Factors Influencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an

Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

Yunirwan Gah

, A. Y Agung Nugroho

and Mohd Arif

Profesional at International Labour Organisations, Country office Indonesia and Timor Leste, Jakarta, Indonesia

Master of Business Administration Program, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia,

Jl. Jend Sudirman, Jakarta, Indonesia

Assistant Prof. Department of Economics, HNB Garhwal (A Central University) Uttrakhan, India

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Women entrepreneurship, Rural entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Abstract: Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia has been a significant contributor to the growth micro and small

entreprises across Indonesia including in rural areas in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) province. Women

entrepreneurs in the rural area in NTT province exist in micro and small businesses in the subsistence agrarian

economic activities as well as other trade and service sector. Little has been known about the women

entrepreneurship in a rural area. The purpose of this study is to explore the enabling factors of women

entrepreneurship in a rural area in starting and improving their business. This study employs a qualitative

approach and uses entrepreneurship ecosystem as a tool for analysing the empirical phenomena. The data

collected through a depth interview of thirty two women entrepreneurs in three districts. The results showed

three main elements in the entrepreneurship ecosystem as the enabling factors for women entrepreneurs in a

rural area in starting and improving their businesses. First, the business environment which covers access to

market, access to capital, provision of business assistance, infrastructure and facilities, and effective

regulation including the role of non-formal institutions such as religious institution. The second, interacting

actors around women entrepreneurs covering financial institutions, formal and non-formal business service

providers and media. Third, the entrepreneurial culture and attitude which cover education background, and

personal behaviour. The interaction of these factors is crucial in creating a favourable condition for women

to step out in pursuing their entrepreneurial activities.

1 INTRODUCTION

Women entrepreneurs make an essential contribution

to the development of the world economy,

particularly in the low and middle-income country

(Allen, Langowits, Elam, & Dean, 2007). In

Indonesia, as one of the middle-income country, the

growth of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia is rising

from time to time and has tremendous potential in

empowering women and transform society (

(Tambunan T. , 2007). The Global Entrepreneurship

Monitor study estimated around 22 million women

entrepreneurs or 26 per cent out of the adult female

population in Indonesia (Nawangpalupi, Pawitan,

Widyarini, Bisowarno, & Iskandarsjah, 2015). A

similar study has pointed out the importance of

women entrepreneurship in Indonesia, where women

entrepreneurs are operating approximately one-third

of firms in the formal sector. Indeed, this considerable

number of women in Indonesia becomes a very potent

source of entrepreneurs that may lead to a more

significant contribution to the Indonesian economy.

(Sutanto, Gunawan, Gunawan, & Djik, 2016).

However, the gap remains in particular between those

who are in the western part of Indonesia and those in

the eastern part of Indonesia including those who are

in urban and rural areas. The study on women

entrepreneurship in rural Indonesia has been

neglected both in research academic and in general

society.

This paper tries to contribute to bringing an

additional local perspective to the discourse of

women entrepreneurship in Indonesia, in particular,

those in the rural area of the Nusa Tenggara Timur

(NTT) province. The province is one of the provinces

in eastern Indonesia part of Indonesia is still

struggling in enhancing its economic development

condition despite many interventions and support

from both National and International agencies. The

poverty rate is still hanging around 21, 38 per cent

754

Gah, Y., Nugroho, A. and Arif, M.

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia.

DOI: 10.5220/0008547307540770

In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pages 754-770

ISBN: 978-989-758-408-4

(BPS NTT, 2018). The area spread over a surface of

47 350 km2 dispersed on 566 islands, of which 42 are

inhabited. Most parts of NTT are mountainous and

hilly with few flatlands. The province is dry and most

land is not very fertile. It is generally resource-poor

and sparsely populated. It receives only small

amounts of rain, and the landscape dominated by

grassland. It is mainly suitable for animal husbandry

and dryland farming (Ronnäs & Kwong, 2011).

Furthermore, the province’s economy characterised

by the predominance of the rural sector where the

main activities concentrated and 80 per cent of the

total

population living in rural areas (ibid). The

province recorded slow economic growth, in which

mostly supported by the growth of the number of

micros, small and medium enterprises that is an

increase from 287,1 thousand in 2006 to 436,4

thousand in 2016 and dominated by non-agriculture

activity (BPS, 2017). Nusa Tenggara Timur province

administratively divided into 21 districts or regency

and 1 municipality, 308 sub-districts, and around

3.353 villages with only around 10 per cent

categorised as village level in an urban area or called

as Kelurahan (PODES, 2018). Since the province also

consists of many islands, the characteristics of the

villages can be categorised based on their

geographical position as coastal villages, and those

located in the centre of the island. These

characteristics will certainly influenceing the pattern

of livelihoods, type businesses, and the characteristics

of entrepreneurial activities. Some key characteristics

of the area in NTT as described in a study carried out

by the ILO in 2011 highlighted some characteristics

of economic and decent work issues in rural areas in

NTT as agrarian economic which still based on

agriculture sector, mainly in subsistence farming and

the province is at an early stage of industrialization

(Ronnäs & Kwong, 2011).

Based on the above characteristics, we can note

that the majority of the local people in NTT

depending their live mostly in agricultural activities.

This will have an implication on portraying the

entrepreneurship development in the context of rural

area in NTT in which one should not exclude

agriculture in understanding the business

development or entrepreneurship research. In fact, the

numerous research carried out on women

entrepreneurship has not really described the context

of women entrepreneurships in the agricultural

context in a rural setting. Alsos et, al. (2011) argue

that the agriculture sector by contrast absence from

entrepreneurship research domain and often overtly

excluded in many governmental and privately held

small business datasets. This condition also reflects

the current entrepreneurship development in the NTT

province in which agriculture is separated not as an

integral part of the small and medium enterprises

development. Therefore it is very difficult to

understand the development of the MSMEs in the

agricultural setting in NTT.

