The Enrichment of Indonesian Culture through Translation

TMA. Kristanto

Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University, Kusumanegara St. No. 57, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Cultural words, Enrichment of Culture, Translation Ideology, Domestication, Foreignization.

Abstract: Globalization enables people to be a part of a global community and live with global cultures. Nowadays,

modern transportations and the advancement of information technology ease people to interact. Their

interaction through different languages will automatically make a ‘dialog’ among cultures possible. Besides,

translation also plays an important role in the spread of global cultures. As language is a part of human culture,

inevitably, there is an exchange of cultures between the languages involved. This paper discusses the

enrichment of Indonesian culture though translation from English into Indonesian. In the translation process,

cultural words in English as the source language (SL) are transferred into Indonesian as the second language

(TL). To illustrate how English words have entered Indonesian vocabulary, some works of translation

including letters, novel, and textbook from English into Indonesian were investigated. As a result, it was

revealed that English words are incorporated into Indonesian vocabulary through different ways which are

classified into four types, namely (1) Pure borrowing (loanword), (2) Naturalized Borrowing, (3) Natural

Equivalent, and (5) Created Equivalent. The latter, then, results in similar type called Newly Localized

Equivalent. Besides, it is inferred that the influencing factors are the Indonesian goverment’s policy and the

widening scope if cultural words.

1 INTRODUCTION

In the global era, where we live now, borders among

countries are no longer restrictions for citizens to

interact. The advancement of technology in forms of

modern transportation and information technology

makes it all possible. Nowadays, people can easily

reach different places overseas by modern subways,

ships, and planes. Besides, they can interact with

other people including those in distant places through

their cell phones and internet. They can access any

information and knowledge with ease. Through their

interaction with different people and languages,

inevitably, there will be an exchange of culture.

People will not only learn their own cultures, but they

will learn the cultures of others. Interdependence is

the watchword for a world beset by obstacles to

understanding. As Godev said we learn our way out

of isolation, out of misperception of others, into

networks and communities large and small, physical

and virtual (2018:vii).

Another activity that also contributes to the

enrichment of culture is translation. It is also

considered as one of the entry points through which

foreign cultures can be learned by translation readers.

The case also happens to Indonesian culture.

Therefore, the situation is interesting to be discussed

in this paper. Many culturally specific items in

English have enriched local cultures through the

transference of the cultural words into Indonesian. In

this case, English is called the source language (SL),

while Indonesian is the target language (TL).

However, as a matter of fact, not only the culturally

specific items that have enriched the wealth of

Indonesian culture, but also other lexical items, like

technical terms. The stocks of foreign words or terms

in the long run have enriched Indonesian vocabularies

through the translation of many sources, like

textbooks, literary works, holy books, documents,

manuals, news, and advertisements. It is clear now

that language and translation process have made a

‘dialog’ among various cultures possible.

Language and culture are two entities which are

closely related. In fact, the two can be distinguished

but not separated. To show the close relationship

between language and culture, Lotman, as well as

Sapir and Whorf, stated that ‘No language can exist

unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no

culture can exist which does not have at its center, the

structure of natural language.” Furthermore, he said

Kristanto, T.

Enrichment of Indonesian Culture through Translation.

DOI: 10.5220/0008545100510058

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities (ICONARTIES 2019), pages 51-58

ISBN: 978-989-758-450-3

that language is the heart within the body of culture,

and it is the interaction between the two that results in

the continuation of life-energy. In the same way that

the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the

body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text

in isolation from the culture at his peril (in Bassnett,

2005: 23).

The principles of translating texts are based on

diverse definitions of translation. One of the

definitions is proposed by Larson (1998:6) stating

that the best translation is the one which (1) uses the

normal language forms of the receptor language, (2)

communicates, as much as possible, to the receptor

language speakers the same meaning that was

understood by the speakers of the source language,

and (3) maintains the dynamics of the source

language text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the

source language text means that the translation is

presented in such a way that it will, hopefully, evoke

the same response as the source text attempted to

evoke. He added that to do effective translation, a

translator must discover the meaning of the source

language and use receptor languge forms which

express it in a natural way. However, to certain words

or terms whose concepts do not exist or are not

recognized in the receptor language are still used as

pure borrowings (loanwords), while others have been

naturalized or have got their equivalents.

