Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish

Wooden Sunglasses for Young People

Mahanani Anggun Dorojati and Ellya Zulaikha

Faculty of Architecture, Design, and Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Keywords: Wood coffee, wooden glasses, modern.

Abstract: Nowadays wooden sunglasses are popular to bring quirky impression as it has eco-design value. Teak,

sonokeling, or ebony are types of wood commonly used as wooden sunglasses. Meanwhile, there is a type of

wood with abundant availability in East Java that is also potential to use: Robusta coffee (Coffea Canephora)

wood, as this wood is hard enough and has sufficient elasticity. However, the economic value of this wood is

currently low, as it is only used as firewood. This research aims to optimize the economic value of Robusta

coffee wood by utilizing them as sunglasses. The first step was market analysis to decide who was the potential

target of user/consumer/buyer. The next analysis was “persona” and artifact analysis. “Persona” method was

used to illustrate the behavior and lifestyle of the user, while artifact analysis is to get a picture or the pattern

of fashion-stuffs owned by the user. These methods resulted in three series of design concepts: “Diver”,

“Sherlock”, and “Storyteller”. Furthermore, a mood board was made as a design guide, by collecting images,

photos and material containing the related situation, theme or color. Mood board aims to determine the shape

of wooden sunglasses to meet the design concept. Finally, experiments were conducted by the exploration of

wood materials to meet the impression as determined by design concept, those are wood cutting processes

with many patterns, finishing, layering, laser cutting, mix-material, wood bending, component mounting

support, and the market test. The results of this study indicate that Robusta coffee wood has the potential to

be developed into wooden sunglasses. The challenge lies in the process of cutting (mostly wood coffee has a

lot of cracks), mixing wood with resin, the fit into anthropometry requirement, and bending wood. The quality

control will guarantee precise and consistent quality to ensure the wooden sunglasses is comfortable to wea.

1 INTRODUCTION

Sunglasses with wooden frames are becoming a

phenomenon of fashion trends. Wooden sunglasses

are increasingly popular among young people and

public figures as they can bring a quirky impression

(Adventa, 2016).

As a tropical country, Indonesia's potential in

producing timber is very large. That is why wood raw

material is used for various purposes. Countless

woodcraft products, ranging from furniture, cutlery,

home decor, to accessories. Eco-design and the use of

natural materials as raw materials are increasingly

widespread. Market demand for environmentally

friendly products is increasing (Arianto, 2017).

Figure 1: Comparison of Interest Pictures Over time on

wooden sunglasses and plastic sunglasses (Google Trend,

2018)

The above is a graph of the comparison of

eyeglass trends over the past 2 years between wooden

sunglasses and plastic sunglasses in Indonesia. It can

be seen that the interest over time of wood sunglasses

is higher than plastic sunglasses. The distribution of

Dorojati, M. and Zulaikha, E.

Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish Wooden Sunglasses for Young People.

DOI: 10.5220/0008546300950104

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities (ICONARTIES 2019), pages 95-104

ISBN: 978-989-758-450-3

interest is also more evenly distributed than plastic

sunglasses.

Types of wood usually used for wooden

sunglasses are teak, rosewood, and ebony. It is

because those woods are hard but still have sufficient

elasticity for bending feature needed for sunglasses.

There is another type of wood that is hard and elastic

enough which is coffee wood.

It is noted that Indonesia is the fourth largest

coffee producer in the world after Brazil, Vietnam,

and Colombia. According to statistics from the

Directorate General of Plantation of Indonesia

(2017), in 2017 Indonesia was able to produce

637,539 tons of coffee beans at 1,227,787 hectares of

land. The land area increases when compared to the

previous year which was 1,228,512 Ha. This proves

that Indonesia has very large coffee land and

continues to increase every year. [2] According to the

Plantation Office of East Java Province (2017), most

of the coffee production in East Java is Robusta

coffee. The area of robusta coffee fields in East Java

in 2017 is 85,075 hectares with a production of

51,107 tons. The calculation is far more than Arabica

coffee which in 2017 in East Java there was only

21,380 Ha of coffee land with a production of 16,507

tons.

