Growth and Biomass of Anthocephalus cadamba Seedlings in
Response to Liquid Disposal of Particleboard’s Recycling as Fertilizer
Arif Nuryawan
1
, Deni Elfiati
2
and Kansih Sri Hartini
2
1
Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
2
Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Keywords: Fertilizer, Liquid Disposal, Particleboard’s Recycling, Seedlings, Growth, Biomass
Abstract: Liquid disposal (LD) originated from particleboard bonded by urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin’s recycling
contains nitrogen which can be utilized as fertilizer for non-food seedlings. This study focused on the
analysis of growth and biomass of Anthocephalus cadamba seedlings, one type of local Indonesian plants
which is popular for forest plantation, after application of fertilizer made of LD of particleboard’s recycling.
Methods of this work were consisted of analysis of the LD, analysis of soil, preparation of growth media,
application of the LD’s fertilizer to the seedlings, and observation of the growth parameters and their
biomass. Result of this study showed growth parameters namely plant height and diameter of A.cadamba
were significantly enhance after exposure of LD’s fertilizer. However, biomass parameters such as dry
weight of roots and top/roots ratio did not influence. This finding suggested that fertilizer made of LD
originated from particleboard bonded by UF resins can be utilized as fertilizer for seedlings particularly for
topgrowth.
1 INTRODUCTION
At present, modern furniture and household have
been predominated made of panel products, such as
plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard (Peng and
Riedl, 1995; Youngquist, 1999). These products are
bonded mainly by urea-formaldehyde (UF)
thermosetting resins which made of urea and
formalin (Dunky, 1998).
Initially, UF resin was synthesized at mole ratio
of formaldehyde to urea (F/U) about 1.61.8 in
manufactures and resulted in good bonding strength
of wood products. However, because of
formaldehyde emission and discomfort leading to
health disruption as well as prerequisite of standard
emissions, low mole UF resin started to be applied
in industry nowadays (Dunky, 1998), i.e. around
1.11.2. Therefore, strength of these products
relatively decreased thus susceptible to the
destruction. In this regards, waste of panel products
are abundant originated from old broken
particleboard’s furniture such as cupboard, table-top
and kitchen set as well as out-lived particleboard’s
non-structural building components, for instances
insulation, partition, wall and sheathing.
Currently, three options were recommended for
dealing with wood waste consisting of land-filling
disposal, incinerating, and recycling. The first two
have effect to air, water, and soil. The last option
almost has no environment impact (European
Commission, 1997).
Recycling treated wood including wood particle
induced to adhesive in panel products is not a new
concept. Several studies discussed the process of
particleboard’s recycling, for example study of
Czarnecki et al (2003); Varga et al. (2004); Lykidis
and Grigoriou (2008). Many studies have been also
dealt with the solid residue from particleboard
recycling, its utilization for making recycle-products
and their quality, such as work of Huang et al.
(2004); Huang and Wang (2005); Gong (2007); Gao
et al. (2014).
When UF resin is used as adhesive, it contains
several components which is called chemical cluster,
such as macromolecules, polymer networks,
including sol fractions. Sol fraction is the unlinked
polymer chains and not attached in the network
therefore they can be extracted (Nuryawan et al.
2014). Recently, Lubis et al. (2018) reported that
water could be used as hydrolysis agent for
fiberboard recycling. They reported that both in
solid residue and extract solution contained nitrogen
(N) derived from UF resin adhesives. In this context,
recycling of particleboard bonded by UF resins
Nuryawan, A., Elfiati, D. and Hartini, K.
Growth and Biomass of Anthocephalus cadamba Seedlings in Response to Liquid Disposal of Particleboard’s Recycling as Fertilizer.
DOI: 10.5220/0008553903270331
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 327-331
ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6
Copyright
c
2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
327
using water soaking is feasible and the liquid
disposal (LD) originated from particleboard’s
recycling activity could be utilized as fertilizer
because it contains N (Singh et al., 2015) as the
source of the nutrients for the plant.
