Growth and Productivity of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on

Bagasse-Sawdust Mixed Media

Ridahati Rambey, Rosalia Silaban and Edy Batara Mulya Siregar

Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1, Campus USU, Medan 20155, North

Sumatra, Indonesia.

Keywords: Pleurotus ostreatus, Growth and Productivity, Sawdust, Bagasse.

Abstract: Oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus) is a wood fungus that grows in a row sideways on weathered logs. The

purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bagasse composition on P.ostreatus as a substitute for

sawdust and to obtain bagasse composition. Best for growth and production of white oyster mushrooms. This

research designed using completely randomized design (CRD) consisting six treatments and five replications.

The treatments were 850 grams of sawdust without bagasse, 650 grams of sawdust and 100 grams of bagasse,

550 grams of sawdust and 200 grams of bagasse, 450 grams of sawdust and 300 grams of bagasse, 350 grams

of sawdust and 400 grams of bagasse and 250 grams of sawdust and 500 grams of bagasse. The data were

analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan's test with a significance level of 0.05%. The results showed

that mixed media ratio treatment influencing the production of white oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). Based

on harvesting periods 250 grams of sawdust and 500 grams of bagasse produce the fastest harvesting. Bagasse

can be used as substitute media for oyster mushrooms

1 INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is megabiodeversity country. Indonesia

forests have abundan flora and fauna, while consist of

13% flora and fauna in the world. In Indonesia's

forests, various flora species are available which can

be used as one of the foods with high nutritional

content. One of the food source was white oyster

mushrooms (P. ostreatus).

P. ostreatus is known as a fungus that is widely

cultivated in wood plastic bags media. Generally, the

substrate for oyster mushrooms cultivation is sengon

wood sawdust (Paraserianthes falcataria) obtained

from processed processing of sengon wood.

Demand for wood is increasing every year.

Increasing wood prices also increased the price of

wood sawdust. This causes the oyster mushroom

farmers to have difficulty in obtaining the raw

material for planting media. Multipurpose saws are

difficult to obtain at the location of oyster mushroom

cultivation, for example the city of Medan. Therefore,

for things to look for alternative substrates that are

available and easily available, one of them is bagasse.

(Ginting et al., 2013).

The agriculture and plantation industries produce

by-products which resulted from its processing of

products or direct consumption. One of the

agricultural wastes is bagasse (Saccharum

officinarum L.). Waste of bagasse is easily available

so that it can be used to reduce waste problems. Sugar

cane traders do not use bagasse and every time they

are consumed, bagasse is always thrown away and

eventually becomes garbage.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD

The tools used in this study are shovels, sand sieves,

wood pieces to compact media, chopper machines,

sterilizers, bunsen, baglog with 4 cm diameter,

spatulas, cutter, beko, hand sprayers, rulers, scales

analytics, calculators and other tools.

The materials for this research were seeds of white

oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus), bagasse, wood

sawdust, bran, dolomite CaCO3, Em4 (Effective

Microorganisms), PP (Polypropylene) plastic size 30

cm x 18 cm with thickness 0.6 cm as a container for

growing oyster mushrooms, rubber bands, sheets of

paper measuring 10 cm x 10 cm to cover baglog,

alcohol, dogrid paper, and stationery.

316

Rambey, R., Silaban, R. and Siregar, E.

Growth and Productivity of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Bagasse-Sawdust Mixed Media.

DOI: 10.5220/0008553703160321

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 316-321

ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6

2.1 Observed Parameters

The observed parameter in this research were:

a. Growth of mycelium

The observation periode was starts from the

appearance of the mycelium until the mycelium

appears on baglog.

b. Harvesting period

Harvesting periode is determined from the

beginning of planting or inoculation to the first

mushroom harvest.

c. Weight wet harvest (gram)

The measurement of fresh / mushroom weight is

done using a scale. Measurement of mushroom

weight is carried out on all fungi (clumps) when

harvested.

d. Stalk Length (cm)

Measuring the length of the stalk using a slide in

units of cm .

e. Number of fruiting body

Oyster mushrooms after being gotten fresh after

post-harvest are continued by the calculation of

the number of hoods produced by the white oyster

mushroom.

f. Area of hood (cm2)

The area of the hood is calculated to see the size

of the fungus in each treatment made.

g. Diameter of hood (cm)

Diameter is measured using a slide in centimeters.