East Java has a coffee plantation area of 85,075 ha

in 2017 (Statistics of Agriculture Office of Indonesia,

2017). One hectare on average consists of 1,200

coffee trees, so in East Java, there are at least 102

million coffee trees. From the above calculations, it

can be concluded that the availability of wood coffee

in East Java is very abundant at 102 million coffee

trees

East Java is noted to have extensive coffee

plantation land owned both government and private

(Arianto, 2017). The abundance of this coffee

plantation is not yet optimally utilized, especially the

wood. So far, the utilization of coffee wood is only

for drum sticks, ashtrays, prayer beads, machetes, and

furniture. These products use sapwood, while coffee

wood that has been cut down for a long time and

already being old and dry, tends not to be utilized.

Therefore, this old and dry coffee wood has only been

used as firewood.

The small size of coffee wood and its irregular

stems make coffee wood less attractive to the people

of East Java. Wood coffee is mostly just a substitute

for coffee bean production. That is coffee wood in

East Java is only used as firewood that has lack of

economic value.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Classification of Robusta Coffee

(Coffea Canephora)

Robusta coffee plants have better adaptations

compared to arabica type coffee. The area of robusta

coffee plantations in Indonesia is relatively extensive.

Because the type of Robusta coffee can grow at a

lower altitude than the location of Arabica

plantations. The original Robusta coffee is almost

gone. Currently, several types of Robusta have been

mixed into clones or hybrids, such as BP 39, BP 42,

SA 13, SA 34, and SA 56 clones. Robusta coffee

production, in general, can reach 800-2,000

kg/hectare/ year (Directorate General Plantation of

Indonesia, 2002).

Based on taxonomy, the scientific classification

of the robusta coffee plant (Coffea canephora) is

included in:

Kingdom : Plantea

Division : Magnoliophyta

Sub Kingdom : Tracheobionta

Superdivision : Spermatophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Subclass : Asteridae

Orde : Rubiales

Family : Rubiaceae

Genus : Coffea

Species : Coffea Robusta

2.2 Productive and Moisture Content

of Robusta Coffee

The sapwood of coffee wood has a high water content

so the coffee wood must be dried first to reach the

desired moisture content. Or we can also use

hardwood, the old and dry one. Coffee wood water

content can be known as (Risky, 2015).

Table 1. Productive Age Tables and Robusta Coffee Water

Content

woo

Hardwoo

• Teenage years

• Unproductive

• The Moisture> 20%

• 50 years old

• Rejuvenation results

• The moisture content of

12%

2.3 Productive and Moisture Content

of Robusta Coffee

Wooden sunglasses have been made and are on the

market. So far there are several wooden sunglasses

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

brands on the market. Some use wood as raw material

but use more metal than wood. There are also those

who use wood materials, but the products are 100%

customed design. There are also those who market

their products with a predetermined form from the

beginning but duplicate the design of non-wood

material glasses. So that no one has specifically

explored the uniqueness of wood coffee

Do not add any text to the headers (do not set

running heads) and footers, not even page numbers,

because text will be added electronically. For a best

viewing experience the used font must be Times New

Roman, on a Macintosh use the font named times,

except on special occasions, such as program code

(Section 2.3.7).

3 METHODS

The first step was market analysis to decide who was

the potential target of user/consumer/buyer. The next

analysis was “persona” and artifact analysis.

“Persona” method was used to illustrate the behavior

and lifestyle of the user, while artifact analysis is to

get a picture or the pattern of fashion-stuffs owned by

the user. These methods resulted in three series of

design concepts: “Diver”, “Sherlock”, and

“Storyteller”. Furthermore, a mood board was made

as a design guide, by collecting images, photos and

material containing the related situation, theme or

color. Mood board aims to determine the shape of

wooden sunglasses to meet the design concept.