Here, we will report the responses of the growth
parameters of Anthocephalus cadamba seedlings,
one type of local Indonesian non-food plants which
is popular for forest plantation, after application of
LD of particleboard’s recycling activity. Thus, the
objective of our present work is to evaluate the
growth and biomass responses of the A.cadamba
seedlings in comparison to that of the ones after
treatment of LD in various F/U mole ratios of UF
resins.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
Particleboards made of gmelina (Gmelina arborea)
wood having 10% different types of binder of UF
resins, namely F/U mole ratios of 0.95; 1.05; 1.15;
2.0; and commercial were used as source of
recycling material.
Mature and healthy seedlings of A.cadamba were
brought from the nursery at Pancur Batu, North
Sumatra, Indonesia were used as research object.
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Recycle and hydrolysis of
particleboard
Simple soaking method in ambient temperature
water was applied for recycling the particleboard.
The principle of this method is hydrolysis of UF
resin within particleboard thus easily to get both
wood particle solid residues as well as extract
solution containing N originated from sol fraction of
the UF resin. Later, the extract solution or LD was
used as fertilizer.
The procedures are as follows: first,
particleboards were cut about 5 cm x 5 cm x 1 cm
and then classified according to the binder used.
Second, five small sample of the each binder
particleboards were soaked in a bath containing
1000 ml room temperature water until they were
broken for hydrolysis process. Indeed, for each
binder, it needs different periods of soaking. For
example F/U mole ratio of 0.95; 1.05 and 1.15, they
took 2-3 days while F/U mole ratio of 2.0 and
commercial UF adhesive took 8-10 days (Siringo-
ringo, 2017). Third, after hydrolysis, for separation
between the wood particle solid residue and the LD,
a filter paper (Whatman No. 1, Ø: 90 mm) was used.
Fourth, the LD was dissolved in 9000 ml water, kept
in the gallon, analyzed the N content then it was
ready to apply as fertilizer. Analysis of the N content
used titimetri method and carried out in Laboratory
of Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan,
North Sumatra, Indonesia. Results of the N content
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: N content analysis of LD of particleboard’s
recycling
LD originated from UF resin with
N content (%)
F/U mole ratio of 0.95
689.94
F/U mole ratio of 1.05
1042.67
F/U mole ratio of 1.15
969.65
F/U mole ratio of 2.0
462.43
Commercial
128.04
2.2.2 Media and seedlings preparation
Prior to evaluate, the seedlings were moved and
planted in polybag using soil as media having poor
nutrients originated from arboretum Universitas
Sumatera Utara (USU) as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Criterion of soil from arboretum USU used in this
study according to assessment published by Soil Research
Center (1983)
Parameter
Value
Remarks
pH
5
acid
C-organic (%)
1.32
low
P available (ppm)
15.45
low
N total (%)
0.14
low
K available (m.e/100g)
0.46
moderate
Preparation of media consisted of: first, air dried
soil was sieved using 2 mm in size. Second, base
fertilizer composed of 3 g SP 36 and 2 g KCl were
put on the base of polybag. Third, each seedling of
A.cadamba was planted in the polybag with 3 kg of
prepared soil and put in a greenhouse of Faculty of
Agriculture, USU, Medan, Indonesia. Total of
polybag containing A.cadamba seedling was 30,
consisted of 6 treatments of LD with 5 replications,
namely control, F/U mole ratio of 0.95; 1.05; 1.15;
2.0 and commercial.
2.2.3 Treatment and Observation
Cultivation of the seedlings was carried out by
watering in the morning every day for 12 weeks.
Treatment was applied by giving the LD with 75 ml
in dosage every week for each treatment except for
the control.
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
328
Observation was done for measuring growth
parameters, consisting of stem height and diameter
of the seedlings. These measurements were
conducted every week but only the data of
measurement of 9, 10, 11 and 12 weeks after planted
were used for statistical analysis.
Biomass measurement was determined by
destructive sampling techniques. Each seedling was
partitioned into top and root components to weigh
prior to drying. Top components were composed of
shoots, leaves and stem. The seedling biomass was
measured from dry weights of top and roots of each
plant which were determined separately on an
analytical balance, after drying in an oven at 70 ºC
for 48 h. The weights recorded once a constant
weight was reached. From these measurements, we
calculated wet and dry weight of top and roots of
individual seedling then compare to get the ratio.