Both pure and naturalized borrowings, as well as

the items which have got equivalents, in principles,

have enriched the cultures of Indonesia. Some

examples of cultural words are ‘hamburger’, ‘villa’,

‘keramik’ (Engl. ‘ceramic’), ‘direktur’ (Engl.

‘director’), ‘pramugari’ (Engl. stewardess) and ‘wali

kota’ (Engl. mayor). Those examples show that,

realized or not, Indonesian have benefited from the

interaction of cultures in which many of them are as

a result of translation process. Those lexicons have

colored our daily expressions or utterances that

enable us to communicate many things. Now, the

problems are (1) how are the English cultural terms

incorporated into Indonesian vocabulary? and (2)

what factors cause the enrichment of Indonesian

culture?

2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

Many scholars and experts have proposed their

definitions of translation. Though they are on the

same ground, they tend to vary in defining the activity

of translation. One of the definitions is proposed by

Larson (1984:3) stating that translation consists of

studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the

source text (ST), analyzing it in order to determine its

meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning

using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are

appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural

context. From the definition, it is said that a translator

tries to reconstruct the meaning in the target text (TT)

that is the same as its meaning in ST by considering

the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication

situation, and cultural context of both ST and TT.

Culture is one of important factors that is

influential in transferring the meaning or message

from ST to TT. The reason is that the language pairs

do not only have their own linguistic structures, but

they also have different cultural backgrounds. Related

to the culture, Tischler defines it as all that human

beings learn or do, to use, to produce, to know, and to

believe as they grow to maturity and live out their

lives in the social groups to which they belong

(1996:70). Meanwhile, Newmark defines culture as

the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar

to a community that uses a particular language as a

means of expression (1988:94). Then, he divides it

into seven categories, they are (1) ecology which

covers flora, fauna, wind, valley, and mountains, (2)

material culture or artefact which covers food, cloth,

housing and city, transportation (3) social culture

which covers work and leisure, (4) organization

which covers customs, activities, procedures,

political and administrative concepts, religion, arts,

and (5) gestures and habits.

In line with the definitions of culture above, Katan

(1999/2004) in Routledge Encyclopedia of

Translation Studies (2009:70) states,

‘Until the birth of anthropology, culture referred

exclusively to the humanist ideal of what was

considered ‘civilized’ in a developed society. Since

then, a second meaning of culture as the way of life of

a people has become influential. With the development

of disciplines such as cultural studies, a third meaning

has emerged which attempts to identify political or

ideological reasons for specific cultural behavior.’

Therefore, in translating culturally specific items,

a translator does not only try to discover their

equivalents in linguistic aspects, namely words,

phrases, clauses and sentences from the SL into the

TL, but also to discover the cultural equivalents

which cover those linguistic aspects from the SL into

the TL, and the proper translation strategies to

describe something in another language.

In translating meanings or messages from SL into

TL, a translator employs certain methods or

procedures. According to Vinay and Darbelnet in

Venuti (2000: 84-93), there are seven methods or

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

procedures of translating, namely (1) Borrowing, a

word taken from another language, e.g., the English

word ‘bulldozer’ has been incorporated directly into

other languages. This method is further distinguished

into ‘Pure and Naturalized borrowings’ by Molina

and Albir (2002:510). Pure borrowing is to take a

word or expression from another language without

any change, while Naturalized borrowing is done

with change to fit the spelling rules in TL; (2) Calque,

a foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated

into another language, e.g., ‘fin de semaine’ from the

English ‘weekend’. (3) Literal Translation, word for

word translation, e.g., ‘The ink is on the table’ and

‘L’encre est sur la table’. (4) Transposition, a shift of

word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition

e.g., ‘Expéditeur’ and ‘From’. When there is a shift

between two signifiers, it is called crossed

transposition, e.g., ‘He limped across the street’ and

‘Il a traversé la rue en boitant’. (5) Modulation, a shift

in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift

between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift

in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet

postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for

concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for

the whole, geographical change, etc., e.g., the

geographical modulation between ‘encre de Chine’

and ‘Indian ink’. (6) Equivalent, which accounts for

the same situation using a completely different

phrase, e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic

expressions like, ‘Comme un chien dans un jeu de

quilles’ and ‘Like a bull in a china shop’; and (7)

Adaptation, a shift in cultural environment, i.e., to

express the message using a different situation, e.g.

