Accumulation of Heavy Metals of Cooper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) on

Rhizophora mucronata in Mangrove Forest, Nelayan Village Sub

Medan Labuhan Subdistrict and Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang

Subdistrict, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Yunasfi

, Kanvel Prit Singh

and Desrita

Faculty of Forestry, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma No. 1, Campus USU Medan 20155

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. A. Sofyan No.1 Medan 20155

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Cooper (Cu), Lead (Pb), AAS, R. mucronata

Abstract: This study aimed to analyzes the content of heavy metals Cu and Pb in the roots, leaves and barks of R.

mucronata and analyze the ability of R. mucronata in accumulating heavy metals. Sampling was carried out

at Medan Labuhan Sub-District Nelayan Village and Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang District. The analysis

of Cu and Pb heavy metals was carried out at the Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of

North Sumatera. Using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method.The results of this study

indicate that the heavy metal content of Cu on the barks and leaves in Jaring Halus Village are higher than

Nelayan Village. The content of Cu in roots are higher in Nelayan Village. The content of Pb Metal in the

barks and roots in Jaring Halus Village are higher than Nelayan Village. The content of Pb metal in the

leaves are higher in the Nelayan Village. Based on bio concentration factors, R. mucronata's ability to

accumulate Cu heavy metals are categorized as medium, whereas in accumulating Pb heavy metals are

categorized as low.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Mangroves are one of several coastal ecosystems

that have an important role. Mangrove ecosystems

have the highest level of productivity compared to

other coastal ecosystems. The large number o f

businesses using mangroves have caused the area of

mangrove decreasing from year to year. These

activities include coastal reclamation, land clearing

for agriculture and aquaculture, industry and housing

development in coastal areas. The direct impact

caused by above activities is the entry of waste into

the mangrove ecosystem, paricullary the waste

which contains heavy metals (Hamzah and

Setiawan, 2010). Mangrove community often gets

supplies of pollutants such as heavy metals from

industrial, household and agricultural waste.

Mangrove plants include types of aquatic plants that

have a very high ability to accumulate heavy metals

in the waters. The process of absorbtion in plants

occurs as various diffusion processes and the term

used is translocation in animals. This transport

occurs from cell to cell to vascular tissue so that it

can be distributed to all parts of the body.

Soemirat (2003) states that the absorption

process can occur through several parts of plants,

namely:

1 Roots, especially for inorganic substances and

hydrophilic substances.

2 Leaves for substances that are lipophilic.

Based on Panjaitan's, et al., (2009) data obtained

on the content of heavy metals Pb and Cu in the

mangrove forest of the Nelayan Village in Medan

Labuhan District. In the water, obtained Cu content

of 0.1198 mg / L and Pb content of 0.4522 mg / L.

In sediments, obtained Cu content of 9.0735 mg / L

and PB content of 9.9500 mg / L. From the data, it

was found that sea water in the Mangrove Forest of

Medan Labuhan Subdistrict was contaminated with

heavy metals Cu and Pb because it exceeded the

limit set by the LPM No.51 of 2004 KEPMEN,

which was 0.05 mg / L.

Based on Handayani's research, (2006) data

obtained on accumulation of Cu heavy metals at the

root of R. mucronata trees amounted to 24.431 ppm.

Yunasﬁ, ., Singh, K. and Desrita, .

Accumulation of Heavy Metals of Cooper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) on Rhizophora mucronata in Mangrove Forest, Nelayan Village Sub Medan Labuhan Subdistrict and Jaring Halus Village,

Secanggang Subdistrict, No.

DOI: 10.5220/0008552402410247

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 241-247

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

241

This shows that R. mucronata trees can be used as

bioaccumulators of Cu heavy metals in mangrove

forests.

1.2 Research Purpose

1. Determine the heavy metals content of Cu and

Pb in the roots, leaves and barks of the tree

Rhizophora mucronata.

