Keywords: rice flour, awak banana, red bean, herbal chicken liver and feet, complementary food.
Abstract: The prevalence of stunting in a toddler is still quite high. The dominant cause is related to the low
acquisition of complementary foods (CF) during the second year, especially in the fulfillment of
micronutrients. Therefore, the study of the use of potential food is needed to enrich the nutrient content,
especially micronutrients in CF formulations, to overcome the problem of stunting in the first thousand days
of children life. This paper discusses the use of rice flour (R), awak banana (Bn), red beans (B), herbal
chicken livers (L) and feet (F) in CF formulation. Formulation of CF was carried out through experimental
studies using a complete randomized design with three formulas, namely RBnBLF, RBnBF, and RBnBL.
The nutrient content was carried out by sending samples to Laboratory in Jogjakarta. The results showed
that the third formula CF has a protein content and fat almost the same i.e. respectively 14% and 11%,
carbohydrate content 56.1-61.18% and energy 380.56-397.96%, vitamin A as much as 319.99-439.85µg,
vitamin C 39.11-54,51mg, calcium 0.51-1.26%, phosphorus 0.37-0.59%, iron 19.69-24,07mg, and Zinc 5.4-
6.0mg. It was concluded that the use of several potential foods can enrich the micronutrient content of CF
1 INTRODUCTION
One of the priority programs for improving
nutritional status, especially related to the first
thousand days of children's life is the need to
improve the quality of complementary feeding (CF).
This will also be closely related to programs to
achieve optimal growth for children in Indonesia. As
it known that nutritional problems in children under
five, especially stunting problem that is still
relatively high.
The results of the Basic Health Research in 2018
reported that the prevalence of stunting in children
under five had decreased by 30.8% compared to the
result of the Basic Health Research in 2013 i.e.
amounting to 37.2%, and prevalence of wasting
decreased from 12.1% to 10.2% (Kemenkes RI,
2013; Kemenkes RI, 2018).
The prevalence of stunting in children under two
years according to the results of the Basic Health
Research in 2018 was also relatively high at 29.9%
(Kemenkes RI, 2018). The magnitude of the
nutritional problem according to Onis et al. (2018),
the nutritional problem of the people in Indonesia is
categorized as acute and chronic. The results of
Nutritional Status Monitoring Survey in 2017
showed that nutritional problems in children aged 0-
23 months in Indonesia are categorized as high
based on the prevalence of wasting (Weight/Length
indicators) which was 12.8%, and based on the
prevalence of stunting (Length/Age indicators)
which was 20.1%.
The problems that occur in children under five,
especially in the age group 0-23 months must be a
priority response. This is related to the adverse
effects that can be caused by these nutritional
problems both in the short term and in the long term.
Short-term impacts that occurred among other
disorders of brain development, intelligence,
physical growth, and metabolic disorders. While the
long-term impact of which may result in a decrease
in cognitive abilities and learning achievement,
Utilization of Rice Flour, Awak Banana, Red Beans, Herbal Chicken
Liver and Feet to Enrich Micronutrients Content of Complementary
Food
Jumirah
1,2
, Zulhaida Lubis
1
and Maya Fitria
1
1
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No. 21, Kampus USU Padang Bulan Medan, North
Sumtera 20155, Indonesia
2
Center of Exellence for Natural Resources-Based Technology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera
20155, Indonesia
332
Jumirah, J., Lubis, Z. and Fitr ia, M.
Utilization of Rice Flour, Awak Banana, Red Beans, Herbal Chicken Liver and Feet to Enrich Micronutrients Content of Complementary Food.
DOI: 10.5220/0008554003320338
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology (ICONART 2019), pages 332-338
ISBN: 978-989-758-404-6
Copyright
c
2019 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
decreased immune system so ease pain, and at high
risk for the emergence of degenerative diseases.