1.1 Women Entrepreneurship on NTT

Province Level

For the NTT province, although the total women

population constitute more than half of the total

population (BPS, 2018) their participation in the

workforce often being marginalised to work

individually in their domestic area, and their

participation in the economic activities, are still

considered as insignificant and is not the primary

attention of various development programme in the

Province. Table 1. (Source: BPS NTT in various

years), describes that in the last five years, compared

to man, the total number of female age 15 above who

is fall under the category of self-employed, self-

employed assisted by other family members or

temporary employee or unpaid workers, and the

employers assisted by paid workers is way below.

Table 1: Women Entrepreneurs in NTT 2013 to 2017 (source BPPS NTT in various years

Category 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Self Employed Female 177.817 172.551 139.039 164.655 194.995

Male 238.575 233.991 199.551 218.024 247.897

Total 410.392 405.542 338.587 382.679 442. 892

Self Employed assisted by other family

members/ temporary employee/unpaid

worker

Female 107.408 147.922 143.979 179.868 189.960

Male 449.181 465.665 508183 490.546 454.022

Total 556.589 613.587 652162 670414 643 982

Employer / self Employed assisted by paid

workers

Female 5.211 3.710 4.257 6.111 6.374

Male 27160 28.849 31.412 32.161 42.234

Total 32371 32.559 35.669 38.272 48.608

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

755

Moreover, the growth of the female who falls under

these three categories is slow compared to male.

In general, for women entrepreneurs in the

province, the primary motivation in doing business is

for having independence and a higher income, lack of

alternatives jobs on the market, availability of family

and social support (ILO, 2011). However, little

segregated information available based on urban and

rural as well as based on gender in particular on

women entrepreneurs. Only a few fragmented

information available, those factors that influence the

women entrepreneurs in the rural area in starting and

improving their business.

1.2 Research Problem and Objectives

This paper presents a study that is attempting to

identify the factors that influence women

entrepreneurs at the rural level in starting and

improving their business. The focus of this paper is in

exploring various factors the rural entrepreneurship

ecosystem in NTT by trying to answer the following

question:

What are the enabling factors influencing women

entrepreneurs in the rural area to start and improve

their business?

This study is expected to contribute to the

understanding of the enabling factors at the local level

that motivates, and increase women perceived

opportunities in pursuing their entrepreneurial

activities.

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Entrepreneurship

As a dynamic new area of study during the past two

decades, the concept of entrepreneurship has been

varied depending on the perspectives and variables

used in defining it. Kuratko and Hodgetts (2004)

integrated various terminologies of entrepreneurship

as a dynamic process of vision, change, and creation

of individuals, institutions derived from four major

dimensions—individual, organization,

environmental, process. Both elaborate that the four

dimensions should be added with institutions,

organisations, and education to enhance the

entrepreneurial output. While Krizner (as cited by

Gifford, 2005), explained that entrepreneurship is the

"alertness" to new opportunities, and,

entrepreneurship is the sequence of innovative

actions following from the "discovery" of such an

opportunity. This entrepreneurial action could be

influenced by many factors, among them is the spatial

context i.e. rural and urban setting. However, rural

entrepreneurships, in particular, has been overlooked

(Pato & Teixeira, 2013). Therefore, the study of

entrepreneurships, nowadays, has been also expanded

to see the entrepreneurship phenomenon based on the

geographical area, such as rural area. This is because

the entrepreneurship in the rural is shaped by the

different characteristics which affected by various

factors.

2.2 Rural Entrepreneurship

Rural entrepreneurship can be defined as all forms of

entrepreneurship that take place in areas

characterized by large open spaces and small

population settlements relative to the national context

(Kalantaridis and Bika, 2006b) as cited in Korsgaard,

Müller, & Tanvig (2015). Further, Korsgaard,

Müller, and Tanvig (2015) explained that the business

activity adds something extra: a value added that has

to do with the socio-spatial dimension of the rural

areas. They argue that the particular nature of rural

entrepreneurship stems from the engagement of

entrepreneurship with place and space in a dual

process that re-valorises place as space, thereby re-

enacting place. In this context, by combining the rural

entrepreneurship with the concept explained in the

entrepreneurship ecosystem above, we can see that

the rural entrepreneurship development ecosystem

represents a novel and cost-effective strategy for

stimulating rural economic prosperity. The need for

rural entrepreneurship ecosystem stems from the

observation that when we see societies in which

entrepreneurship occurs with any regularity or is self-

sustaining, we see a unique, complex environment or

ecosystem has evolved” (Aggarwal, 2018).

From the above explanation, the entrepreneurship

process is a result of a complex interaction between

the individual, organization, environmental, and also

the process itself which can only work in a cohesive

collaboration among the four. In line with the above

explanation, at certain level for instance for a nation,

there are many studies that agree on the growth of

entrepreneurship as result of many interrelated

contributing factors in a healthy entrepreneurship

environment which many referred as

entrepreneurship ecosystem or as environment or as

framework (Nawangpalupi, Pawitan, Gunawan,

Widyarini, Putri, & Iskandarsjah, 2016), (Kreuzer,

Mengede, Oppermann, & Regh, 2018). A recent

study that looked at regular trends of entrepreneurship

conducted by Nawangpalupi, et al., (2017) described

that various stakeholders such as business player,

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756

regulators, and many organizations had put attention

on entrepreneurship ecosystem as a strategic theme.