2. Analyze R. mucronata's ability to accumulate

heavy metals Cu and Pb in the Mangrove Forest

of Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang District and

in the Nelayan Village of Medan Labuhan Sub-

Village, so that it can be used as an accumulator

of heavy metal pollution in the mangrove forest

area.

2 MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 Time and Location

This research was conducted in two observation

stations, station I was in the coastal area of Belawan,

namely Mangrove Forest of Nelayan Village as an

area suspected of being polluted because it was close

to industry and station II in Mangrove Forest Jaring

Halus Village which was suspected of being

uncontaminated (control) because it was far from the

industry. Heavy metal analysis was carried out at the

Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy

Universitas Sumatra Utara from April to August

2018.

2.2 Materials

The equipment used in this study consists of:

knife, measuring tape, camera, compass, mortal and

pastle, aquadest bottle, 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask,

drip pipette, furnace (furnace), oven, funnel,

Whatman filter paper size 42, universal pH,

porcelain crucible, measuring cup, beaker glass, 100

ml and 25 ml measuring flask, thermometer, hand

refractometer, hot plate, sample container, analytical

scale, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

The materials used for this research are:

sampling tally sheet, raffia, concentrated HNO3

solution, aqua bides, standard Cu and Pb solution, R.

muconata roots sample consist of taproot, R.

muconata leaves consist of old leaves and young

leaves, R. mucronata barks affected by tides,

sediment samples and seawater samples.

2.3 Sampling Procedure

Sampling in both locations were carried out by

purposively following the transect path along the

coastline. The roots, leaves, and barks samples were

taken from R. muconata tree. Roots taken are

taproots that are above the limit exposed to the tidal

boundaries of the sea, while for the leaves taken are

young leaves on the shoots and old leaves at the base

of the twigs, the barks of the R. mucronata tree

taken are tidal bark sea water. From the transect

path, 3 sample points were taken at each location

with a sample distance of 50 meters. Sample taken at

each point with three replications. Data taken in the

form of roots, leaves, and stem barks of R.

mucronata. As supporting data, measurements of

heavy metals in surface and sediment water (± 30

cm depth) as well as measurements of water quality

parameters, such as air temperature, water

temperature, water pH, and salinity at the six points

were also measured.

2.4 Preparation of Roots, Leaves,

Barks and Sediment Samples

Roots, leaves and barks samples are homogenized

by compiling samples taken from three extraction

points at each station. For the preparation of roots,

leaves, and barks, the samples are cut into small

pieces before smoothing. Likewise, sediment

samples can be smoothed directly. After that they sre

dried in an oven at a temperature of 105º C until a

constant weight is obtained.

Samples of roots, leaves, barks and sediments are

each weighed as much as 5 grams, placed on a hot

plate to become charcoal. To speed up the

occurrence of charcoal, a small amount of HNO3

can be dripped slowly. Samples that have become

charcoal are added to the furnace at a temperature of

700º C (ignition) until become ash. After the ash

process, roots, leaves and sediment samples

dissolved by adding 10 ml of concentrated HNO3.

The solution mixture was crushed in porcelain

crucible and then filtered into a 25 ml volumetric

flask using whatman filter paper size 42. Crushed

crisps were rinsed using twice aqua bides so that the

metal content still attached to the crucible dissolved.

After the filter is filtered, add aqua bides to the

boundary line on the measuring flask. The solution

obtained can be tested using AAS.

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

242

2.5 Water Sample Preparation

Seawater measured 100 ml, then added 10 ml of

concentrated HNO3. Heat in an Erlenmeyer

container on a hot plate until the volume becomes 30

ml. Drop the aqua bides solution until the volume

becomes 100 ml then deposited. The precipitated

solution is filtered by the water phase with whatman

filter paper size 42. The solution obtained is ready to

be analyzed using AAS.

2.6 Principle of Atomic Absorpsion

Spectrophotometer (AAS)

AAS is set in advance according to the instructions

in the manual tool. Then calibrated with a standard

curve of each Cu and Pb metal with a concentration

of 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1 ppm. The absorbance

and concentration of each sample were measured.