Stunting problems in children can be caused by
various factors, such as the adequacy of nutrients in
the mother's womb which is reflected in the weight
and length of the child at birth, and the level of
fulfilment of nutritional needs, especially during the
first two years of life known as the golden period.
Nutritional needs in that period should ideally be
fulfilled from the breast feeding in the form of
exclusive breastfeeding and CF. Suggestions for
infant’s complementary feeding must be adapted to
nutritional needs, digestive system capabilities and
safety aspects.
Problems in providing CF in the community,
most of which are unable to meet the nutritional
needs of babies, especially protein and
micronutrients needed to support the growth process
of the baby's body length. The results of the Basic
Health Research in 2018 reported that only 46.6% of
children aged 6-23 months were given a variety of
foods, consisting of 4 or more types of food from 7
recommended food groups (Kemenkes RI, 2018).
In this paper, the researcher will present the
results of research on the use of rice flour and awak
banana ripes as CF which are varied with red beans
and herbal chicken liver and feet to enrich the
micronutrient content. This is in accordance with
WHO (2008) recommendations that minimum
dietary diversity for children aged 6-23 months is at
least consisting of 4 types of 7 types of food groups
that are: 1) grains, roots, and tubers; 2) legumes and
nuts; 3) dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese); 4)
flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry and liver/organ
meats); 5) eggs; 6) vitamin-A rich fruits and
vegetables; 7) other fruits and vegetables. The
recommendations of WHO with regard to efforts to
meet the needs of micro-nutrients on children aged
6-23 months. Regarding the issue of minimal dietary
diversity for children aged 6-23 months, WHO
(2017) recommends a revision of a minimum dietary
diversity of 5 out of 8 types of food groups, namely
by adding breast milk as one of the food groups
infants aged 6-23 month.
2 RESEARCH METHODS
2.1 Experimental Design
This study was an experiment with a completely
randomized design, using 3 treatments, that was:1) a
mixture of rice flour and awak banana ripes varied
by the addition of the flour a mixture of red
bean,herbal chicken liver and feet (RBnBLF), 2) a
mixture of rice flour and awak banana ripes varied
by adding a mixture of red bean flour and herbal
chicken feet (RBnBF), and 3) a mixture of rice flour
and awak banana ripes varied by adding a mixture of
red bean flour and herbal chicken livers (RBnBL).
The study was conducted at Public Health Sciences
Laboratories of Faculty of Public Health, University
of Sumatera Utara. The time of the research was
conducted from June to November 2018.
2.2 Tools and Materials
In this study used the materials i.e. ripe awak
bananas, rice flour, feet and liver of herb chicken,
dried red beans, sugar, milk powder, vegetable oil,
carrot, water and salt. While the tools used include
drying oven, sink, bucket, knife, steamer, Healthy
mix blender, stirrer, airtight containers, small pans,
plates and spoons, and gas stove.
2.3 Stages of Research
The research was conducted in several stages. The
first stage was the creation of instant porridge
formula of raw materials namely rice flour, flour
awak banana riped, red bean flour and flour of feet
and liver herbal chicken. Awak banana riped flour
made according to Jumirah et al. (2013).
The second stage was the formulation of
products with 3 treatment: first used of ripe awak
banana flour of 30% by adding mixture of red bean
with feet chicken herb flour of 20%, and mixture of
red bean with liver chicken herb flour of 20%;
second used of ripe awak banana flour of 30% by
adding mixture of red bean with feet chicken herb
flour of 40%; third used of ripe awak banana flour of
30% by adding mixture of red bean with liver
chicken herb flour of 40% Each treatment was
given an additional 10% sugar flour, milk powder
10%, and 5% vegetable oil, carrot 5% and salt.
The third stage is the analysis of nutrient
composition which includes the proximate content,
energy and micronutrients. Nutritional analysis
activities are carried out by sending samples to the
chemistry laboratory of PT Chemmix Pratama in
Jogjakarta.