2.2.4 Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's test for
comparisons of all treatments (LD originated from
UF resin) against the control. The values of p < 0.05
was selected as the thresholds of statistical
significance. All of the statistical analyses were
performed using the SPSS statistical software
program.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Even though A.cadamba is a native forest species of
South and Southeast Asia (Orwa et al., 2009) but it
has been cultivated widely in Indonesia, such as in
West Java, East Java, South Kalimantan, Sumatra,
Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, and Papua
(Martawijaya et al., 1989).
In this regards, evaluation of growth seedling of
this species in North Sumatra with specific treatment
using LD originated from particleboard recycling
was carried out.
3.1 Effect of LD to The Seedlings
Height
In this experiment, means of growth height of A.
cadamba seedlings after 9, 10, 11 and 12 weeks after
planted as presented in Table 3.
Table 3: The average of seedling height (cm) of A.
cadamba in various weeks after planted
Weeks
Treat-
Ment
9
11
12
Control
6.72
8.12
8.62
0.95
10.18A
15.38C
17.66D
1.05
10.64A
15.34C
17.52D
1.15
10.44A
14.92C
16.72D
2.0
10.92A
14.38C
16.64D
Commercial
9.14A
11.00
11.60
Remarks: means not labelled with the same letter were
significantly different from the control.
Table 3 showed that the height seedling was
influenced by LD treatment particularly in 9 and 10
weeks after planted. When period of planted was
lengthen, LD originated from commercial UF
adhesive was meaningless for height growth. Indeed,
the N content of LD from commercial UF resins was
the lowest, only 128% (Table 1). This performance
was in line with the statement of Sarjono et al (2017)
that A. cadamba or white jabon has significant
performance on early growth of cultivation.
3.2 Effect of LD to The Seedlings
Diameter
Means of diameter growth of A. cadamba seedlings
after 9, 10, 11 and 12 weeks after planted were
tabulated in Table 4.
Table 4: The diameter average of seedling of A. cadamba
in various weeks after planted
Weeks
Treat-
Ment
9
10
11
12
Control
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.95
0.50A
0.58B
0.65C
0.71D
1.05
0.43A
0.53B
0.60C
0.67D
1.15
0.45A
0.53B
0.60C
0.67D
2.0
0.38A
0.46B
0.52C
0.57D
Commercial
0.39A
0.44
0.48
0.54
Remarks: means not labelled with the same letter were
significantly different from the control.
Table 4 exhibited that the seedling diameter
growth was influenced by LD treatment particularly
in 9 week after planted. When period of planted was
lengthen into 12 weeks, LD originated from
commercial UF adhesive resulted in same tendency
of the seedling height. Commercial UF resin with
Growth and Biomass of Anthocephalus cadamba Seedlings in Response to Liquid Disposal of Particleboard’s Recycling as Fertilizer
329
low N content of sol fraction did not affect
significantly to the diameter growth of seedling
particularly when the period of planting was
lengthen.
3.3 Effect of LD to Biomass
Means of biomass of A. cadamba seedlings part of
top, root, and ratio of top/root after 12 weeks after
planted were exhibited in Table 5.
Table 5: The average of seedling biomass of A. cadamba
in various part (top and root) at 12 weeks after planted
Weeks
Treat-
ment
Top
Root
Ratio of
Top/Root
Control
13.11
4.42B
6.28C
0.95
32.77A
11.16B
8.61C
1.05
38.64A
12.01B
6.68C
1.15
35.90A
17.37B
6.84C
2.0
29.27A
14.16B
7.38C
Commercial
22.82
11.45B
6.23C
Remarks: means not labelled with the same letter were
significantly different from the control.
Table 5 showed that the top biomass of seedling
was affected by LD treatment except the commercial
one. However, root biomass as well as ratio of
top/root did not affect significantly. This experiment
proved that LD containing high N content sol
fraction can be utilized as the fertilizer for seedling
particularly for the top part (shoot, leaves, and stem).
4 CONCLUSIONS
Growth parameters namely plant height and
diameter of A.cadamba were significantly enhance
after exposure of LD’s fertilizer. However, biomass
parameters such as dry weight of roots and top/roots
ratio did not influence.