2.7 Data analysis

2.7.1 Real Concentration

To get the actual heavy metal concentration on the

roots, barks, leaves and sediments in accordance

with the standard operating procedures at the

Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy,

Universitas Sumater Utara, the formula used is:

Real consentration (mg/L) =

Consentration AAS (mg/l) x Solvent volume (l)

(1)

Sample weight (mg)

To get the actual concentration of heavy metals in

water, the formula used is:

Real consentration (mg/L) =

Consentration AAS (mg/l) x Sample solution (l)

(2)

Sample weight (mg)

2.7.2 Bio concentration factor (BCF)

After the heavy metals content in the water have

known, the data is used to calculate the ability of R.

mucronata to accumulate heavy metals Cu and Pb

through the level of bio concentration factor (BCF)

using the formula:

BCF Cu / Pb =

(Heavy metal Cu / Pb) Plant)

(3)

(Heavy metal Cu / Pb) Water

Information :

BCF> 1000 = High Ability

1000> BCF> 250 = Moderate Ability

BCF <250 = Low Ability

2.8 Descriptive Analysis

The data obtained was analyzed descriptively

according to the environmental quality standards

mentioned in the Decree of the Ministry of

Environment No. 51 of 2004 for water quality.

Quality standard for heavy metals in mud or

sediment in Indonesia have not yet been established,

so that as a reference, IADC / CEDA (1997) issued

quality standards regarding metal content that can be

tolerated.

3 RESULT

3.1 Aquatic Environment Conditions

(temperature, water temperature,

water pH, and salinity)

The condition of the aquatic environment results

from in-situ measurements in the field, showing the

different results between observation points. The

temperature and the highest water temperature are

found in the Mangrove Forest of Jaring Halus

Village as well as the pH of the water. The highest

salinity was obtained in the Mangrove Forest of the

Nelayan Village (Table1).

Temperature at station II is higher than

temperature at station I. This can be caused by the

geographical location of the two observation

stations. Temperature of the two observation stations

can be categorized as high, this can occur due to the

high intensity of the sun during sampling process.

Water temperature at station I is lower because

the presence of R. mucronata trees in the Mangrove

Forest of Nelayan Village is in a fairly close water

surface closure. Whereas at the second station the

existence of the R.mucronata tree is at the edge of

the bay so that the closure of the water surface by

the canopy is quite tenuous.

From the results of salinity measurements at both

stations, the salinity range at station I is around 20-

30 ppt with an average value of 23.4 ppt. While at

station II around 20-30 ppt with an average value of

21.1 ppt. In station I, there are many mangrove

forests that have been converted into fish ponds. The

management of fish ponds there are pumps that take

Accumulation of Heavy Metals of Cooper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) on Rhizophora mucronata in Mangrove Forest, Nelayan Village Sub Medan

Labuhan Subdistrict and Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang Subdistrict, No

243

sea water and put into ponds which affect salinity in

the area.

According to Hutagalung (1991) a decrease of

salinity and pH as well as an increase of temperature

caused a greater bioaccumulation rate because of the

increasing availability of metals.

Table 1: Aquatic Environment Conditions Analyze.

Parameter

Station

pH Water

7.3

Salinity (ppt)

21,1

23.4

Water temp (°C)

27,3

28.1

Air temp (°C)

31.6

33.23

3.2 Heavy Metal Content of Cu and Pb

in the Roots, Leaves and Barks of

R. mucronata

Based on the results of measurements of heavy

metals Cu and Pb on the barks, roots and leaves of

the R.mucronata tree, showed that the barks, roots

and leaves were higher accumulating Cu than in Pb

metal (Table 2).

