this finding is mentioned in the introduction

of the study. Indonesia produces approximately 5.05

million tonnes of plastic waste, which 81% of them

are inadequately managed (Jambeck et al. (2015) &

World Bank). Government policy shows that law

No.18/2008 been a long time make laws that govern

about plastic waste, but there is no effort that looks

good from the support of the Government in

providing support for the company nor the

community to attempt to separate the plastic waste

and avoid their use.

Companies such as Danone, Nestle, and others

have been doing their action in conducting prevention

and solution to cope with a large number of plastic

waste in Indonesia but their promotion is still very

minimal, and there is no notice that opens in the

media, as well as people, make the image as if they

did not contribute. It still needs publications and more

awareness from society. Through these events we can

see the concern of society increased based on the

Whale who died because they ate the plastic that

seems right to prey they can eat like a jellyfish

because of the physical form and colour resemble the

shape and It turns out that after stranded inland

content body filled with plastic waste with a number

of 5.9 kilograms.

As a first step, we can do is being more aware and

plan to have started at the individual level, base on

article (wwf, 2018):

 Recycle everthing you can.

 Use your own cutlery, food containers, and

KeepCups when getting a takeaway, rather than

using disposable alternatives.

 Participate in beach or community cleans-ups.

 Tell the waiter to hold the straw when purchasing

drinks.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Throughout the study, we have seen progress on how

Indonesia wants to make a more sustainable way of

consumption. The circular economy has become a

focus for the government, although to create this

system, not only the government that needs to play a

role. The citizen/society, education institution, and

businesses have also taken their roles to make this

system works better and make it be more effective.

We believe there are still things that can be

improved in order to create sustainable Indonesia.

a. Product Design from nature that has good

monetary value and meet environmental friendly

standard.

b. More awareness and education on the impact of

circular economy (ex: what will happen if the

population keep increasing, resources keep

depleting and no action taken)

c. Government policy to encourage businesses to

make the sustainable product more favorable (ex:

less tax for easier product recycle process &

subsidize project for recycling system or

development or more circular products)

d. Government to make standard criteria for goods

production along with having a certification

institution for environmentally friendly

goods/products.

e. Renew the system of waste collection to create

more effective recycling process especially

household, office and restaurant waste.

REFERENCES

Accenture. (2015). CEO Guide to The Circular Economy.

wbcsd.

Bank, W. (2018). Strengthening Competitiveness.

Indonesia: The World Bank.

Macarthur, E. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy 1st

Edition. United Kingdom: Ellen Macarthur Foundation.

Macarthur, E. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy 2nd

Edition. United Kingdom: The Ellen Macarthur

Foundation.

Macarthur, E. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy 3rd

Edition. United Kingdom: Ellen Macarthur Foundation.

Aqua, D. (2018). Accelerate Collection and Recycling thru

#BijakBerplastik movement. EU-Indonesia Business

Dialogue. Jakarta: PRAISE.

D. B. (2018). Circular Economy Opportunities in

Indonesia. Circular Economy: Maximizing Business

Through Sustainable Practice. Jakarta: Coordinating

Ministry for Maritime Affairs Republic of Indonesia.

Dhewanthi, L. (2018). From Waste Reduction Toward

Cicular Economy Implementation in Indonesia. Green

Industry Conference. Bangkok, Thailand: ESCAP.

Ratnawati, R. V. (2018). The Implmentation of Circular

Economy in Indonesia. EU-Indonesia Business

Dialogue. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment anf

Forestry Republic of Indonesia.

Macarthur, E. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy.

United Kingdom: The Ellen Macarthur Foundation.

Parliament, E. (2016). New Circular Economy Package.

Europe: European Union.

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

370

C. C., L. A., M. B., & C. T. (2018). Quantitative Approach

to Circular Economy in the OECD Countries.

Amfiteatru Economic, 266-268.

F. B. (2014). The European Economy: From a Linear to a

Circular Economy. Romanian Journal of European

Affairs, 1-3.

Adebayo, Z. (2018, February 26). borgenproject.org.

Retrieved January 12, 2019, from borgenproject.org:

https://borgenproject.org/tag/plastic-pollution-in-

indonesia/

Alvionitasari, R. (2016, February 21). en.tempo.co.

Retrieved December 2018, 21, from en.tempo.co:

https://en.tempo.co/read/746875/indonesia-produce-

64-million-tons-of-waste-annually-ministry

Andra, R. (2018, September 30). medium.com. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from medium.com:

https://medium.com/@reiga.andra/shifting-the-

paradigm-indonesia-waste-management-from-linear-

to-circular-economy-5454d321f0cb

Antara. (2018, December 14). en.tempo.co. Retrieved

December 21, 2018, from en.tempo.co:

https://en.tempo.co/read/923598/batam-

administration-rejects-plan-to-import-plastic-

waste/full&view=ok

Ariffin, E. (2018, July 6). theaseanpost.com. Retrieved

December 21, 2018, from theaseanpost.com:

https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesias-plastic-

waste-problem-0

Bank, W. (2018, September 20). worldbank.org. Retrieved

December 21, 2018, from worldbank.org:

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-

release/2018/09/20/global-waste-to-grow-by-70-

percent-by-2050-unless-urgent-action-is-taken-world-

bank-report

Bin, C. (2016). http://chartsbin.com. Retrieved January 13,

2019, from http://chartsbin.com:

http://chartsbin.com/view/2438

Brucker, D. (2017, November 14). rubiconglobal.com.