2.2 Research Design

The study designed using Completely Randomized

Design (CRD) consisting of six treatments and five

replications. The formulation of planting media used

in each treatment per 1000 grams can be seen in the

following table:

Table 1: The planting media formulation used for each treatment.

Treatment

Sawdust (gram)

Bagasse (gram)

Roc bran (gram)

Chalk (gram)

Control

850

100

750

100

650

200

100

550

300

100

450

400

100

350

500

100

Research design. The research design used is

Completely Randomized Design which consists of

six treatments, namely

Control : Addition of 0% bagasse or 100% sawdust

powder used as a control.

P1: Addition bagasse 10% of the weight of sawdust.

P2: Addition bagasse 20% of the weight of sawdust.

P3: Addition bagasse 30% of the weight of sawdust.

P4: Addition bagasse 40% of the weight of sawdust.

P5: Addition bagasse 50% of the weight of sawdust.

The research data were analyzed using variance

with a linear model of

Yij = μ + Ti + εij

Information:

Yij : The results of observations from the treatment

of various planting media and replications

Μ : Average value

Ti : Effect of various growing media

Εij : Effect of trial errors from various planting

media and replications

2.3 Data Analysis

The obtained data will was analyzed by using

ANOVA (with a confidence level of 95%. If there is

an influence on the treatment, then proceed with

Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a 5%

error rate.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The observed parameter in this reseach was used for

calculated that the success rate of the planting media

used. The succes rate were determined by using

several parameters such as the rate of mycelium

growth (days), diameter of hood (cm), fresh weight of

mushroom fruit body (gram), number of fruiting

bodies (fruit), stalk length (cm), area of hood (cm2),

and age of harvest (days). According to Wijaya

(2008), the success of mushroom cultivation is

determined by the quality of the growing media. Data

from the measurement of all parameters for

determining the quality of planting media are

presented in Table 2.

Growth and Productivity of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Bagasse-Sawdust Mixed Media

317

Table 2: Results of Measurement of Average All Parameters.

Parameter

Treatment

Control

Growth of mycelium day)

37,4

40,4

42,4

44,6*

Diameter of hood (cm)

11,7

12,3

12,2

12,6

12,62

12,61

Wet weight (gram)

144

146

166

170

Number of fruit hood (fruit)

7,4

7,2

5,6

4,6

5,6

Stlak lenght(cm)

3,56

3,98

3,94

3,86

3,98

4,8

Area of hood (cm

)

127,9

112,6

109

108

131

148

Harvest periods (day)

50,6

57,6

55,8

48,6*

Note (*) : Significant average value

3.1 The Growth of Mycelium

The growth of mycelium in each treatment ranged

from 37-44,6 days. The fastest growth average of

white oyster mushroom mycelium (P. ostreatus) was

on 37 days in the control treatmen. Whereas, The

longest growth rate of white oyster mushroom

mycelium 44.6 days in treatment P5.

Full mycelium growth of treatment commonly on

fifth week. The different growth periode can be

caused by external and internal factor. Internal factors

consist of composting, nutrition, media density and

water content. Composting in the media, have the

functions to break down complex substances into

simpler substances with the help of microorganisms.

The good growth of mycelium is due to the growth of

fungi decomposed quickly and evenly, so that

nutrition is fulfilled (Hermiati, 2010). In the contro

treatment the mycelium growth faster because the

size of sawdust is smaller so that it is easily

decomposed compared to other treatments. In

contrary the bagasse planting media is larger in

particle size and requires a longer time to decompose.

The variance analysis (ANOVA) showed that the

media composition ratio significantly affecting the

growth rate of oyster mycelium. The Duncan

Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test results showed that

the control treatment was significantly different from

treatment P5. According to Rudiono (2006) bagasse

has porosity properties, due to space of micro and

macro pores compared to other media. Bagase also

easy to bind water, not easily weathered, has K source

which needed by plants and difficult to compact. It

may caused the bagasse decompositon takes longer

time than sawdust.

Another research conducted by Dewi (2009),

found that the ratio of mycelium growth was fastest

in baglog without any additional substitution material

(with meranti sawdust) in treatment E0 or control.

