Upland Rice Growth Performance Grown under Different Planting

Times and Biochar Applications at Zone D1

Oldeman Agroclimate in North Sumatra

Syarifa Mayly

, Abdul Rauf

, Chairani Hanum

and Hamidah Hanum

Doctoral Program of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara,

Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia.

Program Study of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara,

Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, Indonesia

Keywords: Biochar, Rice husk, Upland rice, Planting time, Oldeman agroclimate

Abstract: Upland rice yield is highly dependent on nutrients and water availability, temporal and spatial conditions of

the climate and the length of planting time period. The effect of planting time and biochar application on

upland rice yields varieties were investigated at Zone D Oldeman Agroclimate in North Sumatera. Five

upland rice varieties (Batutegi, Inpago 4, Limboto, Situpatenggang, Situbagendit) were evaluated under four

planting times and four biochar applications (no rice husk biochar, rice husk biochar, rice husk biochar

+chicken manure, rice husk biochar+ EM

). Results showed that biochar application increased plant growth

and yield significantly. Application of rice husk biochar + chicken manure produced the highest mean of

plant height, leaf chloropyll content, total leaf area, yield per plot and harvest index, while ricehusk biochar

+ EM4 produced the highest mean number of productive tiller per hill. The Planting time (15

Sept ) period

IV recorded the highest mean of all parameter excluding harvest index which the highest value were at

period II. And Inpago 4, Limboto, Batutegi varieties showed the higher growth and yield performances

among the four different planting times at zone D Oldeman Agroclimate.

1 INTRODUCTION

Upland rice is rice cultivation in dry land where all

the water needs come from rainfall, so the yield is

highly dependent on nutrients availability and water,

temporal and spatial conditions of the climate and

the length of planting time period. Variability in the

amount and distribution of rainfall is in connection

with upland rice cultivation is very dependent on the

distribution of rainfall, the determination of the right

planting time and in accordance with the rainfall

pattern is very necessary (Alfons et al. 2010).

Sudrajat (2009) reported that there was a change

in rainfall distribution patterns in North Sumatra

Province of Indonesia from 1970-2008, which was

the number of wet months decreases and the number

of dry months increases. There were two zones that

increased in the Oldeman classification in 2009,

namely the E1 and E2 zones, therefore there were 8

zones: A1, B1, C1, D1, D2, E1, E2, and E3. North

Sumatra Province of Indonesia is dominated by the

D1 climate type which is spread throughout the

Regency / City. D1 climate type has 3-4 wet months

in a row with less than two consecutive dry months.

Climate change such as high and varied

temperatures, rain patterns and extreme intensities

such as floods and droughts will threaten the

agricultural production system (Nelson, 2009).

Adaptation strategies are needed by plants to

tackle climate change. Plant adaptation strategies

include adjusting planting dates and varieties that are

suitable and adaptive to the planting calendar,

relocating crops and improving management

practices needed to address climate change.

According to Messina et al. (2009) that the final

results of cultivars depend on the interaction

between genotypes, responses to environmental

conditions, and cultivation practices. Under the same

conditions of cultivation practice, interaction

between genotypes and environmental

characteristics is the only determinant of the

performance of varieties (Luquet et al. 2006).

Maylay, S., Rauf, A., Hanum, C. and Hanum, H.

Upland Rice Growth Performance Grown under Different Planting Times and Biochar Applications at Zone D1 Oldeman Agroclimate in North Sumatra.

DOI: 10.5220/0008552302350240

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 235-240

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

235

One potential strategy for climate change

mitigation is the biochar application that is used as

an amendment. Biochar application as amendment

can increase soil CEC, fertilize efficiency and

reduce fertilizer requirements (Liang et al. 2006),

improve plant growth and yield (Blackwell et al.

2009), increasing water holding capacity and water

retention and reducing nutrient loss through leaching

(Lehmann et al. 2009; Verheijen et al. 2010). The

objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of

planting time and biochar application on upland rice

growth performance varieties which grown at Zone

D Oldeman Agroclimate in North Sumatera,

Indonesia.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Description of the Experimental

Site

The experiment research was conducted in BMKG

Sampali Sampali station research field (the

Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology

and Geophysics) Deli Serdang District, North

Sumatra of Indonesia from June 2014 to January

2015. Climate information was collected daily from

BMKG Sampali Weather Stations.