Retrieved January 12, 2019, from rubiconglobal.com:

https://www.rubiconglobal.com/blog-statistics-trash-

recycling/

Counts, T. W. (n.d.). theworldcounts.com. Retrieved

December 12, 2019, from theworldcounts.com:

http://www.theworldcounts.com/counters/shocking_en

vironmental_facts_and_statistics/world_waste_facts

ESCAP, U. (n.d.). unescap.org. Retrieved January 5, 2019,

from unescap.org: https://www.unescap.org/sites/

default/files/03.Li_Yang_2.pdf

F. B. (2014). The European Economy: From a Linear to a

Circular Economy. Romanian Journal of European

Affairs, 1-3.

Group, W. B. (2018, September 26). worldbank.org.

Retrieved January 13, 2019, from worldbank.org:

https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overvie

H. R., & M. R. (2018, September). ourworldindata.org.

Retrieved January 12, 2019, from ourworldindata.org:

https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution#ocean-

plastic-sources-land-vs-marine

Harvey, G. (2018, May 17). politico.eu. Retrieved

December 21, 2018, from politico.eu:

https://www.politico.eu/article/ranking-how-eu-

countries-do-with-the-circular-economy/

Iles, J. (2018, July 9). medium.com. Retrieved December

21, 2018, from medium.com:

https://medium.com/circulatenews/which-country-is-

leading-the-circular-economy-shift-3670467db4bb

Jong, H. N. (2015, October 9). thejakartapost.co. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from thejakartapost.co:

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/09/indo

nesia-state-waste-emergency.html

Krisyanidayati. (2018, December 16). Tribunnews.com.

Retrieved December 21, 2018, from

Bangka.tribunnews.com:

http://bangka.tribunnews.com/2018/12/16/kurangi-

penggunaan-sampah-plastik-pemprov-wacanakan-

buat-perda

MacArthur, E. (2018, December 21). The Circular

Economy. United Kingdom, England.

Network, D. F. (2018, November 30). en.wikipedia.org.

Retrieved January 12, 2019, from en.wikipedia.org:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ec

ological_footprint

Network, G. F. (n.d.). footprintnetwork.org. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from footprintnetwork.org:

https://www.footprintnetwork.org/

Parliament, E. (2016). New Circular Economy Package.

Europe: European Union.

Pitoko, R. A. (2018, July 27). ekonomi.kompas.com.

Retrieved December 21, 2018, from kompas.com:

https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/07/27/140000

326/klhk-godok-dua-peraturan-menteri-untuk-atasi-

sampah-plastik

Purningsih, D. (2, January 19). greeners.co. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from greeners.co:

https://www.greeners.co/berita/penerapan-circular-

economy-pengelolaan-sampah-belum-maksimal/

R, J. J. (2015, February 13). earthday.org. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from earthday.org:

https://www.earthday.org/2018/04/06/top-20-

countries-ranked-by-mass-of-mismanaged-plastic-

waste/

Statistics, U. N. (2018, December 2018). quandl.com.

Retrieved December 21, 2018, from quandl.com:

https://www.quandl.com/data/UENV/WASTE_IDN-

Waste-Statistics-in-Indonesia

Union, E. (2018, October 25). ec.europa.eu. Retrieved

January 13, 2019, from ec.europa.eu:

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-

2019/vella/blog/can-indonesia-be-regional-leader-

circular-economy_en

Union, E. (2018, October 26). eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved

January 14, 2019, from eeas.europa.eu:

https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/indonesia/52900/eu-

indonesia-business-dialogue-2018-indonesia-stands-

gain-adopting-circular-economy_en

Wang, B. (2017, October 24). nextbigfuture.com. Retrieved

January 13, 2019, from nextbigfuture.com:

https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/10/china-should-

The Importance of Circular Economy for Indonesia from Business Perspective

371

grow-to-world-bank-high-income-definition-around-

2023.html

Wardhani, D. (2018, July 9). thejakartapost.com. Retrieved

January 12, 2019, from thejakartapost.com:

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/09/ri-

pushes-for-implementation-of-circular-economy.html

Wright, T., & Waddell, D. S. (2017, September 5).

theconversation.com. Retrieved December 21, 2018,

from theconversation.com:

http://theconversation.com/how-can-indonesia-win-

against-plastic-pollution-80966

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

372