Business players, regulators, and related co-working

organizations all promote a healthy entrepreneurship

environment. They further explained that the

interrelated factors in the entrepreneurial ecosystem

are perceived as the accelerator in strengthening

entrepreneurship. However, when the factors are not

carefully established and maintained, they can

become entrepreneurial inhibitors (ibid).

2.3 Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

As discussed earlier, the recent emergence in the

study of entrepreneurship showed that, entrepreneurs,

to be successful, need a conducive environment in

which they can innovate and prosper their business.

The concept of this conducive environment, an

ecosystem, is derived from the earlier works in the

literature such as science and technology parks

(Saxenian, 1996) and industrial district (Becattini,

1979) as cited in (Maroufkhani, Wagner, & Ismail,

2018). Nowadays, the entrepreneurial ecosystem (or

entrepreneurship ecosystem) has been seen as an

important subject in relation to various

entrepreneurship studies (Malecki, 2017). The

discussion over the concept varied from one region to

another region, consequently, there are many (R.

Duane Ireland, 2003) definitions about

entrepreneurship ecosystem. Mason and Brown

(2014) in brief conclude those different definitions as:

“a set of interconnected entrepreneurial actors (both

potential and existing), entrepreneurial organisations

(e.g. firms, venture capitalists, business angels,

banks), institutions (universities, public sector

agencies, financial bodies) and entrepreneurial

processes (e.g. the business birth rate, numbers of

high growth firms, levels of ‘blockbuster

entrepreneurship’, number of serial entrepreneurs,

degree of sell- out mentality within firms and levels

of entrepreneurial ambition) which formally and

informally coalesce to connect, mediate and govern

the performance within the local entrepreneurial

environment’ (Mason and Brown, 2014, p. 5).

The above statement implies that

entrepreneurship needs to be viewed from a holistic

perspective to take in to account various elements or

factors that influence the growth of entrepreneurs.

The development of entrepreneurship cannot be

separated from other elements that enable a person to

take entrepreneurship decision. Moreover, it also

describes that entrepreneurship ecosystems could be

varied depending on the geographical coverage, type

of sectors, actors, and other characteristics. The

entrepreneurship ecosystem is influenceed by the

policies, regions, sector, and other elements that

interact and intersect. While there are many

entrepreneurship ecosystems that have been made,

little studies examine the entrepreneurial ecosystem

that possesses rural features, as well as women

entrepreneurs in a rural setting. The most used model

that describes how the entrepreneurship ecosystem is

functioning and define developed by Daniel Isenberg

described in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Ecosystem for Growth entrepreneurship, Copied

from Isenberg (2011).

In Figure 1, entrepreneurship ecosystem consists

of six domain such as policy, finance, markets, human

capital, support and culture, and unique as it develops

under idiosyncratic circumstances and bounds but not

confined to a specific geographical scale (Mason &

Brown, 2014). Therefore, this can refer to a very

specific nation, sector, and even an area, e.g. rural.

For the purpose of this study, by adapting the

work of Kreuzer, et.al. (2018), the entreprenurial

ecosystem for women entrepreneurs in a rural area is

defined as a product of three factors: Business

environment, interacting actors, and entrepreneurial

culture and attitude. The research model is described

in Figure 2. With these three factors, the study focuses

on the most relevant aspects of an ecosystem that

exists in the rural area. In addition, the study uses

Isenberg's domains above to categorise the actors of a

rural entrepeneurial ecosystem. Brief description of

the three factors is described below.

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

757

Figure 2: Research Model.

2.3.1 Business Environment

The Donor Committee for Enterprise development

(DCED), as cited in Kreuzer, et.al (2018), defined the

business environment as a complex of policy, legal,

institutional and regulatory conditions that govern

business activity. This definition includes the

administration, and enforcement mechanism

established to implement government policy, as well

as the institutional arrangement that influences the

way key actors operate e.g. government agencies

(p12). In the context of this study, the rural business

environment for women entrepreneurs includes:

relevant policies for women entrepreneurs in rural

such as access to market information, business

registration, tax, access to financial support, and other

supporting factors such as infrastructures, access to

business development services.

2.3.2 Interacting Actors

The guidelines of the entrepreneurship ecosystem

described that there are a variety of actors that

influence the conduciveness of a place towards

entrepreneurship by different means (ibid). Therefore

it will be crucial to also identify which actors foster

women entrepreneurial activity. The table below

describes the detail list of the actors in women

entrepreneurships. Several actors are added in the list

based on the context of rural and village

administration as well as structure in the NTT

province:

Table 1: List of Actors in Entrepreneurial Ecosystem.

Entrepreneur

ships

Ecosystem

factors

List of actors in a

rural entrepreneurial

ecosystem

Additional list of

actors in rural

women

entrepreneurships

adapted for the

purpose of this thesis

Finance

 Banks  Micro fund for

Women



Microfinance

institutions

 Financial

technology

companies

(including crowd

funding

platforms)

 Government

rogrammes for

women

entrepreneurships

(grants)

Support



Business service

providers

(including legal

and accounting

services)



Mentors



Business plan

contests and

conferences



Business

development

service providers



Women

entrepreneurs

organisation



National

association of



women business

owners



Donor

programmes

Media



Social media



Role models



Social media

network for

women

entrepreneurs



Female

entrepreneur



role models

Policy



National/provincia

l/district/local

government

administration



Government

agencies



Central Bank



Village authorities



Local agencies

established at the

local level

Human

Capital



Universities



Market driven

research institutes



Technical training

institutes



schools



Short term courses

roviders for

women



Skills

development

training for

women



Markets



Consumers



Marketing

platform



Domestic/internati

onal corporation



Local market

networks



Marketing service

providers

Source: Adapted list of actors in an entrepreneurial

ecosystem based on Kreuzer et.al (2018) and (ILO, 2006)