‘cycling’ for the French, ‘cricket’ for the English and

‘baseball’ for the Americans. In practice, certain

methods or procedures above are used in the process

of incorporating words or terms from another

language. Likewise, the case is also adopted by

Indonesian in which cultural and technical words

from other languages, English in this case, have

enriched Indonesian vocabulary.

Another factor that also affects a translation is the

orientation of a translator towards ST or TT. If he

gives an emphasis on ST, he prefers an ideology of

Foreignization but if he gives an emphasis on TT, he

prefers the ideology of Domestication (Newmark,

1988:45). His preference of ideology can be seen

from the methods he applied in translating a text. If

the methods applied involve ‘Word-for-word

translation’, ‘Literal translation’, ‘Faithful

translation’, and ‘Semantic translation’, the

translation ideology is Foreignization. Meanwhile, if

the ones applied involve ‘Adaptation translation’,

‘Free translation’, ‘Idiomatic translation’, and

‘Communicative translation’, the translation ideology

is Domestication. In practice, however, a translator

may apply more than one method altogether.

Newmark (1988) shows the tendency of applying

translation methods in the form of V diagram.

3 METHODOLOGY

This study applied library research method in which

the writer investigated the data through translations of

business letters, novel, and textbook from English

into Indonesian. The sources of data include a book

entitled ‘Business Letters, Surat-Surat Business’, a

novel entitled ‘Animal Farm’, and a textbook entitled

‘Principles of Language Leaning and Teaching, Fifth

Edition’. All of them are in English and Indonesian

versions. The data are in forms of words and phrases

in both SL and TL. They were, then, identified and

classified so that the phenomena can be described and

presented in tables. In addition, similar data of the

same types were added to elaborate the descriptions.

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 The Process of Incorporating

English Cultural Terms into

Indonesian Vocabulary

Following will be shown some cultural and technical

words which are originally from English and have

become an integral part of Indonesian language.

Supported by a number of data from the translation of

letters, novel, and textbook, then followed by some

additional data of the similar types, the incorporation

of loanwords from English into Indonesian can be

shown below.

4.1.1 Pure Borrowing (Loanwords)

Some sentences which include data categorized as

borrowings are as follow.

• SL: Please send me a literature you may have

on your new range of ‘audio’ and ‘video’

entertainment accessories.

• TL: Tolong kirimkan bahan-bahan apa saja

yang Anda miliki tentang perlengkapan

hiburan ‘audio’ dan ‘video’. (p. 28-29)

• SL: We are a prominent ‘dealer’ of television

and radio set and ‘transistors’ in the city. We

have a beautiful ‘showroom’ at Bedok

Shopping Complex, Bedok Road.

Enrichment of Indonesian Culture through Translation

• TL: Kami adalah ‘dealer’ ternama dari televisi

dan audio serta ‘transistor’ di kota ini. Kami

mempunyai ‘showroom’ yang indah di

Kompleks Perbelanjaan Tanaro (p. 30-31).

• SL: Our ‘total’ requirement at present is 5000

copies.

• TL:‘Total’ permintaan kami sekarang

sebanyak 5000 kopi. (p. 40-41).

Loanwords from the translations above and some

additional examples can be seen in table 1 below.