The results of measurements of heavy metals Cu

and Pb on the roots of R. mucronata trees showed

lower results compared to the content of the barks

and leaves. At station I the average content of Cu in

the roots of R. mucronata tree is around 5,033

mg/kg. The average content of Pb is around 0.884

mg/kg. At station II, content of Cu in the roots of R.

mucronata tree is around 2,740 mg/kg. The average

content of Pb is around 0.899 mg/kg. This is because

the roots do not store the substances that have been

absorbed from the soil for a long time. Though, it

translocated to the stem, leaves, and fruits (Priyanto

and Prayitno, 2004)

Based on the measurements of heavy metals Cu

and Pb on the leaves of R.mucronata tree, the results

were quite high. At station I, the average content of

Cu in the leaves of R. mucronata trees is 7.697

mg/kg. The content of Pb is 1,160 mg/kg. At station

II, the average metal content of Cu is 12,951 mg/kg.

The average content of Pb is 1.138 mg/kg. The

content of Cu at station II is higher than it is at

station I.

The heavy metal content of Cu on the bark of

station I is less than at station II. This is caused by

differences in tree diameter at both stations.

Diameter range at station I is 10.2 cm to 13.8 cm.

While the range of trees at station II is 17.5 cm to

22.6 cm. The difference in tree diameter determines

the amount of heavy metals and other substances

that accumulate in the tree. The bigger the diameter

of the tree, the bigger ability of the tree to

accumulate heavy metals and other substances.

Table 2: Average Analysis of Heavy Metal Content of Cu

and Pb in roots, leaves and barks of R.mucronata.

Sample

Station

Cu (mg/kg)

Pb (mg/kg)

Roots

5.033

0.884

Roots

2.740

0.899

Leafs

7.697

1.160

Leafs

12.951

1.138

Barks

8.357

1.115

Barks

21.734

2.480

3.3 Content of Heavy Metals Cu and

Pb in the Water and Sediment

The content of heavy metals Cu and Pb in water and

sediment in the water in the mangrove forest area of

Jaring Halus Village is higher than the ones in the

Nelayan Village Mangrove Forest. The average

content of Cu and Pb in sediments in the Mangrove

Forest Village of the Fishermen area is higher than

those in Jaring Halus Mangrove Forest (table 3).

By the results of measurements of Cu and Pb

heavy metals in water at both sampling stations, it

can be seen that the content of Cu heavy metal has a

higher concentration than the content of Pb metal.

This is due to the origin of Cu metal pollution which

is the main industrial waste that is above the

sampling location at station I, the waste area of

private oil palm plantations and community-owned

agriculture at station II. Sea transportation activities

contribute to Cu heavy metals in the environment

but in doses that are not too huge. At station II, there

is an oil palm management industry and sea

transportation activities to connect the Jaring Halus

Village at Secanggang District. In addition, Pb

heavy metals in the environment are generally

obtained from transportation activities and industrial

activities. At the station I, there are a few sea

transportation activities but there are numerous

industrial activities in the Medan Industrial Area

which is above the sampling location of station I.

From the results of measurement of Cu heavy

metals at station I, the average data obtained as

0.0439 L/kg. While at station II the average data was

obtained as 0.0496 L/kg. the content of Cu heavy

metal at station II is higher than station I. This can

be caused due to differences in sampling. At the

time of sampling at station I, it was carried out when

the dead tide (a small amount of tide entered the

location). At station II the sampling was carried out

during high tides (high tide entered at that location).

From the measurement content of Pb heavy metal at

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

244

station I, the data average obtained as 0.0137 L/kg,

while in station II the average data obtained as

0.02457 L/kg. The content of Cu and Pb heavy

metals in both stations have exceeded the limit set

for seawater quality standards, 0.008 L / kg. (KLPM

KEPMEN No. 51 of 2004) .

From the results of measurements content of Cu

and Pb heavy metal in sediments at both sampling

stations obtained the content of Cu heavy metal with

average of 0,9003 mg/kg. While in station II, the

content of Cu heavy metal obtained with an average

of 0.776 mg/kg. the content of Cu heavy metal at

station I is higher than station II because at station I

there are many industrial activities and at station II it

is likened to control. Cu pollution at both stations

can still be tolerated (IADC/CEDA 1997).

From the measurement content of Pb heavy

metal at station I, the average data obtained as

2.7588 mg/kg, while in station II the average data

obtained as 0.9003 mg/kg and still included the

tolerance limit (IADC / CEDA 1997).