Utilization of Rice Flour, Awak Banana, Red Beans, Herbal Chicken Liver and Feet to Enrich Micronutrients Content of Complementary
Food
333
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Nutritional Composition of CF Formulas.
In this study using natural ingredients available in
the market were awak banana, rice, red beans, liver
and feet of herbal chicken. The formulation is also
using additional food ingredients such as carrots and
celery that is intended to cover the sharp taste of the
liver and chicken feet, milk flour to give the flavor
and contributed a number of nutritional substances,
vegetable oil and sugar to add fat and sweetness.
The use of these ingredients at the same time
increases the dietary diversity for complementary
feeding.
3.1.1 Proximate and Energy Contents.
Proximate analysis results including water content,
ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrates, and
the energy content in the CF formulation of a
mixture of awak banana ripes with rice flour, red
beans, feet and liver of herbal chicken are shown in
Table 1.
Based on the moisture content of the three
formula of CF indicated that the RBnBL formula has
the highest percentage (6.86%) and the RBnBF
formula has the lowest percentage (4.22%).
The requirements of moisture content of instant
powder CF according to the Decree of the Minister
of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number
224/Menkes/SK/II/2007 and the Regulation of Drug
and Food Supervisory Agency No. 1 year 2018
(BPOM R.I., 2018) respectively by 4% and 5%, so
that the three of CF formulas obtained have higher
water content than the number recommended by
Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia
number 224/Menkes/SK/II/2007.
Table 1: Nutritional composition based on proximate
analysis and energy of the CF formulas mixture of awak
banana flour with red beans, herbal chicken liver and feet.
Composition of
Nutrients
CF Formulas (100 g sample)
RBnBLF
RBnBF
RBnBL
Moisture (%)
4.66
4.22
6.86
Ash (%)
2.67
3.46
2.29
Protein (%)
14.07
14.34
14.41
Fat (%)
11.31
11.03
11.17
Crude Fiber (%)
6.12
8.22
8.66
Carbohidrat (%)
61.18
58.74
56.61
Energy (kcal/gr)
397.96
387.14
380.56
Description:
RBnBLF= mixture of rice flour,awak banana, red beans, feet and
liver of chicken herbal
RBnBF= mixture of rice flour,awak banana, red beans, and
chicken herbal feet
RBnBL= mixture of rice flour,awak banana, red beans, and liver
of chicken herbal
Based on the analysis of the energy content of
the complemnentary feeding formula, the highest
content was found in the RBnBLF formula, which
was 397.96 kcal and the lowest was in the RBnBL
formula of 380.56 kcal. Estimated energy density of
the CF formula is obtained between 3.8056-3.9796
kcal/g. The Regulation of Drug and Food
Supervisory Agency No. 1 year 2018 (BPOM RI,
2018) requires that the value of energy density in CF
ready for consumption for infants aged 6-12 months
be at least 0.8 kcal /g, so that it can be stated that the
three CF formulas have energy density according to
the requirements of the Regulation of Drug and
Food Supervisory Agency No. 1 year 2018 (BPOM
RI, 2018).
The Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory
Agency No. s at least of CF for infants aged 6-12
months 240 kcal/day. Based on the value of the
benchmark, an estimated per day of a baby can
consume as much as 65 g/day CF, which has the
lowest energy content as much as 247.36 kcal/day
and the highest of 258.67 kcal\/day.
Thus it can be stated that the energy content and
energy density of the three CF formulas have met
the requirements of The Regulation of Drug and
Food Supervisory Agency No. 1 year 2018 (BPOM
RI, 2018).