2.3.3 Entrepreneurial Culture and Attitude

The culture of a society has a large impact on the

entrepreneurial ecosystem. It affects individuals'

attitude towards entrepreneurship and therefore the

likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur (Kreuzer,

Womenentrepreneurialactivity

StartingBussiness

Improvecurrentbussiness

EntrepreneurialEcosystem(rural)

Bussiness

environment

InteractingActors

Entrepreneurial

Cultureandattitude

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758

Mengede, Oppermann, & Regh, 2018). For the

purpose of this study, since the main focus is in

exploring the perception of women related with the

influence of culture towards their entrepreneurial

decision the Entrepreneurial culture and attitude

include behavioural pattern, media, local culture, and

women’ education background.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

According to Stevenson (1990) since there are

numerous unique characteristics of women

entrepreneurs not only based on the type of business

but also their location qualitative method is suggested

to be used in research about women entrepreneurs.

Thus, to best address the research questions, this

thesis uses a qualitative approach in exploring the

factors influencing women entrepreneurship in the

rural area in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of

Indonesia, and in particular used exploratory research

design. The reason this study used an exploratory

research design was because it was useful for gaining

background information on a topic that has not yet

been fully explored or to test ideas (Maxwell, 2005).

The design is fit with the context of the study since

there is no existing study on women entrepreneurship

in rural areas in East Nusa Tenggara Timur that have

used entrepreneurship ecosystem as the framework

for identifying factors in the ecosystem that influence

women in starting and improving business. This study

therefore will test the idea and seek unique

characteristics of the factors in the rural ecosystem.

3.1 Method of Data Collection

The data for this research were collected by using a

survey to thirty women entrepreneurs and in depth

interview with two women entrepreneurs in NTT

province. The survey strategy is commonly used in

exploratory and descriptive research to collect data

about people, events or situation (Sekaran & Bougie,

2016). The area of the research was in one of the

islands in NTT province, Timor Island. The island

was selected since it is one of the most populated

islands in the province and statistically indicated there

was a high number of women involved in

entrepreneurial activities. More specifically the study

was made in three districts in the island covering:

Kupang, Timor Tengah Selatan and Belu District.

As this study is qualitative in nature, the focus of

the study will use qualitative instruments in gathering

the data from the primary source, and secondary

source. The primary source of the data came from a

survey with 30 women entrepreneurs and the in-depth

interview with 2 women entrepreneurs in rural areas

in three selected district in the Timor island of NTT

by using a convenience sampling. The convenience

sampling was used due to limited time, and resources

to research a vast large geographical area such as the

NTT province. As its name implies, convenience

sampling refers to the collection of information from

members of the population who are conveniently

available to provide it (ibid). Therefore, the

respondent of the survey was taken based on the data

available and granted by the department of

cooperative and SME of NTT province as well as

other beneficiaries of women entrepreneurs identified

based on the data provided by the International

Labour Organisation (ILO) in Jakarta.

3.1.1 Survey

The strategy to collect the information is using a

survey to women entrepreneurs in a rural area. The

survey strategy is used because of it allows

researchers to collect quantitative and qualitative data

on many types of research questions and commonly

used in exploratory and descriptive research (Sekaran

& Bougie, 2016, p. 97). The questions for the survey

were adapted from the guidance provided by Aspen

Network of development entrepreneur (2013) and the

questioners developed by the International Labour

Organizations in similar studies on factors affecting

women entrepreneurs in starting and improving their

business conducted in Aceh, 2011. The survey

instrument was designed to have a rapid yet holistic

entrepreneurial ecosystem mapping in a region, in

this case at the village level. The survey questionnaire

consist of the three main factors in rural

entrepreneurship ecosystem explained in the previous

section: Business environment, interacting actors,

and entrepreneurial culture and attitude. The detail of

the survey frameworks are in table 2.

There are eighty four questions in total for the

survey. The survey conducted during the period of 15

December to 15 January 2018. There were four

enumerators from local small and micro development

centre called (PLUT), a business development service

provider under the provincial cooperative department

involved in the process of a survey in the three

districts. Each survey required approximately sixty

minutes. Prior to the survey, each enumerator

received training in conducting the survey. Since the

villages are located outside of the city, the survey was

done by face to face interview. The enumerators

invited the respondent to come to a certain location

for the interview, and 15 survey interview was

conducted on an individual basis.

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759

Table 2: The Survey Framework.

3.1.2 In depth Interview

Two in-depth interviews were carried out to have a

more detail information as additional primary data for

this research. This in-depth interview was also used

to have a local perspective about the rural context in

the specific landscape area. A semi structured

interview questionnaires were used to interview two

women, one in Kupang district and one in TTS

District.

3.2 Data Analysis

The collected information from the survey is

tabulated using excel programme. The respondent

data is coded based on the location and district of the

respondents. Each question, is also coded based on

the answers that have been provided. The data then is

analysed quantitatively to see the frequency of similar

response to each of the questions. This quantitative

data is then complemented with the in depth interview

results which have been transcribed into the verbatim

format. It is also employed a triangulation approach

to cross-check and validate the consistency data and

information through an interview with the resource

persons in the village, group leaders and government

officials as well.

3.3 Limitation of the Study

This study is limited by its design. Since this was

an exploratory, qualitative study, which employs a

small number of respondents and the application

of convenience sample, one could not use the

result to generalise the trend to the whole

population of women entrepreneurs in a rural area

in all NTT villages. There is a need to be overcome

the weaknesses of the current study by a larger,

quantitative study, and a more complete collection

of accurate secondary data for a future

comprehensive study. As this study heavily focuses

on analysing the contributing factors based on

qualitative data, the reflection of correlation between

one element with other related elements in the rural

entrepreneurship ecosystem and women

entrepreneurship will be not analysed quantitatively.