Finally, experiments were conducted by the

exploration of wood materials to meet the impression

as determined by design concept.

Figure 2: Design Framework

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Persona

This persona is obtained from observations of

potential target markets, with the following

description:

Name : Katie

Age : 25 years old

Hobbies : Water Activities (Swimming, Diving,

Cruising)

Katie is a singer and actress. Katie is an Instagram

user with a large follower of 136.4 million followers.

Katie likes to spend time watching horror movies

while having free time. But when viewed from the

vacation pattern, Katie always spends his time close

to water, ranging from just swimming, beach tanning,

cruising to scuba diving. Katie is a public figure who

represents the millennials and is seen often wearing

glasses, especially sunglasses.

Figure 3: Design Framework

From the classification of prospective customers

according to their attention style and social class, it is

classified as sophisticated because prospective

customers have high economic status and are

followed by culture or the desire to buy a product is

also high. The characteristics of sophisticated users:

1. Good treatment: A sophisticated person has a high

sense of responsibility for every work done. They are

more mature and wise in determining a decision.

Caring with the issues around and they became an

inspirational figure for people around.

2. Having high knowledge: Having knowledge that is

relatively good, intelligent, and hard-working, so

from the point of socializing they are very great and

can balance their interlocutors.

3. Fashionable: Have a taste in fashion. Beautiful

appearance looks neat, the tendency to appear

naturally, not excessive.

Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish Wooden Sunglasses for Young People

4. Good relationship: Having a close relationship both

in relatives and family. So that it can build trust for

those around them.

4.2 Artefact Analysis

Katie looks like she often wears glasses that tend to

be rounded, circle, and big rims. For the style of her

own glasses, Katie likes classic-style glasses. It can

be seen from the shape of the glasses she wears that

are tend to be rounded and sometimes she is also seen

wearing sunglasses with top bars and original

aviators. Katie likes to wear glasses with a mild

impression. For the type of glasses based on the lens,

Katie is more often seen wearing sunglasses. Not only

black lenses but she also seen several times using

colored lenses, both mirror lenses, and polarised

lenses.

4.3 Moodboard

Moodboards are carried out in parallel with artifact

analysis by identifying themes and colors. Based on

the product used by the person, the person tends to

like to wear comfortable clothing, for example,

sweaters, jumpsuit, plain t-shirts. Persona also likes

clothing with a classic style and not an era like

turtlenecks and denim. Persona sometimes uses a

dress, but the dress used tends to be nuanced summer

dress and still very comfortable to use. for footwear,

people prefer to use sneakers. Persona only uses high

heels when attending large and formal events. The

conclusion is found that street style and urban style

are in demand by persona.

4.4 Experiment

Experiments in this research consist of: wood cutting

processes with many patterns, finishing, layering,

laser cutting, mixing material, wood bending and

market test.

4.4.1 Wood Cutting Process

This wood cutting process experiment is needed

considering the wood character of Robusta coffee

which has many cracks and tends to be small in

diameter

Because of the analysis of the type of cut pattern

found that the most suitable cut pattern is vertical, it

is necessary to analyze the number of wooden boards

that can be produced from one robusta coffee stick.

Based on the types of cut patterns based on fiber in

the cross-sectional pattern in Figure 2.2, the most

suitable coffee wood is cut based on the radial board

pattern because its diameter is relatively small which

is the lowest average of 48 mm Whereas the thickness

of the wooden board chased is 10 mm. This is to

pursue the production process of sunglasses that are

really thin layered.

Figure 4: Minimal Radial Cut Pattern

Analyzed on the minimum cross-section of the

coffee log, the coffee wood is 48 mm in diameter, it

was found that one log of wood produced 4 wooden

boards. Variants of wooden board sizes are 46mm,

42mm, 23mm, and 20mm. Everything is 10mm thick.