The protein content of the CF formulas is
between 14.07% and 14.41%, where the highest
levels is found in the RBnBL formula and the lowest
is in the RBnBLF formula. When compared with the
requirements of CF protein content of instant
powder according to the Indonesian Ministry of
Health in 2007, which is between 15-22%, then the
three types of formulas do not meet the requirements
Based on the Regulation of Drug and Food
Supervisory Agency No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM RI,
2018) it is stated that the minimum protein content
of the staple CF of 1.9 g/100 kcal and a maximum of
5.5 g/100 kcal, or every 240 kcal the CF (minimum
energy from basic CF per day for babies aged 6-12
months) must contain as much as 4.56 g. If it is
assumed the baby consumes 65g of CF to meet
energy needs of at least 240kcal, then contributing
9.15g of protein comes from the RBnBLF
formula.This amount is in accordance with what is
recommended in the Regulation of Drug and Food
Supervisory Agency No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I.,
2018). Thus it can be stated that the three CF
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
334
formulas meet the requirements in terms of the
amount of protein content.
The highest fat content was 11.31% in the
RBnBLF formula and the lowest was in the RBnBF
formula which was 11.03%. This is in accordance
with the CF fat content requirements according to
the Indonesian Minister of Health Decree in 2007
which is 10-15% and also base on the provisions of
the Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory
Agency No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I, 2018) which is
4.5% every 100 kcal/day. If it is assumed that infants
consume CF as much as 65g/day with the highest
energy content in the RBnBLF formula (as much as
397.96 kcal), then it will contribute energy of
258,674 kcal/day and fat of 7.35 g.
Based on the benchmark that the baby is at least
taking 240 kcal/day and fat by as much as 10,8
g/day, then if baby consumes as much energy 258.67
kcal/day should have fat content of CF according to
the Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory
Agency No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I, 2018) that is as
much as 11,64 g/day. Thus the fat content on the CF
formula is still in the allowable limits.
The highest carbohydrate content is found in the
RBnBF formula, which is 61.18% and the lowest is
in the RBnBL formula which is 56.61%. The
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018) stipulates that the
sugar addition of sucrose, glucose and fructose is not
more than 5 g/100 kcal. In this study, the process of
making CF formula using sucrose by 10%, meaning
that in 100g CF there is as much as 10g of sugar and
contains the highest calories as much as 397.96 kcal.
Based on the calculation that if the daily energy
intake is 258.67 kcal, there is 6.5 g/day of sucrose
which has fulfilled the provisions of the Regulation
of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency No. 1 of
2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018), namely by benchmarking
a minimum energy content of 240 kcal/day and
sugar as much as 12g/day.
3.2 Micronutrient Contents.
Micronutrient composition includes vitamins and
minerals. In this study the vitamins analyzed
included vitamin A and vitamin C, while the
minerals analyzed included calcium, phosphour,
iron, and zinc.
The vitamin A content calculated as betacrotene
is relatively high in the three CF formulas, namely
1919.92-2639.12 µg, assuming that 1µg retinol is
equivalent to 6µg betacarotene, so the content of
vitamin A as retinol is 270.28-581.105 µg. In the
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018) mentioned that the
addition of vitamin A as many as 60-180
µgRE/100kcal on staples and snacks CF for infants
aged 6-12 months. Based on the reference, if the
baby is consuming a minimum of 240 kcal/day then
vitamin A minimum that must be contained in CF
that is as much as 144 µg and in 65 g CF will
contribute vitamin A as much as 465.61 µg. Based
on the results of these calculations it can be stated
that the vitamin A content of the CF formula is in
accordance with the figures specified by the
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018).
Table 2: Micro nutrients composition of CF formula
mixed of rice flour, awak banana, red beans, herbal
chicken liver and feet.
Micronutrient
Composition
CF Formulas (100 g sample)
RBnBF
RBnBL
Vitamin A (µgRE)
1982.15
2639.12
Vitamin C (mg)
39.11
54.51
Calcium (%)
1.10
0.51
Phosphorus (%)
0.59
0.37
Iron (mg)
20.88
24.07
Zinc (mg)
6.00
5.40
The lowest vitamin C content is found in the
RBnBF formula, which is 39.11 mg and the highest
is found in the formula RBnBL 54.51 mg. The
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018) requires the
addition of vitamin C at least 2.7 mg/100 kcal. If the
baby is assumed to be consuming CF as much as 65
g will then donate as much vitamin C 25,42mg/day.