4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Business Profile of the Respondents

A total of eight (25 %) interviewed women

entrepreneurs were involved is engaging in the

agriculture business contexts, such as in farming,

livestock rearing, and other agriculture products.

Twenty-eight per cent of the respondent in the rural

areas are involved in agriculture and other economic

diversification activities such as weaving, trade, and

service. While the rest 6 per cent are involved in trade

and service. Twenty-eight of the respondents

EE Factors Variables of the entrepreneurship

ecosystem

Operational variables

Business

environment

the administration, and enforcement

mechanism established to implement

government policy, as well as the

institutional arrangement that

influences the way key actors operate

e.g. government agencies



Policies applied by national, provincial, and rural

authorities for women entrepreneurs in rural areas

 Business development services

 Financial services

 Aspects that affecting women business

 The application of the regulation

Interacting actors a variety of actors that influence the

conduciveness of a place towards

entrepreneurship in the rural area



Government institutions, local institutions, and other

relevant institutions in the village level

 Support institutions, business development service

providers

 Finance institutions formal and informal

Entrepreneurship

culture

Existing local culture, attitude,

ehavioural pattern that exist in the

community, media, and education

background.



Women perception on other’s view (family, and

society) about women in business

 Time spend for doing business

 Personal perception about women’s contribution to

the local economic development

 Education attainment

 Reasons for starting business

 Reasons for improving business

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categorised as the owner and manager of their

business, and only 4 of them are only managing the

work while their husband is considered as the owner

of the business. Seven respondents that have run their

business for 1 to 3 years and five among them only

have one business while the other 2 have more than

one business. Four of the respondents claimed have

been running their business for more than three years

with all of them mentioned having another business

starting up. Eleven respondents that have run their

business for over six to ten years claimed having more

than one business and the rest ten respondents that

have run their business for six to ten years claimed

only run a single business for that period. This higher

rate of starting another business in addition to the

existing business stem from experiences that they

have as well as the other experiences that they have

such as working as contractors, an employee in a

company or store, and other business activities.

Around 21 per cent of the respondents that have more

than one business also has other experiences in other

sectors before they are starting their business. While

a total of 78 per cent do not have any prior experience

before starting their business.

The current business activity is considered as the

primary income source for 56,7 per cent of the

interviewed women entrepreneurs, while only one

woman entrepreneur that count half of the family

income from the business since she also has other

work as a contract civil servant. Twenty-eight per

cent of the respondents mentioned most of the

household income coming from their husband’s

salary, and another 15 per cent mentioned that the

family income is mostly coming from their husband’s

business.

4.2 Enabling Factors Influencing

Women Entrepreneurship in Rural

Area

Findings from the interview indicated that women

tend to start their business after they have reached 25

years old above. Seven of them started from 1988 to

1995, more than twenty years ago. They have been

running their business in agriculture which includes

livestock rearing, and sells their agriculture products

such as maize, rice, and other commodities. As a

diversification, these women also engaged in

weaving. Another 17 respondent started their

business from 1996 to 2010 and engaged in not only

in agriculture but with another type of business

mostly related to trade (having a small kiosk), and

culinary. Moreover, the rest started their business

from 2011 to 2014. Also, 14 respondents mentioned

that they started their second business after three to

five years of the first business running. Only two

respondents started their business during the first

three years after they have started their first business.

Twenty respondents mentioned that they started

the business to support their family income, the need

to support their children’s education and support their

husbands. Four of them mentioned that they started

the business because of their hobby such as in

culinary and beauty salon beside the passion for

contributing others. Only one respondent mentioned

helping to create jobs in her community as an

additional reason behind her motivation in starting a

business. The rest four respondents were starting their

business after they received training and support from

a local cooperative, business development providers,

and non-government organisations (NGO) indicated

that they need to contribute to the income of the

family. Another two persons mentioned that it is

based on the availability of the resources that they

have at hands such as land and the last two persons

mentioned because of the experience that they have

in previous work or inspired by other people’

business. Fourteen respondents expanded their

business because they see the opportunity to open

new businesses, and another three persons because of

the support from local business development service

providers from Dinas Koperasi through its PLUT

programme.

Beside the above personal perception on the

reasons for starting a business and improving

business other factors that are also asked during the

interview were related to the business environment

and the culture explained in detail below:

4.2.1 Business Environment

Based on the available desk research and the

interview, there are numerous policies, programmes

and activities have been given to improve rural

development, in particular, rural economic

empowerment that comes not only from government

institutions but from other International

Organisations both multilateral and non-government

organisations. Moreover, the national government

also provides the village fund programme as an

instrument to create supporting instutution such as

BUMDES and other supporting activities which can

boost local economics such as the development of

village infrastructures.

 Government Institutions

Respondent identified at least five government

institutions at a various level that contribute to

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

761

providing services needed to enhance

entrepreneurship and rural development. At province

and district level, the department of cooperative was

mentioned as the main actor in providing support for

local entrepreneurs through various training

including financial support. The respondents also

pointed out the department of industry and trade as

another department that can provide various supports,

in particular, the permit for small and medium

enterprises.

Respondents also mentioned about the

implementation of the various national government

and provincial programmes such as the PNPM

programme, and village fund programme, including

the provincial government through ANGGUR

MERAH programme. Related to the village fund

programme, only four respondents mentioned that the

programme has been contributing positively to the

local communities through the various programme as

well as support both financial and non-financial.