Table 1: Pure Borrowings

Beside the loanwords listed above, there are many

words of this type, like ‘laundry’, ‘cash flow’, ‘talk

show’, ‘door prize’, ‘drum band’, ‘upgrade’,

‘pudding’, ‘charger’, ‘keyboard’, and ‘shower’. As

the name called, Pure Borrowing, this type of

loanwords has the same spelling and pronunciation as

the English version. Sometimes, such loanwords are

intentionally used by speakers in Indonesia to give

impression that something is prestigious, scientific, or

exotic. For example, the use of the word ‘barber’

instead ‘tukang cukur’, ‘dinner’ instead of ‘makan

malam’, ‘waterfront’ instead of ‘lokasi dekat air’,

‘apartment’ instead of ‘rumah susun’ and ‘shopping’

instead of ‘belanja’ is preferable.

4.1.2 Naturalized Borrowing

Some sentences which include data in the form of

naturalized borrorings are as follow.

• SL: The enclosed ‘brochure’ was printed in

single color, but we need at least 50% of the

‘copies’ in two colors. Our ‘total’ requirement

at present is 5000 ‘copies’.

• TL: ‘Brosur’ terlampir dicetak dalam satu

warna, tetapi kami memerlukan paling tidak

50% dalam dua warna. Total permintaan kami

sekarang sebanyak 5000 ‘kopi’. (p. 40-41)

• ST: We intend to open a video and radio

cassette library at a sales ‘counter’.

• TL: Kami juga bermaksud membuka

perpustakaan digital serta ‘konter’ penjualan.

(p. 30-31)

• SL: With the ring of light from his ‘lantern’

dancing from side to side, he lurched across

the yard, kicked off his ‘boots’ at the back

door, drew himself a last glass of ‘beer’ from

the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up

to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring.

(p. 1)

• TL: Dengan membawa penerangan temaram

dari ‘lentera’ yang bergoyang ke kiri dan ke

kanan, ia menendang pintu belakang dengan

‘sepatu botnya’, kemudian menenggak segelas

‘bir’ yang dituang dari barel di ruang pencuci

alat-alat dapur, kemudian bergegas menyusul

istrinya yang sudah mengorok di tempat tidur.

(p.1):

Table 2: Naturalized Borrowings

No.

English

Indonesian

brochure

brosur

copy

kopi

counter

konter

lantern

lentera

boot

(sepatu) bot

Some other words similar to the type above are

‘beer’ to ‘bir’, ‘resolution’ to ‘resolusi’, ‘majority’ to

‘mayoritas’, ‘tyranny’ to ‘tirani’, ‘gallon’ to ‘galon’,

‘character’ to ‘karakter’, ‘cellular’ to ‘seluler’,

‘bureaucracy’ to ‘birokrasi’, ‘councelor’ to

‘konselor’, dan ‘hallucination’ to ‘halusinasi’.

Compared to pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing

is much more productive in enriching the stocks of

vocabulary of Indonesian language.

4.1.3 Naturalized Borrowing

Some sentences including the data classified as

natural equivalent are shown below.

• SL: Please send me a literature you may have

on your new range of audio and video

‘entertainment accessories’.

• TL: Tolong kirimkan bahan-bahan apa saja

yang Anda miliki tentang ‘perlengkapan

hiburan’ audio dan video. (p. 28-29)

• SL: We are setting up a new office cum

showroom at Kebon Jeruk, Jakarta Barat, next

month and would be interested in placing a

large ‘order’ for office ‘stationary’.

• TL: Kami sedang mebangun sebuah

showroom kantor baru di Kebun Jeruk, Jakarta

Barat bulan depan. Kami sepertinya tertarik

untuk melakukan ‘pemesanan’ dalam jumlah

besar untuk ‘alat-alat tulis’ kantor. (p. 34-35)

No.

English

Indonesian

audio

video

dealer

transistor

showroom

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

• SL: We would like to know about the whole

range of school bags and ‘rain coats’. As we

are major ‘suppliers’ of these items to many

educational institutions, we are in a position to

place large orders to you with affordable

prices and ‘discounts’ included.

• TL: Kami ingin mengetahui semua jenis tas

sekolah dan ‘jas hujan’ tersebut. Kami adalah

‘pemasok’ utama produk-produk tersebut ke

beberapa lembaga sekolah, karena itu kami

akan memesan dalam jumlah besar di

perusahaan Anda jika harga-harganya

kompetitif dan ada ‘potongan harga’. (p. 36-

37)

Table 3: Natural Equivalent

No.