This number meets the requirements of the
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No. 1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I., 2018) which is estimated
at 6.48mg/day based on minimum energy and
vitamin C content in staples and snacks CF for
babies aged 6-12 months.
In Table 2 show that the lowest number of
calcium and phosphour content of CF formula i.e.
each of 0.51% calcium or as much as 510 mg and
0.37% phosphour or as much as 370 mg, and the
highest number i.e each amounting to 1.26%
calcium or as much as 1,260 mg and 0.59%
phosphour or as much as 590mg.
The table also shows that the CF formula with
the addition of herbal chicken feet has a relatively
high calcium content (RBnBLF 1.26% and RBnBF
1.10%) and more than the CF formula with the
addition of herbal chicken liver (RBnBL0.51%).
Utilization of Rice Flour, Awak Banana, Red Beans, Herbal Chicken Liver and Feet to Enrich Micronutrients Content of Complementary
Food
335
Likewise, the phosphour content of the CF formula
that uses herbal chicken feet is relatively higher
compared to the CF formula which uses herbal
chicken liver.
Referring to Regulation of Drug and Food
Supervisory Agency No. 1 of 2018 which requires
the obligation to add 80mg of calcium and
phosphour as much as 67.5mg/100kcal in the main
and snacks CF. Based on the calculation if the CF
contains at least 240kcal/day of energy, the
minimum calcium and phosphour content per day is
192 mg and 162 mg respectively. Based on an
estimate that per day infants consuming 65 g CF
with the energy content as much as 247.36 kcal, then
the lowest calcium will donate as much as 331,5 mg
and the highest as much as 819mg, will also donate
the lowest phosphour as much as 240, 5 mg and the
highest as much as 383,5 mg.
The Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory
Agency No.1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I, 2018) determines
the ratio of calcium and phosphorus content of CF to
not less than 1.2 and not more than 2. Based on the
calculation of the ratio of calcium and phosphorus
content in the CF formula, those that meet the
Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory Agency
No.1 of 2018 requirements are RBnBL and
RBnBFformulas with a value ratio of 1.37 and
1.86.Based on the results analysis of the formula
RBnBLF has a ratio of 2.25 so that it does not meet
the Regulation of Drug and Food Supervisory
Agency No.1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I, 2018)
requirements.
The results of the analysis in Table 2 show the
lowest iron and zinc content as much as 19.69 mg
and 5.40 mg per 100 g CF and the highest content
respectively of 24.07mg and 6.0mg. Bean contains
iron higher than cereal staples (Beebe et al. 2000;
Blair et al. 2010), so that it can increase the iron
content in baby food formulas. The Regulation of
Drug and Food Supervisory Agency No.1 of 2018
(BPOM R.I, 2018) requires mandatory add iron and
zinc on CF each as much as 3.56mg and
0.86mg/100kcal. Based on a minimum energy
standard of 240kcal per day, iron and zinc which
must be added are 8.54mg and 2.06mg respectively.
If it is assumed that babies consume 65g of CF and
contain as much as 247.36 kcal of energy, then it can
contribute iron and zinc at least 12.8mg and 3.51mg
per day respectively and a maximum contribution of
15.65mg and 3,9 mg per day. So it can be stated that
the iron and zinc content in the three CF formulas
meet the requirements of the Regulation of Drug and
Food Supervisory Agency No.1 of 2018 (BPOM R.I,
2018).