While the rest claimed that they did not know about

the village fund programme nor being involved in the

process of discussing the utilisation of the village

fund at the village level. Furthermore, from the

interview, 28 respondents informed that they agree to

the idea of having support at the village level since it

will help them in enhancing their business. The

existence of BUMDES, in 4 villages were considered

as a starting point to create better economic condition

and provide various support required for women

entrepreneurs. However, in many villages the

existence of BUMDES will still require more support

to be able to thrive and even starting.

At the village level, the head of the village is

having a significant role in providing relevant

information related to any government programme,

selection of beneficiaries as well as deciding the

utilisation of village fund in each respective village.

Various non-government programme through

local NGOs (non-government organisations) was

mentioned mostly related to the development

capacity building of the local farmers, and only a few

directly targeting women entrepreneurs in particular

or design special programme for rural women.

From the interview, there is a common agreement

that the government programme and various

international organisations were fragmented which

resulted in low coverage and benefit for local people

in the village level. Not to mention that the time frame

of the intervention from numerous programme only

lasts for a maximum of three to five years at the

village level.

 Informal Institutions

Interestingly, 40 per cent of the respondent mentioned

the role of the church both Protestants and the

Catholics having a major role in motivating women

entrepreneurs through their congregation economic

empowerment. A Catholic priest in one of the sub

district in Kupang, for example, was actively

facilitating the formation of cooperative and motivate

women, entrepreneurs, to take part in the cooperative.

Another protestant priest, as well in Amarasi sub-

district, facilitate the development of the women

groups (kelompok Usaha Bersama Perempuan) in her

congregation as a place for women entrepreneurs

sharing and working together to establish their

business.

 Market Access

In general, women entrepreneurs’ marketing systems

based on the interview may be summarised as:

‐ The production for most products is still

subsistence-based (small areas, low input /low

productivity, with the sale of small volumes of

variable quality).

‐ Women entrepreneurs in rural areas have limited

appreciation of market systems beyond their

village or sub-district markets

‐ Little or no value-adding is carried out for most

products

‐ Respondents are trading small volumes, that then

move inefficiently through a fragmented market-

chain, with many layers each collecting margins,

and impeding market signals getting back to

producers (e.g. in the case of demand for better

quality products).

Women entrepreneurs depend mainly on local

markets, and for those who are involved in trade and

service did not do not for marketing their product.

They tended to wait for their business customers,

buyers in this context local collectors for agriculture

products, and four respondents have started using

social media such as Facebook and WhatsApp to

reach out to their customers. Seven respondents in

TTS districts relied on the service of their cooperative

for channelling and distributing their products to the

province and national market. The majority of the

respondent, 26 women entrepreneurs, work together

with their husband and unpaid family members for

selling and distributing their product to the local

markets. Only four people were having their workers

dealing with the marketing and another two

respondents using paid family members for the

marketing.

During the interview, it was noted that the

obligation to family and their children very often

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

762

prevented them in improving their area coverage to

reach new customers or seek new opportunities.

Therefore, all women stated that home and area

around their home are preferable so that they can

spend more time or even the whole time taking care

of their family. Therefore, the emergence of online

trading, although still in a very simple way by using

social media has been a new promising way for

women in improving marketing.

 Business Assistance and Provision of Business

Development Service

Availability of reliable business assistance

specifically related to business management and

managing day to day business including planning for

expansion is considered one of the things that can

motivate women in the rural area to pursue their

business opportunities. The informal source of

assistance mainly come from family members such as

husbands and close family members that have similar

business as well another friend in the village that can

share information and strategy for developing their

business or when facing problems.

Eleven respondents mentioned PLUT (Pusat

Layanan UMKM Terpadu) an institution under the

ministry of cooperative as one of the sources of non-

financial support and other business assistance such

as training which include support in setting up new

businesses. Another service for women in the

weaving group in TTS district as described by seven

respondents is the local cooperative called

KOPINKA Simbolo. This cooperative was a centre

for the members to get support such as tools and

materials for productions, as well as other technical

training to improve their skills in weaving in addition

to the market service. Four respondent also

mentioned a local NGO as the arm of the church

institution called Yayasan Alpha and Omega that are

available in Kupang district that can provide support

for business development.

 Infrastructure and Facilities

For women entrepreneurs in the isolated area, 12 of

them put infrastructure as part of the top 3 priority

after market access and access to financial. Although

not considered as the top 3 important things, women

entrepreneurs still considered that supporting

infrastructure will enable to access better market

opportunities as well as ensuring that they can market

their product to the nearest market. Interestingly 25

respondents prioritised access to the market as the

priority of services that they need. The information

about the market is important for deciding to start a

business, plan the in advance for the farming seasons

for agriculture-based business, and for knowing about

the prices for their product. After the market access,

all respondent agree that access to both financial

support and business development service are crucial

in giving them sufficient information as well as

motivation to pursue their entrepreneurial activities.

 Effective Regulation

At the village level, in particular for micro and small

businesses, there is no regulation which considered

hampering the women entrepreneurs to start their

business. Twenty-four respondents mentioned that

the regulation on village funds at the village level

would contribute positively to women as long as

women are actively engaged in the process. Research

on business climate conducted by SMERU in 2004

highlighted that agriculture products in particular

food staple are a subsector with least regulation since

1998. Only products that will be sold outside of the

province will be charged with a levy (SMERU, 2004).

4.2.2 Interacting Actors

Based on the interview and discussion with

respondents there are at least 5 actors that are strictly

related to their motivation in entrepreneurship. These

actors are depicted as in Table 3.

Table 3: Interacting Actors.

Person/informal Institutions or organisations

Family:

 Parents

 Extended

families such as

a nephew, or

another close

relative

 Based on

Marriage such

as their children

and family in

law

Local cooperatives as well

other lending and loan

groups available in the

village

Friends that have similar

business or that have to

start a business

Bank and other lending

agencies, NGOs, village

leaders,

Social influence from the

church organisations or

other social organisations

at the village level

Training institutions, and

other government agencies

The relationship that women entrepreneurs have

with all of the actors above can shape the women’s

motivation in starting and improving their business.