English

Indonesian

entertainment

hiburan

accessory

perlengkapan

order

pemesanan

stationary

alat-alat tulis

rain coat

jas hujan

This type of words is not called loanwords

because the English foreign words are not borrowed,

neither pure nor naturalized. The English words or

terms have got their equivalents in Indonesian.

Sometimes, however, certain concepts have not been

lexicalized yet in Indonesian. So, when some English

terms are introduced, the equivalents will readily

‘appear’. Beside the words listed in the table 3 above,

there are many equivalents widely known and used

by Indonesian native speakers, like ‘discount’ to

‘potongan harga’, ‘retail’ to ‘eceran’,

‘advertisement’, to ‘iklan’, ‘newspaper’ to ‘surat

kabar’, ‘hoax’ to ‘berita bohong’, ‘down payment’ to

‘uang muka’, ‘spare part’ to ‘suku cadang’, ‘voting’

to ‘pengambilan suara’, ‘master of ceremony’ to

‘pembawa acara’, and ‘airport’ to ‘bandara’. Because

some equivalent terms are not available in

Indonesian-English dictionaries or vice versa, it is

important for translators or interpreters to understand

them. So, their translations will sound natural and, of

course, acceptable to target readers.

4.1.4 Created Equivalent

This kind of equivalent is usually related to technical

words. In line with the fast growing information

technology and global information, many new terms

continuously come up whose equivalents are not

readily available in Indonesian. Therefore, as part of

its policy, the government, through Institution of

Language Building and Development (Ind: Lembaga

Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa) tries to create

equivalents which be easily understood by Indonesian

people. This equivalents are created either by

applying a translation strategy called ‘calque’ or other

ways. Sometimes, they are not created on the basis of

certain rules, but based on certain considerations, for

examples, based on the function, the form or

construction, and characteristic. The examples of the

created equivalents are shown in table 4 below

Table 4: Created Equivalent

No.

English

Indonesian

track record

rekam jejak

lifevest

pelampung pengaman

CCTV

kamera pengawas

assembly point

titik kumpul

flyover

jembatan layang

green house

rumah kaca

skyscraper

gedung pencakar langit

roadmap

peta jalan

blue print

cetak biru

rotten loan

kredit macet

As can be seen in the above table, the equivalents

‘rekam jejak’, ‘pelampung pengaman’, ‘CCTV’, and

‘titik kumpul’ are created based on the function

relevant to their English counterparts. Then, the

equivalents ‘jembatan layang’, ‘rumah kaca’, and

‘gedung pencakar langit’ are created based the form

or construction. Meanwhile, the equivalents ‘peta

jalan’, ‘cetak biru’ and ‘rotten loan’ are created based

on the characteristic. Some other examples are

‘highway patrol’, ‘home industry’, ‘debt collector’,

‘layout’, and ‘touch screen’ whose created

equivalents are respectively ‘patroli jalan raya’,

‘industri rumahan’, ‘penagih utang’, ‘tata letak’, and

‘layar sentuh’.

Beside the aforementioned equivalents, there are

appearing equivalents which are newly localized in

Indonesian. Many of them are related to cultural

words or technical words whose concepts are new or

are not recognized yet by Indonesian speakers. The

incoming terms are then localized or assimilated into

Indonesian, so they sound Indonesian. As the created

terms are relatively new, it takes time for the terms to

be understood by people. In other words, the newly

created equivalents are in the process of socialization.

Those words are sometimes introduced by presenters

in seminars, teachers in classroom interactions, public

figures invited in talk shows, newspaper, and

publications.

Enrichment of Indonesian Culture through Translation

Table 5: Newly Localized Equivalent

No.

English

Indonesian

survivor

penyintas

gadget

gawai

sophisticated

gahar

upload

mengunggah

download

mengunduh

mouse

tetikus

netizen

warganet

online

daring

scan

memindai

cyber

dunia maya

Compared to Created Equivalents, Newly

Localized Equivalents cannot be easily understood

from their English counterparts. However, they are of

the same nature in which both of them are created.