The content of heavy metal in sediments is

higher than it is in water. This can occur because of

sedimentation in sediments during heavy metal

content in high water. Heavy metals have properties

that easily bind organic matter and settle in the

bottom of the water and bind to sedimentary

particles. So that, the content of heavy metal in

sediments is higher it is in water.

Table 3: Average Analysis content of Heavy Metal of Cu and Pb in Water and Sediments.

Sample

Station

Cu (mg/kg)

Pb (mg/kg)

Quality Standart

Water

0.0439

0.0137

KEPMEN KLH No. 51, 2004 (0,008 mg/l).

Water

0.0496

0.02457

Sediments

0.9003

2,75883

IADC/CEDA 1997, Cu (600 mg/kg) and Pb (1000 mg/kg).

Sediments

0.776

0.9003333

3.4 Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) To

Analyze the Ability of R. mucronata

in Accumulating Heavy Metal Cu

and Pb.

Based on the calculation of the value of bio

concentration factor (BCF), it is known that the

highest BCF value is for Cu metal which is 754,524

and the lowest BCF value is 188,527 for Pb metal.

The value of the Cu and Pb bio concentration factors

in two stations can be seen in Table 4.

From the results of the calculation of the bio

concentration factor values for heavy metals Cu at

the first station it can be concluded that the ability of

R. mucronata to accumulate Cu metal is better than

Pb metal. For station I Cu metal BCF values amount

to 480,357 and for Pb metals amount to 230,533. At

station II, the BCF value of Cu metal is 754,524 and

for Pb metal is 188,527. In accumulating Cu R.

mucronata metals are categorized as medium while

in accumulating Pb it is categorized as low.

Table 4: Value of Cu and Pb Bio concentration (BCF) Factors in Nelayan Village and Jaring Halus Village.

Station

Cu Consentration

Bcf Cu

(L/Kg)

Pb Consentration

Bcf Pb

(L/Kg)

Plant = Total Root, Bark

And Leaves (Mg/Kg)

Water

(L/Kg)

Plant = Total Root, Bark

And Leaves (Mg/Kg)

Water

(L/Kg)

21.0877

0.0439

480.357

3.1583

0.0137

230.533

37.4244

0.0496

754.524

4.6321

0.02457

188.527

4 CONCLUSION

The content of heavy metal Cu in R. mucronata

roots in Nelayan Village (5,033 mg/kg) are higher

than Jaring Halus Village (2,740 mg / kg), while for

the content of Pb in Jaring Halus Village (0,899

mg/kg) are higher than Nelayan Village (0.884

mg/kg). The content of Cu in R. mucronata leaves

are higher in jaring Halus Village (12,951 mg/kg)

than in Nelayan Village (7,697 mg/kg), while for the

content of Pb are higher in Nelayan Village (1,160

mg/kg) than in Jaring Halus Village (1,138 mg/kg).

The content of Cu in R. mucronata barks in Jaring

Halus Village (21.734 mg/kg) are higher than

Nelayan Village (8.35 mg/kg), Pb content in Jaring

Halus Village (2.480 mg/kg) are higher than in

Nelayan Village (1.115 mg/kg).

The ability of R. mucronata in accumulating Cu

heavy metals in Nelayan Village and Jaring Halus

Village is categorized as medium with BCF values

of 480.357 and 754.524, whereas in accumulating

Pb heavy metals in Nelayan Village and Jaring

Accumulation of Heavy Metals of Cooper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) on Rhizophora mucronata in Mangrove Forest, Nelayan Village Sub Medan

Labuhan Subdistrict and Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang Subdistrict, No

245

Halus Village is categorized as low with BCF values

of 230,533 and 188,527.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Universitas Sumatera Utara esearch Institute In

accordance with the Universitas Sumatera Utara

TALENTA Research Implementation Contract

Number: 2590 / UN5.1.R / PPM / 2018, March 16,

2018.

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