The results of this study prove that CF
formulations which are designed using a mixture of
several types of plant and animal foods can enrich
the nutrient content, especially micronutrients that
are needed for the growth and development of
infants.Thus it can be stated that the CF formulation
produced in this study will support the WHO
recommendations listed in the SDG's framework
(Korenrom et al. 2014), that is an attempt to achieve
sufficiency dietary diversity indicator of children
aged 6-23 months that is given at least 4 types of 7
food groups. The achievement of these indicators is
expected to be able to reduce the problems of
stunting and wasting, as revealed by IFPRI (2014)
and is a recommendation for accelerating indicators
for the growth and nutrition of children
(WHO/UNICEF/ USAID/AED/FANTA-2, 2010).
Food ingredients used in the formulation of CF is
a combination of a natural source of nutrients. Awak
banana ripes rich in glucose, potassium, vitamin B6,
vitamin A, inulin and oligosaccharides (Jumirah et
al. 2013). Red beans, are magnificent sources of the
essential nutrients i.e. energy, proteins,
carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins (Rehman &
Shah 2004; Yin et al. 2008). These beans contains
22.7 % protein, 3.5 % mineral, 1 % fat and 57.7 %
carbohydrates out of which total carbohydrates have,
38.6 % starch and 18.8 % dietary fiber (60 %
insoluble and 40 % soluble). Its protein has highest
lysine content about 5 % (Qayyum et al. 2012). Red
bean has the amino acid profile is excellent
especially rich in lysine, leusin, aspartic acid,
glutamic acid and arginine. Its provide the optimum
amount of essential amino acids when used with
cereals and other sulfur-containing products (Boye
et al. 2010). The glutamic and aspartic acids are
mainly acidic in nature and present in raw as well as
processed beans. According to Audu and Aremu
(2011), red beans provide 10.2g glutamic acid, 9.5g
aspartic acid, 1.2g cysteine, 1.7 g methionine, 3g
histidine, 4.4g alanine, 5.2 g glycine, 3.4g threonine,
3.3 g proline, 3,7 g isoleucine, 3.1 g tyrosine, 4.6 g
phenylalanine, 4.1 g valine, 3.1 g serine, 6.9 g
arginine, 7 g lysine and 7.2 g leucine per 100 g. Red
beans are best source of vitamin B group, essential
minerals like K, Ca, Mg, P and iron too (Souci et al.
2000). Red beans can be a potential ingredient for
use in foods that are nutraceutical and functional
food. It may be useful in correcting chronic diseases
that have affected masses throughout the world
(Shehzad et al. 2015)
The chicken feet contain energy, protein, vitamin
A, folic acid, kholin, calcium, phosphour, omega
three and omega six fatty acids, collagen and
cartilage (Source:
www.nutritionvalue.org/Chicken%2C_
ICONART 2019 - International Conference on Natural Resources and Technology
336
boiled%2C_feet_nutritional_value.html). A number
of important nutrients such as protein, vitamins and
minerals are found in chicken liver with a fairly high
content (Joseph, 2018). In addition, the use of liver
and feet herbal chicken has a better safety value
compared to liver and feet of broiler in general,
because in the process of herbal chicken farming
does not use chemicals as is common in broilers
which are widely sold in the market.
According to Santika et al. (2009), chicken feet
are one type of animal protein source consumed by
children aged 9-11 months in Indonesia.
Complementary feeding formulations consisting
of a mixture of awak banana ripes, rice flour, red
beans, herbal chicken liver and feet, resulting in a
more complete nutritional composition and have the
characteristics of a good organoleptic, so that it can
be used as a choice of complementary feeding
which is useful to meet the nutritional needs of
infants.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Rice flour and riped awak banana in CF
formulations which are varied with herbal chicken
liver and feet is a combination of food ingredients
that can meet the recommended minimum dietary
diversity for children aged 6-23 months.
Complementary feeding formulation can enrich the
nutrients content, especially micronutrients such as
calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamin A and the
other miconutrients that are needed for the growth
and development of children aged 6-23 months.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was funded by the Directorate of
Research and Community Service of the Directorate
General for Research and Development of the
Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
Education in accordance with the agreement of
funding Research and Community Service at 2018.
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