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that language is the heart within the body of culture,
and it is the interaction between the two that results in
the continuation of life-energy. In the same way that
the surgeon, operating on the heart, cannot neglect the
body that surrounds it, so the translator treats the text
in isolation from the culture at his peril (in Bassnett,
2005: 23).
The principles of translating texts are based on
diverse definitions of translation. One of the
definitions is proposed by Larson (1998:6) stating
that the best translation is the one which (1) uses the
normal language forms of the receptor language, (2)
communicates, as much as possible, to the receptor
language speakers the same meaning that was
understood by the speakers of the source language,
and (3) maintains the dynamics of the source
language text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the
source language text means that the translation is
presented in such a way that it will, hopefully, evoke
the same response as the source text attempted to
evoke. He added that to do effective translation, a
translator must discover the meaning of the source
language and use receptor languge forms which
express it in a natural way. However, to certain words
or terms whose concepts do not exist or are not
recognized in the receptor language are still used as
pure borrowings (loanwords), while others have been
naturalized or have got their equivalents.
Both pure and naturalized borrowings, as well as
the items which have got equivalents, in principles,
have enriched the cultures of Indonesia. Some
examples of cultural words are ‘hamburger’, ‘villa’,
‘keramik’ (Engl. ‘ceramic’), ‘direktur’ (Engl.
‘director’), ‘pramugari’ (Engl. stewardess) and ‘wali
kota’ (Engl. mayor). Those examples show that,
realized or not, Indonesian have benefited from the
interaction of cultures in which many of them are as
a result of translation process. Those lexicons have
colored our daily expressions or utterances that
enable us to communicate many things. Now, the
problems are (1) how are the English cultural terms
incorporated into Indonesian vocabulary? and (2)
what factors cause the enrichment of Indonesian
culture?
2 THEORETICAL REVIEW
Many scholars and experts have proposed their
definitions of translation. Though they are on the
same ground, they tend to vary in defining the activity
of translation. One of the definitions is proposed by
Larson (1984:3) stating that translation consists of
studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the
source text (ST), analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning
using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural
context. From the definition, it is said that a translator
tries to reconstruct the meaning in the target text (TT)
that is the same as its meaning in ST by considering
the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation, and cultural context of both ST and TT.
Culture is one of important factors that is
influential in transferring the meaning or message
from ST to TT. The reason is that the language pairs
do not only have their own linguistic structures, but
they also have different cultural backgrounds. Related
to the culture, Tischler defines it as all that human
beings learn or do, to use, to produce, to know, and to
believe as they grow to maturity and live out their
lives in the social groups to which they belong
(1996:70). Meanwhile, Newmark defines culture as
the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar
to a community that uses a particular language as a
means of expression (1988:94). Then, he divides it
into seven categories, they are (1) ecology which
covers flora, fauna, wind, valley, and mountains, (2)
material culture or artefact which covers food, cloth,
housing and city, transportation (3) social culture
which covers work and leisure, (4) organization
which covers customs, activities, procedures,
political and administrative concepts, religion, arts,
and (5) gestures and habits.
In line with the definitions of culture above, Katan
(1999/2004) in Routledge Encyclopedia of
Translation Studies (2009:70) states,
‘Until the birth of anthropology, culture referred
exclusively to the humanist ideal of what was
considered ‘civilized’ in a developed society. Since
then, a second meaning of culture as the way of life of
a people has become influential. With the development
of disciplines such as cultural studies, a third meaning
has emerged which attempts to identify political or
ideological reasons for specific cultural behavior.’
Therefore, in translating culturally specific items,
a translator does not only try to discover their
equivalents in linguistic aspects, namely words,
phrases, clauses and sentences from the SL into the
TL, but also to discover the cultural equivalents
which cover those linguistic aspects from the SL into
the TL, and the proper translation strategies to
describe something in another language.
In translating meanings or messages from SL into
TL, a translator employs certain methods or
procedures. According to Vinay and Darbelnet in
Venuti (2000: 84-93), there are seven methods or
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