2.2 Experimental Design

The experimental design was arranged in a split

split plot arrangement with two replications. The

treatments included the four planting date and four

biochar application. Four planting date treatments

included 15

June, 15

July, 15

August, 15

September respectively, were applied as main plots

while five varieties of upland rice included Batutegi,

Inpago 4, Limboto, Situpatenggang, Situbagendit

were considered as subplots and four biochar

application which include no rice husk biochar, rice

husk biochar, rice husk biochar + chicken manure,

rice husk biochar + EM

were considered as sub

subplots.

2.3 Plant Material and Cropping

Period

Five upland rice varieties from Indonesian Rice

Research Sukamandi, West Java were selected for

this study.

2.4 Field Management, Data Collection,

and Data Analysis

The field tillage included clearing, breaking soil

with hoe, bedding, compacting and smoothing the

beds. The bed size was 2 x 2 m with one meter

distance between blocks and 0,5 meter distance

between plots. The rate of biochar treatment were 0;

20 tons/ha rice husk biochar; 10 tons/ha rice husk

biochar + 10 tons/ha chicken manure; 20 tons/ha

rice husk biochar + 2 ml EM

. Rice husk biochar

treatment were applied two days before sowing.

Upland rice variety used for this research was

Inpago 4 with spacing 0,2m x 0,2 m, sowing 5 seeds

per hole at a depth of 3–5 cm and then thinned to 2

plants per hill at 2 weeks after planting..

The parameters were collected at 1, 2, and 3

months after planting (MAP) included plant height

(cm) which recorded on five randomly plants by

measuring the height from the ground to the tip of

the panicle, leaf chlorophyll contents (LCC) was

measured with a SPAD-502 portable chloropyll

meter (Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). All chlorophyll

meter readings were taken midway between the stalk

and the tip of the leaf. Total leaf area = TLA (cm

)

was measured with CI-202 portable area meter

( CID, Inc USA). All leaf from destructive sample

were measured with this deviceThe data were

analyzed by using ANOVA with F test at the level

of 95 % and then followed by DMR test if

the values were significant at the level of

probability.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effect of rice husk biochar application on plant

height, leaf chloropyll content and total leaf area 12

month after planting can be seen in Figure 1.

Significant differences were found among the

planting time factor for all upland rice growth

parameter. Among the planting time, cropping

period IV (September – January) recorded highest

plant height, leaf chloropyll content and total leaf

area (110.48 cm, 39.39 and 214.71 cm

). Planting

Time IV showed significant mean difference with

other planting times for all growth upland rice

parameter 12 month after planting but there was not

significant difference with planting time period I for

plant height and period III for total leaf area

parameter. There was a significant

difference (P<0,05) among upland rice varieties for

all growth parameters. Inpago 4 and Batutegi

showed the highest mean for all growth of upland

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

236

rice varieties. Some upland rice varieties only

showed the highest mean for growth parameter like

Limboto variety for plant height and leaf chloropyll

content parameter, Situbagendit variety for leaf

chloropyll content and total area parameter and

Situpatenggang variety for plant height parameter.

There were significant differences among rice husk

biochar application for plant height parameter and

no significant difference for leaf chloropyll content

and total area leaf. Rice husk biochar + chicken

manure produced significant highest mean plant

height (109.77 cm) than no rice husk biochar (97.21

cm), rice husk biochar (102.25 cm) and rice husk

biochar + EM

. For leaf chloropyll content and total

leaf area parameter, rice husk biochar + chicken

manure showed the highest mean and no rice husk

biochar showed the lowest mean of those parameter.

Figure 1: Effect of Planting Time, Upland Rice Variety

and Biochar Application on Plant Height (cm) 12 MAP.

Planting Time included A= Planting Time (Cropping)

Period I, B = Period II, C = Period III, D= Period IV.

Upland rice variety included V

=Batutegi, V

= Inpago 4,

= Limboto, V

= Situbagendit, V

=Situpatenggang.

Biochar Application included A

= No biochar, A

= Rice

Husk Biochar, A

= Rice Husk Biochar+ Chicken Manure,

= Rice Husk Biochar + EM

There were significant interactions among the

planting times and the varieties for all growth

upland rice parameter 12 month after planting but

there were no no significant interactions among the

planting time x biochar, varieties vs biochar,

planting time x varieties x biochar. Combination

Batutegi variety at cropping period I showed the

highest plant height were not showed significant

difference with combination Inpago 4 and

Situpatenggang with cropping period I, combination

all upland rice varieties with cropping period IV

exclude Situbagendit varieties. Combination upland

rice varieties such as Inpago 4, Limboto,

Situbagendit with cropping period IV showed the

highest leaf chloropyll content 12 month after

planting. Combination Batutegi variety with

cropping period I, combination all upland rice

varieties with cropping period IV, combination all

upland rice varieties with cropping period III

exclude Situbagendit variety showed the highest

total leaf area parameter.