Seventy-eight per cent of married respondent

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

763

mentioned that their husbands are the one that

contributes the most in starting up a business. From

opening a loan in a bank until supporting them in

distributing their product into the market. The other

important actor in the family is a parent. All

respondent involved in agriculture and weaving

product mentioned that their skills, knowledge and

experience in having a micro business were coming

from their parents.

Other contributing factors from NGO, consultants

of business development service providers, training

agencies are also mentioned as actors that could

significantly contribute to improving their motivation

to expand their business.

a. Financial Institutions

The most preferred financial institutions at the village

level by all of the respondents are cooperative and

small lending groups available at the village level

such as a locally established group called Kelompok

simpan pinjam perempuan and other self-help group

established with the support from the church

institutions. The mentioned that the cooperatives did

not require any collateral and complex procedure to

have a micro or small loan. For around 85 per cent of

the respondents besides personal saving, support from

cooperatives at the village level is very helpful for a

quick and small amount of loan required for starting

up or even improving their business. Furthermore,

informal loan and borrowing group set up by various

government programme have become the alternative

for women in rural areas in order to access soft loan

for their business.

Four respondent however mentioned bank as the

final resources for getting a loan for improving their

business. One of them already expanded two business

by using a loan from banks. Seventy-five per cent of

the respondent mentioned that they do not have

sufficient collateral and twenty-five per cent

mentioned about the difficulties in accessing the

banks as the reason for not using the service from the

bank.

b. Human Capital

All respondent mentioned that in order to expand

their business they would require more support in

improving their skills in managing their business,

financial management, mentoring or business

consultation, and technical training related to their

business. Available supports from government

institution as a business providers such as PLUT,

local NGO, and other relevant organisation are

crucial for women in the rural area with a limited

education background. The government at provincial

and district level need to do more works in improving

access for women to skills development training as

well as to basic entrepreneurship training that will be

useful in developing the capacity of women in

improving their business

c. Media

There are two media that are relevant for women in

starting their business, first is radio and the second

one is the internet. For the majority of the respondents

in a rural area, information that they can get from

radio such as prices of a commodity is very important

for helping them in making planning as well as

marketing. The growing availability of internet access

in some part of the area has able to stimulate women

entrepreneurs to pursue their dream of developing

more business or making new business. As mentioned

above, women entrepreneurs used Facebook and

Whatsapp as a tool for communicating with their

customers and reaching out to new customers.

4.2.3 Entrepreneurial Culture and Attitude

The majority of Women entrepreneurs, 64 per cent

are more confident and believe that they have a better

status when they are starting a business to support

their family income. While for 34 per cent still

perceived not having significant changes unless they

are already successful in developing their business.

While internally in the family, all respondent received

full support from their husbands, and other family

members for married respondent. Moreover, for a

single respondent, they received full support from

their parents and other family members in starting up

their business.

General Characteristics of interviewed rural

women entrepreneurs are described as follows. Thirty

(30) women entrepreneurs in rural areas in three

selected districts were interviewed by using a

structured interview based on the prepared

questioners. The respondents were selected based on

the recommendation from the PLUT (pusat layanan

usaha Terpadu) an integrated bussiness development

centre under the ministry of cooperative located in

NTT as well as based on available access granted by

the writer, and the availability of the respondents

during the time frame of the research in Kupang,

Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS), and Belu districts. 8 (25

%) women entrepreneurs were in the age category of

the 25 to 35 years old, 10 (31,2 %) respondents are in

the age category of 36 to 45, and 6 (18%) respondents

are in the age category of 46 to 55 years old, and the

rest, 8 (25%) respondents are older than 55 years old,

with the oldest is 71 years old. A summary of the

respondents based on districts in the interview is

presented in table below:

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

764

Table 4: Respondent per district.

District Number of

Villages

Number of

Respondent

Kupang

7 20

TTS

5 7

Belu

1 5

Total

13 32

Based on their marital status, 27 interviewed

women entrepreneurs are married (30- 71 years old),

and 5 of them are single (29- 48 years old). All

married respondents have children. Three of the

respondent have six children, 2 of them have five

children, 5 of the respondents have four children, 9 of

them have three children, 7 of the married

respondents have two children, and only one

respondent age 52 years old has one child.

In figure 3, the survey findings showed that

generally women entrepreneurs in rural areas are

having lower education compare to their spouse.

Twenty-five per cent of the respondent did not have a

proper education and even did not finish primary

school. Twenty-eight per cent of the interviewee has

a primary education background. Fifteen per cent

pass high school education and the only 12 per cent

of the respondents graduated from higher education

and thus having a diploma degree and university

degree. These findings also imply that access to

education for women in the rural area in the targeted

districts is low compared to a man.

Figure 3: Highest level of education reached by the

respondents and their spouse.

4.3 Discussions

Based on the findings from the interview and the

survey, the identified factors in a rural

entrepreneurship ecosystem in rural areas in NTT that

influence women in starting and improving business

are varied depending on their accessibility to market

and market information. The study also found that

there are unique features that influenced women in

starting and improving their business as summarised

in the following:

Table 5: Summary of Factors Influencing Women

Entrepreneurship in Rural Area in NTT.

Entrepreneurs

hip Ecosystem

Factors

starting business improving

business

Business

environment

Availability of

local self-help

group in the village

such as informal

lending groups, and

local cooperatives

which can provide

immediate

financial support

with less complex

procedures as well

as within reach.