With the addition of substitutions for mycelium

growth rate parameters, it takes longer to decompose

the media. In the parameters of the mycelium growth

rate (days) it can be concluded that the most optimal

treatment is 100% sawdust or control sawdust.

3.2 Diameter of Hood (cm)

Diameter measurement is conducted horizontally

from the right side to the left in the center of the hood.

The diameter measurements were carried out on the

largest hood in one clump at the first harvest of each

treatment.

The diameter of oyster mushroom ranges from

11.7-12.62 cm. The diameter size parameters was not

significantly different from addition of bagasse. The

variance analysis (ANOVA) showed that the

composition ratio of bagase addition did not

significantly affect the diameter of oyster mushroom

hood. Generally, oyster shells size was 5 cm - 15 cm

and the lower surface is layered like white and soft

gills (Dharijah and Dharijah, 2001). According to this

statement, the oyster mushroom size in this research

was normal.

The control treatment produces the smallest

mushroom diameter for the average. The smallest

diameter can be caused by highest number of fruiting

bodies of this treatment. The size of the diameter

correlates with the number of fruiting bodies. High

number of fruiting bodies produce smaller the

diameter of the fruit hood. This condition also

explained by Purnawanto (2012) that stated fungi

grow into clumps where if there is a large number of

fruiting bodies, it will affect the diameter of the hood,

i.e the diameter becomes smaller because it does not

have much space for the fungus hood widens because

it coincides with each other another hood.

3.3 Wet Weight Fruiting Bodies (gram)

The fresh weight of the oyster mushroom fruiting

body becomes a parameter of physical quality

observation of the white oyster mushroom. The

weight obtained in one clump of each treatment is

influenced by nutrients in the growing media. For the

ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology

318

formation of many fruiting body cells can not be

separated from the content of the compounds needed

by the fungus in the growing media in sufficient

quantities in accordance with the statement Abdi

(2013).

The size of the fresh weight of the oyster

mushroom fruit body for each treatment ranged from

144-170 grams. The variance analysis result (Anova)

showed that the media composition by addition of

bagasse did not significantly affect the fresh weight

of the oyster mushroom fruit body with a confidence

interval of 95%. It caused by the more nutrients

absorbed by the fungus available in the growing

media can increase the wet weight of the fungus.

Cellulose and lignin content in bagasse will be

degraded to glucose and other compounds. Glucose

and these compounds are used as energy reserve

nutrients to produce optimal fresh weight.

Lignocellulose is needed by oyster mushrooms as a

source of carbon that is used to form organic

compounds that make up the fungal cells. According

to Hidayah (2013) oyster mushrooms have

lignocellulose enzymes that are able to remodel

cellulose, lignin, and other polysaccharides. as a

carbon source. So that it can be seen in the treatment

of P5 the amount of cellulose and other content is

sufficient so that the growth of fungi for the

parameters of the weight of fruiting bodies is

greatest.

3.4 Number of Fruiting Bodies

Measurement of the number of fruit bodies is

conducted by observed the size of the same hood. The

small and newly grown hoods not counted. In

addition to providing adequate nutritional needs, the

production of white oyster mushrooms is also

influenced by the environment, among others: light,

media moisture so that it affects the growth and

development of white oyster mushrooms. Besides the

initial preparation and handling, which is imperfect

sterilization, the location and arrangement of the

baglog is too tight or dense in the drum or container

also affects the production of oyster mushrooms. The

number of fruit bodies of oyster mushrooms in one

clump can be more than three hoods (Hendritomo,

2002). The number of oyster mushroom fruit bodies

ranges from 4.6-7.4 pieces. The variance analysis

(Anova) showed that the addition of bagasse on the

oyster mushroom growing media did not significantly

affect the number of oyster mushroom fruit bodies

with a confidence interval of 95%.

This result also in accordance with Wijaya (2008)

which stated that lack of an important element in the

media will be produce dwarf plants. This condition

was occured in controls that resulted in a small

diameter of the mushroom hood compared to other

treatments. According to Lakitan (2001)

carbohydrates are composed of 3 types of elements

those were carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Examples

of carbohydrate compounds are sugar, starch and

cellulose. Fungi depend on complex carbohydrates as

a source of nutrition.