There are no certain rules used to create this type of

equivalent. Sometimes, the Indonesian equivalents

have nothing to do with the English ones. For

examples, ‘penyintas’, ‘gawai’ and ‘gahar’ in

Indonesian. Here, there is no relationship between

their English counterparts, ‘survivor’, ‘gadget’, and

‘sophisticated’. Unlike the three words, the terms

‘mengunggah’, ‘mengunduh’, ‘tetikus’, and

‘warganet’ in Indonesian can be traced from the

meaning elements of their English counterparts. Both

‘mengunggah’ and ‘mengunduh’ are created based on

the definitions of the words ‘upload’ and ‘download’.

‘Upload’ means ‘to move data to a larger computer

system from a smaller one’, while ‘download’ is the

opposite that means ‘to move data to a smaller

computer system from a larger one’. In Indonesian,

the word ‘unggah’ is a root verb that means ‘raise or

put something to a higher place’, while ‘unduh’ is a

stem verb that means ‘to pick fruit from tree’. Then,

the prefix ‘meng-‘ attached to the two words mean

‘the act of doing’. So, the equivalents become

‘mengunggah’ and ‘mengunduh’. Likewise, the terms

‘tetikus’ and ‘warganet’ are derived from the

corresponding meanings of the counterparts in

English. The word ‘tikus’ is a noun that means

‘mouse’. The prefix ‘te-‘ used to form ‘tetikus’ is

used to say that it is not a real mouse. It refers to the

shape that is like a mouse. Meanwhile, ‘warganet’ is

composed of two words ‘warga’ and ‘internet’ that

are derived from the meanings of the corresponding

English word ‘netizen’ which are composed of ‘net’

from ‘internet’ and ‘-zen’ from ‘citizen’. In brief,

though some equivalents can be traced from the

meaning of their English counterparts, there are no

rules used to form the newly created equivalents.

4.2 The Factors Causing the

Enrichment of Indonesian Culture

through Translation

As shown in the examples above, there are a lot of

English words or terms which have successfully

enriched Indonesian vocabulary. Many of them have

played an important role as their existence has filled

in the concepts which are completely new or at first

not recognized by native speakers of Indonesian.

Most of the concepts are related to the birth of new

inventions in the field of technology. Some terms,

like ‘printer’, ‘SIM card’, update’, ’flash disk’,

‘keyboard’, and ‘broadband’ are still maintained in

their original versions, while some others have been

adapted to fit the orthography and pronunciation

system of Indonesian, like ‘cellular‘ (Ind: ‘seluler’),

‘photo copy’ (Ind: ‘foto kopi’), ‘flyover’ (Ind:

‘jembatan layang’), ‘E-mail’ (Ind: ‘surat elektronik’),

’green house’ (Ind: ‘rumah kaca’), and ‘online’ (Ind:

‘daring’). The culturally specific terms which are

borrowed in their original versions are, such as

‘wallpaper’, ‘talk show’, ‘box office’, ‘grand

opening’, ‘open house’, ‘stereotype’, ‘supermarket’,

‘startup’, and ‘platform’, while the naturalized ones

are ‘campaign’ (Ind: ‘kampanye’), ‘migration’ (Ind:

‘migrasi’), ‘abrasion’ (Ind: ‘abrasi’), ‘property’ (Ind:

‘property’), ‘glamour’ (Ind: ‘glamor’), and

‘pamphlet’ (Ind: ‘pamplet’).

From the above discussion, it is revealed that the

Indonesian government is quite open to new

civilization of technology. Likewise, the Indonesian

community in general are not ‘allergic’ to the growth

of global technology and cultures. In term of culture,

it does not mean that Indonesian community are

willing to apply all foreign cultures, but they would

rather incorporate and use the terms for the sake of

communication. Customs of foreign cultures will be

accepted and applied only if they agree with

Indonesian or Eastern cultures.