Availability of non-

financial services

and financial

services from

numerous

government

programme. This

support covers the

provision of

technical training in

particular related to

agriculture,

provision of seeds.

Business

development

service providers'

services through

mentoring by a

local consultant

such as registration

of the products,

management

advice, and market

networking

Access to

Bank and

other lending

institutions.

Available

mentoring

support from

various

government

programmes

Upgrading

technical

skills training

from local

NGO, a

government

programme,

and other

training

institutions

Interacting

actors

 Governme

institution

s, local

institution

s, and

other

relevant

institution



Informal

institutions, and

networks such as

church play an

important role in

roviding a

stimulant for

women to start

their

entrepreneurship

 Local

institutions

such as

BUMDES

(village

owned

enterprise),

Banks, and

authorities

at the

village,

Spouse Women

Factors Inﬂuencing Women Entrepreneurship in Rural Area, an Exploratory Study in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia

765

s in the

village

level

 Support

institution

s, business

developm

ent service

providers

 Finance

institution

sformal

and

informal

 Radio still

ecomes one of

the main source

information about

market

information and

other relevant

information such

as the price of the

product

 Informal self-help

groups such as

lending groups

and local

cooperatives

 Availability of

support from

rovince and

district level

government

officials that can

be referred to

relevant

district

government

offices

 Use of social

media for

improving

market

outreach

Entrepreneurs

hip culture and

attitude

 Positive support

from close

relatives mainly

from husbands,

and parents

 Previous

education, work

experience,

experiences such

as working with

their parents in

farming and

customary

tradition such as

weaving

traditional clothes

 Motivation to get

additional income

for the family, and

gaining

independence

were frequently

mentioned in the

starting phase of a

business.

A micro business is the

entry level for

women

entrepreneurs to

start their

usiness. Mainly

characterised with

the ability to start

from what they

have at hand.

 Sup

ort from

extended

family

members and

other

relatives both

as unpaid

workers or

paid workers

 Trust and

improve

social status

from the local

community

 Motivation

has shifted to

contribute to

contributing

to social

reasons such

as creating

employment,

or serving

others.

 Cultural

motivation to

give an

example that

women can

also play an

important

role in

improving

local

communities



Availability of

local self-help

group in the

village such as

informal lending

groups, and local

cooperatives

which can provide

immediate

financial support

with less complex

rocedures as well

as within reach.

 Availability of

non-financial

services and

financial services

from numerous

government

rogramme. This

support covers the

rovision of

technical training

in particular

related to

agriculture,

provision of seeds.

 Business

development

service providers'

services through

mentoring by local

consultants such

as registration of

the products,

management

advice, and market

networking

5 CONCLUSION

Based on the findings and discussion in the previous

chapter above we can conclude that factors

influencing women entrepreneurs in a rural area in

Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, in particular in the

selected district in Timor island are consist of various

factors in an entrepreneurship ecosystem at the

village level which consists of:

a. Business Environment

Some elements of the business environment in a rural

area which considered as required enabling factors

are access to market, access to capital, business

assistance. Besides that, infrastructures and effective

regulation are also considered necessary as a mean for

women entrepreneurs in the rural area reaching their

ICIB 2019 - The 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World

766

arm to access the market. In addition to the above

element, a Church’s or other religious’ economic

empowerment activities also played a significant role

in supporting women in a rural area to become

entrepreneurs.

b. Interacting Actors

Various interacting actors are also important in

enabling women in pursuing their career as

entrepreneurs. The first influencing actors are the

business development service providers which able to

help them in dealing with various technical aspects of

managing a business, providing access to training,

and facilitating access to other support including

linking to market and financial support. Secondly, the

availability of financial institutions at the village level

through a various channel such as cooperatives,

government and NGOs programme, self-help group

microlending for women have been useful accessible

sources for women not only in starting a business but

also during their phase for improving their business.

Based on the interview, some respondent has begun

using the internet and social media such as Facebook

and WhatsApp to improve their marketing. These

indicated that women are also open to new media in

addition to the traditional media such as the radio to

improve their knowledge and information about the

market and other relevant information. These new

channels are also potential to be used to expand their

marketing channel and reaching out to their

customers.

c. Entrepreneurial Cultures and Attitude

Besides general factors such as the need to increase

family income, children’s fee, and other economic

reasons, local culture towards women in business also

influences the women's self-esteem. Supportive close

family, extended family members, friends and people

are surrounding them enable them to begin their

business without fear. Husband, parent, and friends

are the closest person give the most motivation

needed during the starting phase of a business and

also in improving their business. For these women

entrepreneurs, successful business women will have

better social status in the local community, especially

those who can become really successful in their

business. Once women could reach such a position,

other people or the local community will not

underestimate their position. To do this woman need

to work harder and manage their time wisely between

working to manage their business with other domestic

responsibility.

Other essential elements that shape the

entrepreneurial culture of the respondents are

education, working or other experiences. Generally,

for those who are having a business in agriculture and

weaving received their necessary skills from their

parents and the local community. While those who

are having a business in trade, and service got their

inspirations, required skills, and motivation from

their education, working experience as well as other

relevant training.

In the contrary, the absence of these factors is

assumed to influence negatively towards the

development of women entrepreneurship in a rural

area in starting and improving their business. This

study has indicated that rural entrepreneurship

ecosystem in the rural area has some positive

attribution that influences women entrepreneurial

activities. However further study to sustain the

existing ecosystem, and create conducive

entrepreneurship ecosystem is needed to give

complete picture not only the existing factors but also

the missing elements in the rural areas. This will also

include more comprehensive longitudinal studies of

the women entrepreneurs in the rural area which

focus on examining the effectiveness of each factor

towards accelerating the growth of entrepreneurship

in a rural area.

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