These carbohydrates are broken down into

monosaccharides with extracellular enzymes and can

then be absorbed by fungi to be assimilated. Carbon

sources are needed for energy needs and fungal cell

structure. Addition of 100 grams of bagasse to each

treatment can absorb and save more water so as to

increase the growth of the number of fruiting bodies.

Hood area is the surface area of the oyster mushroom

hood. Measuring the area of the hood is done by

measuring the largest area of the hood. The area of

the hood is obtained by drawing a hood on dotgrid

paper.

The area of oyster mushroom fruit caps ranges

from 108-148 cm

. The results of variance analysis

(ANOVA) showed that media composition using the

addition of sugarcane bagase on the oyster mushroom

growing media did not significantly affect on growth

of oyster mushroom. Media compostion affects the

area of the white oyster mushroom hood.

Mushrooms are plants that do not have

chlorophyll, so they cannot carry out photosynthesis

to produce their own food. Mushrooms need a

growing medium that is rich in nutrients for food. P5

treatment have the highest number of fruiting bodies

so that the amount of nutrients. In accordance

Cahyana (2002) which explains that nutrition plays an

important role in the process of mushroom

cultivation. Nutrition added raw materials must be in

accordance with the needs of oyster mushrooms.

Mushroom stalk length (cm) is measured using a

ruler. The length of the oyster mushroom stem ranges

from 2-15 cm. Cellulose content in bagasse is the

main substrate needed as a carbon source to obtain

growth energy and stem formation as one of the

oyster mushroom productivity parameters.

The average number of lengths of the white oyster

mushroom stalks is between 3.56 - 4.8 cm. In general,

the length of the mushroom stalk ranges from 2-15

cm. In the composition of the planting media the

control treatment has a smaller stalk length than the

treatment given the substitution medium. The

variance analysis (Anova) showed bagasse did not

significantly affect the length of stalks with a

confidence interval of 95%.

Growth and Productivity of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on Bagasse-Sawdust Mixed Media

319

Cellulose content in bagasse is the main substrate

needed as a carbon source to obtain growth energy

and mushroom fruit bodies formation. In fungi

growth there are two important components those

were oxygen and carbon dioxide. The influence of

excessive carbon dioxide on growth causes the lenght

of stalk stems and the abnormal formation of the

hood.

In the same study Dewi (2009) stated the longest

oyster mushroom fruit stalk in obtained by substituted

50% media. With the addition of substitutions during

the growth period, the nutrients obtained from the

growing media are used for the growth of stalk

lengths and hoods, so that the amount of nutrients

contained in the bagasse planting media is more

fulfilled and spurs growth.

3.5 Harvest Periods (days)

Harvesting periods measurement begins when baglog

is inserted into the kumbung (incubation) until the

baglog period is ready to be harvested with a sign that

the hood is already developing. Harvesting periods of

oyster mushrooms ranging from 48.6 to 57.6 days.

The average number of period starting from

harvesting the smallest white oyster mushroom was

48.6 days in treatment P5, while the average periods

of harvesting the largest body of white oyster

mushroom was 57.6 days in P3 treatment. In

accordance with Abdi's research (2013) that the

highest number of nutrients (50%) from the amount

of baglog added will actually accelerate the age of

harvest. The adequacy of nutrition in the fungus

accelerates the harvest day. The treatment of different

substitution planting media has a significant effect on

mushroom harvest periods. The fastest fungus

harvests is on P5 which is for 40 days. This is in

accordance with Abdul (2002) that the cellulose and

lignin content in bagasse will be degraded to glucose

and other compounds. The results of variance

analysis (ANOVA) showed that the addition of

sugarcane bagasse addition on oyster mushroom

growing media significantly affected the length of the

oyster mushroom stalks with a confidence interval of

95%. The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test

results showed that treatment P5 was significantly

different from P3 treatment. In the measurement of

age parameters starting from harvest, it can be

concluded that 50% addition of sugarcane bagasse is

optimal for the diameter of the oyster mushroom

hood.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Sugarcane bagasse added to the white oyster

mushroom growing media (P. ostreatus) significantly

affected the mycelium growth rate parameters and

harvest periods. The fastest harvest period obtained

on P5 treatment. The bagasse can be used as sawdust

substitution for growing oyster mushrooms.

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