Related to the definition of culture, Tischler

(1996:70) states that ‘the culture is all that human

beings learn or do, to use, to produce, to know, and to

believe as they grow to maturity and live out their

lives in the social groups to which they belong’. It

means that all of the foreign words including

technical words are also cultural words. In other

words, not only words related to customs and foods,

like, ‘open house’, ‘barbeque’, ‘pizza’, ’hamburger’,

‘carnival’ (Ind: ‘karnaval’), and ‘culinary’ (Ind:

‘kuliner’) but also cover loanwords related to

technology, like ‘radiator’, ‘parabola’, ‘upgrade’,

‘escalator’ (Ind: ‘eskalator’), ‘satellite’ (Ind:

‘satelit’), and ‘power bank’ (Ind: ‘penyimpan daya’).

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

Even, they cover specific culture behaviors (see

Katan in Baker, 2009) including terms related to

politics and law, like ‘campaign’ (Ind: ‘kampanye’),

‘corruption’ (Ind: ‘korupsi’), ‘bureaucracy’ (Ind:

‘birokrasi’), ‘party’ (Ind: ‘partai’), ‘cabinet’ (Ind:

‘cabinet’), ‘ambassador’ (Ind: ‘duta besar’), ‘prime

minister’ (Ind: ‘perdana menteri’), ‘justice

collaborator’, ‘lawyer’ (Ind:’pengacara’), and ‘law

firm‘ (Ind: ‘kantor hukum’).

Therefore, it is clear now that the enrichment of

Indonesian culture through translation, for the first

reason, is caused by the government’s policy to

accept foreign cultures, as long as they do not

contradict Indonesian culture, and the second reason

is the widening scope of culture. The meaning of

culture has included wider scope, like technology,

politic, and law.

As a matter of fact, there have been a lot of

English cultural words which have enriched

Indonesian vocabulary. With them, people can

communicate many things in line with the growth of

global culture. This condition is different from the

situation in Anglo-America in which through it

policy, supported by the strong economy of local

publishers, its government tries to protect the nation

from incoming foreign cultures (Hoed, 2006:85). In

translation process, foreign terms are, as far as

possible, assimilated to its local culture. If the cultural

terms are new concepts in the country, their

equivalents will be created or localized. In this way,

cultural values in SL will ‘fade away’. On the

contrary, the country massively published English

books to be exported to different countries in the

world including Indonesia. It is done in order that its

cultures are spread and known by people in other

countries. In the context of translation, the

government policy tends to apply Domestication

Ideology (Newmark, 1988:45). It means that the

government tries to domesticate and assimilate

foreign cultures into its national language.

Then, what happens to Indonesian culture? As

discussed above, a lot of English cultural words or

terms have been in use in Indonesia through the

process of pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing,

natural equivalent, and created equivalent. It can be

seen here that the ideology applied by the government

is both Foreignization and Domestication. Though

some terms have been naturalized or even created, if

the concepts are not recognized by native speakers of

Indonesian, the words, automatically, have enriched

Indonesian culture. Applying both ideologies, there

are no obstacles for foreign cultural words to get into

Indonesian vocabulary. In this way, the culture of

Indonesia will be continuously enriched. In brief, the

process of how English cultural words are

incorporated into Indonesian language can be

illustrated in the following figure.

Figure 1: The Process of Incorporating Cultural Words into

Indonesian.

Regarding the page layout, authors should set the

Section Start to Continuous with the vertical

alignment to the top and the following header and

footer:

5 CONCLUSIONS

As a part of global world, Indonesian people interact

with people of other countries, either directly or

indirectly. The advancements of modern technology

that make it all possible. Their interactions have

enabled them to adopt and adapt other cultures. Based

on the discussion above, a lot of cultural words in

English have become an integral part of Indonesian

culture. Those words are incorporated into Indonesian

vocabulary through different processes, namely Pure

Borrowing, Naturalized Borrowing, Natural

Equivalent, and Created Equivalent. Related to the

latter, there is similar form called Newly Localized

Equivalent. Both of them are the same in nature that

is to be created. Different processes in establishing

equivalents indicate that Indonesian government

applies both translation ideologies, namely

foreignization and domestication.

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