This finding suggested that fertilizer made of LD
originated from PB bonded by UF resins can be
utilized as fertilizer for seedlings particularly for top
growth, particularly for A.cadamba seedling, a non-
food plant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Part of this study was supported by a Research Grant
with Scheme of PTUPT (Penelitian Terapan
Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi) of the fiscal year of
2019 from the Directorate for Research and
Community Service, Ministry of Research and
Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. Thanks
also for Friski Juniarto Siringo-ringo for his
laboratory and field work in this research
REFERENCES
Czarnecki, R., Dziurka, D., Łęcka, J. 2003. The use of
recycled boards as the substitute for particles in the
centre layer of particleboards Electronic Journal Of
Polish Agricultural Universities, Wood Technology,
Volume 6, Issue 2. Available Online
Http://Www.Ejpau.Media.Pl
Dunky, M. 1998. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive resins
for wood. International Journal of Adhesion and
Adhesives 18:95-107.
European Commission, 1997. Caring for our future.
Action for Europe’s Environment. Office for Official
Publications of the European Communities,
Luxemburg, pp. 75–78.
Gong, M., Yu, Z., Li, Q., Yu, L. 2007. Study on
manufacturing regenerated particleboards from waste
particleboard products. China Wood-based Panels
14(8), 489 34-37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-
5064.2007.08.010
Gao, P., Sun, Z., Kong, Y., Zhou, J., Dong, C., Yang, Y.
2014. Experimental study of nitrogen transformation
in biomass pyrolysis. Sol. Energy 35(12), 2541-2546.
476 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0254-0096.2014.12.033
Huang, Z., Yuan, B., Dong, X. 2004. Manufacture of
regenerated particle board by the scrap particle board
and its products. Forestry Science and Technology
29(5), 514 40-41. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-9499.20
Huang, Z., Wang, Y. 2005. Study on particleboard
preparation by using recycled panel as initial material.
Forest Products Industry 32(4), 16-19. DOI: 511
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5299.2005.04.0
Lykidis, C., and Grigoriou, A. 2008. Hydrothermal
recycling of waste and performance of the recycled
wooden particleboards. Waste Management 28: 57–63
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Mandang, Y.I., Prawira,
S.A., Kadir, K. 1989. Wood Atlas of Indonesia Volume
II. Forest Research and Development Agency,
Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia (In
Indonesian).
Nuryawan, A., Singh, A.P., Park, B. -D. 2015. Swelling
behaviour of cured urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives
with different formaldehyde to urea mole ratios. The
Journal of Adhesion 91:677-700
Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R., Simons, A.
2009. Agroforestree database: A tree reference and
selection guide (version 4.0). World Agroforestry
Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya.
Peng W, Riedl B. 1995. Thermosetting resins. Journal of
Chemical Education 72(7):587-592.
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
330
Sarjono, A., Lahjie, A.M., Simarangkir, B.D.A.S.,
Kristiningrum, R., Ruslim, Y. 2017. Carbon
sequestration and growth of Anthocephalus cadamba
plantation in North Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Biodiversitas 18 (4):1385-1393.
Singh, A.P., Nuryawan, A., Park, B.-D., Lee, K.H. 2015
Urea-formaldehyde resin penetration into Pinus
radiata tracheid walls assessed by TEM-EDXS.
Holzforschung 69(3): 303-306
Siringo-ringo, F.J. 2017. Undergraduate Thesis. Faculty of
Forestry.Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan
Soil Research Center. 1983. Data assessment standard of
chemical analysis of soil. Bogor (In Indonesian).
Varga, M., Alpár, T.L., Németh, G. 2004. General waste
handling and recycling in particleboard production.
Management of Environmental Quality: An
International Journal Vol. 15 No. 5, 2004 pp. 509-520
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1477-7835 DOI
10.1108/14777830410553951
Youngquist, J.A. 1999. Chapter 10. Wood-based
Composites and Panel Products. In Forest Products
Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbook—Wood as an
engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–
113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 463 p.
Growth and Biomass of Anthocephalus cadamba Seedlings in Response to Liquid Disposal of Particleboard’s Recycling as Fertilizer
331