Figure 5: Maximum Radial Cut Patterns

Analyzed on the maximum average cross-section

of the coffee wood trunk, namely coffee wood 72 mm

in diameter, it was found that one log of coffee

produced 6 wooden boards. The wooden board

variants are 69mm, 68mm, 62mm, 54mm, 32mm, and

29mm. Everything is 10mm thick.

Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded

that the rims are most suitable for using large

diameter logs because the average rims of the

sunglasses are 55mm. As for the part of the paste or

stalk sunglasses can use large or small rods.

4.4.2 Finishing Analysis

Woodstain: If the surface of the wood is still rough it

must be done more than twice the brush to achieve a

pretty good finishing. The typical color of coffee will

disappear. The wood texture of the coffee looks

clearer. In the end result, the coffee wood surface will

look slightly shiny.

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

Figure 6: Final results of wood stain finishing

Fine Sandpaper: If there is a small crack on the

coffee surface of the coffee wood, then during this

sanding process it is smoothed easily.

Figure 7: Final Results of Fine Sandpaper

Polyurethane: This finishing was carried out

with the help of craftsmen from Sahawood

eyeglasses. The end result is relatively slightly shiny,

does not remove the texture of coffee wood fiber, and

is waterproof.

Figure 8: Example of the results of finishing using

polyurethane

Based on the end result, Polyurethane Finishing is

the most efficient finishing because of its character

which does not remove wood fiber and wood color.

As well as its waterproof character does not inhibit its

users to use their sunglasses while in humid areas or

do water activities.

4.5 Trend Analysis

Trend analysis is done to select the final design

concept that will be used from alternative design

concepts. Of the three alternative concepts, keywords

were taken to define trends during the last 12 months

in Indonesia.

For the concept of diver, keywords diving is taken

to represent the activities of divers or divers. For

Sherlock, Sherlock's own keywords are taken,

because Sherlock is a fictional character who can

represent himself. Whereas for the storyteller concept

Robusta keywords are taken as a phenomenon raised

in the concept.

Figure 9: Interest Over Time from the Third Keyword

Alternative Concept (Google Trend, 2018)

Judging from the Interest Over Time chart over

the past 12 months, it has been seen that keywords

diving and Sherlock top the level of interest in

Indonesian society compared to Robusta. Both have

competitive and balanced graphics. But diving charts

tend to be stable at an average of around 60%. From

the graph above it can be concluded that the diver

concept represented by diving keywords has the

greatest potential to be lifted.

Coffee Wood x Metal

In the mix-material experiment was carried out to find

out the possible compatibility of coffee wood

combined with other materials. The following are the

results of a wood mix-material experiment. Given

metal is a material that is always in demand in

eyewear products.

Figure 10: Coffee Wood x Metal Experiment

Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish Wooden Sunglasses for Young People

The experiment was carried out by combining

robusta coffee wood material with stainless steel in

the bridge and top bar sections. Judging from the

experiments above, metal and coffee wood have a

match, because it turns out that the combination of

wood and metal brings synergy and balances the

impression of wood that is too dense and impresses

stocky. But in the manufacturing process requires

more precision. This is because there are more

connection details between wood and metal that must

be made, including plumbing for screw mounting and

base rims.

Coffee Wood x Eboni Wood:

Figure 11: Experiments on Mix Materials between Coffee

Wood and Wood Timber

In this experiment, the two types of wood, namely

coffee robusta and ebony wood were cut according to

the profile of the sunglasses using laser cutting. Then

put together with white glue. The combination of both

gives an impression like browline sunglasses. This is

because the color of ebony is much darker, namely

dark brown.

Coffee Wood x Polyester Resin: From the

experimental Mix Material between Coffee Wood

Skin and Polyester Resin, it was found that the resin

end result was bubbling. In addition, the final results

of dry resin are evenly distributed but not at the same

level of flexibility. Found in some parts dry but

slightly flexible like rubber.