Figure 2: Effect of Planting Time, Upland Rice Variety

and Biochar Application on Leaf Chloropyll Content 12

MAP.

Upland Rice Growth Performance Grown under Different Planting Times and Biochar Applications at Zone D1 Oldeman Agroclimate in

North Sumatra

237

Figure 3 : Effect of Planting Time, Upland Rice Variety

and Biochar Application on Total Leaf Area (cm

) 12

MAP.

Planting time of period I showed the lowest

growth and yield of upland rice. From four planting

times, it appear that only the planting period I

recorded total crop evapotranspiration higher than

total rainfall. It showed that there was a lack of

water during the period of plant growth (drought).

Drought stress in upland rice causes yield loss and

decreases in harvest index (Yue et al., 2006). The

reduction in upland rice yield was due to drought

stress depends on stress level (Matsumoto et al.

2014; Lafitte et al., 2004; Farooq et al., 2010) and

the period of stress (Mannan et al., 2012; Bernier et

al., 2007). Heinemann et al., (2007) showed that

mild drought stress there was a reduction in upland

rice yield of <30%, where as in severe drought

stresses the reduction in upland rice yield reached

50%. Sarvestani et al. (2008) stated that water stress

at the vegetative stage significantly reduced plant

height of all cultivars.

Inpago 4, Limboto and Batutegi varieties showed

the best growth performance. It assumed that

environment were more suitable for Inpago 4,

Limboto and Batutegi varieties. This upland rice

growth characteristics was vary and influenced by

the expression of genetic characteristics and

environmental conditions. This is consistent with the

description of the upland rice varieties where the

varieties of Batutegi, Inpago 4 and Limboto had

plant height> 110 cm -134 cm, and these varieties

had a large number of tillers, namely> 13-18 tillers

(BPTP Central Java, 2014).

Batutegi, Inpago 4, Limboto, and Situbagendit

varieties show the highest amount of chlorophyll.

Study by Shrestha et al. (2012) showed that

genotype selection and environmental conditions are

more important factors limiting crop yields

compared to nitrogen applications.The N content of

leaves allocated in the chloroplast is around 80%,

and only 50% is invested in photosynthetic proteins

and only 0.5-1.5% is allocated in chlorophyll which

depends on the environment of plant and species

growth. And the amount of leaf N content allocated

to chlorophyll-protein complexes increases with

decreasing radiation and is observed in many species

(Evans and Poorter, 2001).

Application of rice husk biochar + chicken

manure showed the highest vegetative growth

compared to other types of biochar applications.

Rice husk biochar consists of very light materials

with porous microstructure and specific gravity

0.150 g cm

(Haefele et al., 2009). Addition of

fertilizer and biochar give positive results for plant

growth. The addition of large biomass production is

obtained from the application of fertilizer and rice

husk biochar on Ultisol soil. Rice husk biochar

application in kale increases the number of leaves,

leaf width, leaf length, number of branches, root

size, wet weight plant and chlorophyll content

(Milla et al., 2013). Mixing biochar with other soil

amendments such as manure, compost or lime

before application to the soil can increase efficiency

by reducing the number of applications needed.

Since biochar has been proven to absorb nutrients

and protect them from leaching (Major, 2009;

Major et al., 2009; Novak et al., 2009), mixing with

biochar can improve the efficiency of manure or

other amendment applications.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Rice husk biochar application with chicken manure

or EM

showed a significant increase in all

parameters of crop growth upland rice in Zone D

Oldeman Agroclimate. Treatment application of rice

husk biochar + chicken manure was found to be the

optimum application type in this research, which no

had significant differences in leaf chloropyll content

and total leaf area parameter. Upland rice varieties

showed significant differences in all parameter

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

238

which Inpago 4, Limboto and Batutegi recorded the

highest mean among different planting time

compared with other varieties. Planting time period

IV recorded the highest growth and yield

performances, and it mean that the period IV was a

favourable enviroment to upland rice grown in Zone

D Oldeman Agroclimate.

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