Figure 12: Experiments on Mixing Materials between

Coffee Wood Skin and Polyester Resin

Coffee Wood x Epoxy Resin: The experiments were

first carried out in 3 types of experiments with

different pigment consistencies. This is to find out the

best consistency for the product applied to small

products such as sunglasses, and the end result.

Figure 13: Mix-material experiments (epoxy coffee wood)

In Experiment 1, 2 times resin pouring was carried

out. The first resin pour is navy blue with some white

pigment. Failure was found that it turned out that the

pigment precipitated and damaged the reaction

between the catalyst and resin so that it did not dry

completely. Subsequent pouring is a resin with

sufficient pigment to produce an almost clear navy. In

this process, it is found that the dry resin is perfect.

The pigments do not settle and interfere with the

drying process. The total drying time is 49 hours.

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

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Figure 14: Mix-material experiments (epoxy coffee wood)

In experiment 2 only uses one type of resin. Clear

resins are mixed with very little blue pigment. In this

experiment the dry resin is perfect, and the pigment

does not interfere with the drying process. Total

drying time is 24 hours.

Figure 15: Mix-material experiments (epoxy coffee wood)

In experiment 3, pouring the first resin with

concentrations of sea blue pigments is quite a lot like

experiment 1 and produces a similar result which is

not perfectly dry, even the resin is not sticky to wood

and can be separated from wood. Then the second

experiment was carried out by pouring a resin with a

low pigment concentration such as experiment 2

between the non-dry resin and coffee wood. It is

produced that the pouring of the second resin is

completely dry and adhesives to the over pigmented

wood and resin surfaces. The drying time is 56 hours.

The combination of resin and wood coffee has a

unique blend in visual terms because it produces the

impression of underwater and sky. However, in the

manufacturing process, it was found that the over

pigmented resin would not be completely dry and

sticky, this is because the drying process of the

pigment tends to settle and disrupt the catalyst

concentration to the resin. So using resin with low

pigment levels is the best choice.

After knowing the best levels of pigments for

epoxy resin, another experiment was conducted with

the best levels of pigments, namely very low

pigments.

igure 16: Mix-material experiments (epoxy coffee wood)

From the above experiment, a new board was

formed in the form of a mixture of resin material and

robusta coffee wood. From the board above it can be

used to form eyewear profiles. Coffee Wood Skin x

Epoxy Resin:

Figure 17: MIX-material experiments (epoxy coffee wood)

In the experiment above it was found that bark

retains its exotic color, which is a darker color than

wood.

5 WOOD BENDING

EXPERIMENT

Sunglasses have a slight curvature in the temples.

Then a wood bending experiment was carried out

using a steel profile tool. The experiment was carried

out directly on coffee wood. Wood is pressed from

both directions to have the desired stickiness. In this

experiment, there were no problems. Perfect curved

wood with a high curvature can reach 30 mm.

Figure 18: Bending experiments of coffee wood

Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish Wooden Sunglasses for Young People

101

Figure 19: Final result of coffee wood bending experiments.

6 ANTHROPOMETRY ANALYSIS

Based on the Ergonomics Journal of Reading Glasses

(Faisal, 2016), the size of the lens is very diverse, but

the minimum horizontal width of one lens is 55-60

mm. While the universal bridge width is 10 mm.

Figure 20: Dimensions of general eyeglasses (visible

image)

A = 130 mm – 140mm

B = 10 mm – 15 mm

C = 132 mm – 140 mm

D = 52 mm – 60 mm

Whereas to measure the length of the rims,

measurements of eyewear rims were carried out in a

sample of 10 people. This affects the horizontal

viewing range and comfort. Where in this case the

length of the rims refers to rarely between the base of

the temple.

Table 1: Survey tables for eyeglasses rims length (Source:

Dorojati, 2017):

Sample Length (mm)

1 131 mm

2 130 mm

3 134 mm

4 140 mm

5 138 mm

6 140 mm

7 139 mm

8 137 mm

9 140 mm

10 132 mm

From the table above, it was found that the length

of rims ranged from 130 mm - 140 mm. In addition to

the length of the rims, other parts of the sunglasses

that come in direct contact with the user are nosepad.

Its function is to support the sunglasses on the user's

nose.

Table 2: Nasal anthropometric survey tables.

No.

Age

M/F NW NH BW

F 40 20 12

M 40 25 15

F 30 15 15

F 25 20 20

M 30 25 20

F 30 20 18

M 40 30 20

F 30 25 18

F 35 30 19

M 40 30 20

M 43 27 20

F 37 20 18

M 47 25 20

F 35 20 17

NW (nose width) = width of nose lobe

NH (Nose Height) = Height of nose from tip

lobe until the nose tip

BW (Bridge Width) = The width of the nose

Bridge

7 CONCEPT

The concept of form is taken from the overall product

concept, namely the diver. From these concepts, some

extreme are obtained which can be form content,

among others, sea atolls, sea troughs, sea corals, an

underwater cave, wave quality, scuba equipment, and

local beach conditions. So finally the diver is divided

into 5 form variants namely Karimun Jawa,

Wakatobi, Alor, Derawan and Raja Ampat. The five

are some of the best diving locations in Indonesia

with their respective characters.

Figure 21: Karimun Jawa concept scheme

Based on the scheme above, the idea starts with

the form of swimming goggles. The sunglasses are

the basic form of swimming goggles and then adapted

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

102

to form wooden sunglasses. Because the shape is like

enveloping the lens and seems tight and tight, the

name of the variant of the wooden eyeglasses is

named Karimun Jawa Because Karimun Java has

coral reefs that are known to be very tight and intense.

Figure 22: Wakatobi concept scheme

The Wakatobi variant of ideation begins with

observing the beach in the Wakatobi area and it is

found that both the surface and the seafloor form calm

and shallow waves. This was later adapted into the

shape of a wooden eyeglass frame that resembled

shallow waves.

Figure 23: Alor concept scheme

In the same variant the idea has similarities to the

Wakatobi variant, ie the idea is waves. However,

considering the alor has a higher wave flow and tends

to be very sharp, the waves in the Wakatobi variants

in the extension become higher and resemble

dramatic waves.

Figure 24: Derawan concept scheme

In the derivative variant, the idea starts from the

characteristic of Derawan beach, which has a lot of

atolls. Atoll is a collection of coral reefs that form

circular or almost circular like a ring that surrounds

the lagoon in it. The circular shape of the atoll is due

to the development process of atolls that grow around

volcanic islands, where over time the volcano loses

its magma activity (inactivity) and then its peak

erodes leaving ring-shaped coral reefs called atolls.

The contrast between the beach of seawater and atoll

is then adapted to be the contrast that occurs between

coffee wood and blue resin.

Figure 8. 5 Raja Ampat concept scheme

The Raja Ampat variant begins with observing the

situation in a location where many homestays are

found. Each homestay is connected with wooden

bridges. This philosophy was later adapted into the

formation of the top bar and the bridge. In addition,

the basic shape of the archipelago in Raja Ampat is

quite typical, its shape is high and its edges are curved

like a half circle. This was later adapted into the shape

of eyeglass frames.

8 CONCLUSIONS

Coffee Wood among the fashion industry. Because of

its large availability, there are at least 102 million

Utilization of Robusta Coffee (Coffea Canephora) Wood as Stylish Wooden Sunglasses for Young People

103

coffee trees spread in East Java. Coffee wood has

good characteristics to produce wood sunglasses.

Coffee wood includes hardwood class II wood and

has sufficient elasticity for bending and pressing.

Plus, the utilization of coffee wood can increase and

become more optimal. Considering that coffee wood

is considered to be firewood or coffee powder and

coffee bean waste. So, in line with that can increase

the value and income per capita of East Java province.

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