The

ole of MIDI Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process

of Flute Practice at ISI Yogyakarta

Tri Wahyu Widodo, Andre Indrawan, and Suryati

Institute Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta, Jl. Parangtritis Km 6.5 Sewon Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: MIDI, accompaniment instrument, flute practice.

Abstract: Research on the application of MIDI technology as the accompanying music media illustrates that MIDI

technology is essential in helping music practice, in this article provides a case study of MIDI technology as

one of the companions in the practice of flutes. The need for accompanying musical instruments is needed for

students, especially high-level students in the process of learning musical instruments. MIDI technology is

now elementary to find in various digital musical instruments, such as keyboards and synthesizers, to make it

easier for students to get accompaniment instruments. MIDI technology can store data in the form of sound

data from acoustic instruments, so musicians can easily use it. The ability of MIDI technology that is owned

can undoubtedly be utilised in the process of learning music. MIDI technology applications are more likely

to be used as instruments or additional friends. So that MIDI applications function as accompaniment music

instruments. Through MIDI data that is easily modified or processed, MIDI can be applied in flute practice.

One form of MIDI modification is replacing the sound produced. MIDI data that causes piano sound can be

changed with other sounds, such as violins, string instruments. Besides the speed or tempo of the song, MIDI

data can be easily changed. MIDI data processing helps students to practices flute training. The method of

utilising MIDI technology as a companion instrument is carried out in the learning process of flute practice.

Utilising MIDI technology, it is concluded that students who have low practice skills quickly follow playing

the flute instrument.

1 INTRODUCTION

Technology is evidence of the development of human

activity. Technology has an impact on the pace of

human life. Also, technology is evidence that the

progress of the level of human civilisation, both

individuals and groups of people to a country.

Humans will always find solutions, completing

routine tasks. Electronics is one of the fruits of the

technology that exists. We have seen that electronics

developed rapidly after replacing mechanical

technology using electricity. After the discovery of

electric power, discoveries from the discovery of

assistive devices for human creativity emerged with

each other, such as lights to telecommunications

(Sasso, 2013).

Electronic technology is overgrowing to date,

namely computing technology. The beginning of

computing technology used a mechanical system

which later developed using an electric power system.

Through the development of energy from mechanics

to electricity, computational technology transforms

the system into digital technology. Although

electricity remains a significant driving force to date.

With the invention of computing systems with digital

technology, then through digital computer

technology, a technology with highly sophisticated

artificial intelligence has emerged. Computer

technology that has artificial intelligence or AI has a

significant impact on the activities of life and habits

of human activity (Duan, Zhang, Roe, & Towsey,

2014). MIDI is one of the results of the development

of digital computer technology.

MIDI technology emerged in the 1980s over the

anxiety of various musicians in using different

electronic music instruments manufacturers (Yelton,

2015). Musicians who will use various producers of

digital music instruments have communication

problems, so that musicians get difficulties in the

creative process of the musical. Substantial in 1985,

an agreement emerged that every producer must have

a standard of communication between digital music

instruments. The communication standard between

electronic instruments made various manufacturers,

428

Widodo, T., Indrawan, A. and Suryati, .

The Role of MIDI Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process of Flute Practice at ISI Yogyakarta.

DOI: 10.5220/0008766104280434

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities (ICONARTIES 2019), pages 428-434

ISBN: 978-989-758-450-3

namely the standard of communication between

digital musical instruments. The communication

barrier between digital music instruments is called

MIDI (Valenzuela, 2015). Since the development of

the standardisation of communication between

electronic musical instruments from each

manufacturer has emerged, users of MIDI technology

will quickly take advantage of digital music

instruments. Besides that, it also has an impact on

effectiveness in musical work.

MIDI is currently widely used by musicians both

for composition and performance. MIDI stands for

Musical Instrument Digital Interface. The emergence

of MIDI technology has become an evolution from

the way musicians are creative in music. The use of

MIDI technology is now also used for the teaching

and learning process (Wahyu Widodo, 2013), both

teaching classically and practically. Utilising MIDI

technology for the teaching and learning process has

a good impact. It has also been much research that

reveals the benefits of midi technology. The role and

function of MIDI technology as instructional media

emerged in the results of the research conducted by

the author, namely in a study of the role of MIDI

technology in the practice of flute. The study shows

that MIDI technology plays a role in the teaching and

learning process of flute instrument practice. In this

case, the MIDI function is used to accompany each

flute practice. In the learning process, the practice of

the flute has an impact on students and teachers. The

effectiveness of students in understanding music

through MIDI can provide a temporary picture of the

scores that will be played. In this article, it also

presents problems that limit the use of MIDI

technology. This becomes the basis of the problems

that need to be revealed the extent of MIDI's roles and

functions and limits the discussion about the role and

function of MIDI technology as a teaching medium.

Therefore, before a more in-depth discussion of the

role and functions of MIDI as a teaching media

requires a brief understanding of MIDI technology.

2 METHODOLOGY

MIDI technology is digital technology that is using

binary codification or using numbers 0 and 1.

Codification of the binary number is the most

important part of the message or the place of

command for digital musical instruments to

communicate. The code also does not accommodate

the sound of sampling or digital audio stored, so only

binary data is arranged in such a way that contains

commands. MIDI messages that have commands will

be forwarded to electronic instruments to be able to

emit sounds like analogue instruments. The MIDI

codification sequence is arranged specially. Code

numbers 0 and 1 represent a command that is not on

and note off (Torre, Andersen, & Baldé, 2016). The

code interpreted when playing a keyboard instrument

or synthesiser by pressing the key, then a command

has been entered, and when the finger is lifted from

the key, it indicates a command stops. The MIDI

codification command is not only 0 and 1, but the

displacement of numbers 0 and 1 in a group of binary

numbers. A group of binary numbers in MIDI are

called bytes. In one byte consists of eight digits

between 0 or 1. The following is an overview of MIDI

data (Huber, 2007: 14-16).

Figure 1 MIDI Data (Source: The MIDI Manual p.14)

MIDI will feel strange and confusing in applying

for musical activities at first. Indeed, a little

knowledge of technology needs to be attached to the

joints of life, especially MIDI technology. Although

computer technology is not a foreign item, there are

still many people or art teachers who do not

understand how to apply digital computer technology.

This phenomenon also appears in using technology

that enabled the learning process of music. Not many

teachers know that MIDI technology will provide

many benefits to the learning process. Questions in

using MIDI technology applications provide author

references as part of the problem addressed in this

article. Also, the issue of utilising digital computer

technology in this case MIDI technology is included

in the author's research on the phenomenon of MIDI

utilisation used in the flute practice process at the

Music Department of the Performing Arts Faculty of

the Yogyakarta Institute of Arts in 2017-2018. In this

study revealed how the process and application of

MIDI technology to students practice the flute.

Through this research, it was revealed that MIDI

provides a significant benefit in the learning process

of flute practice. Students who will learn a piece of

music are helped by the music that will be delivered.

Also, students can learn independently with MIDI

technology using various electronic media that have

MIDI technology support. Students can use

smartphone technology to play the music that has

been converted into MIDI digital data. Also, students

can use digital musical instruments that have MIDI

technology support, such as keyboard synthesisers,

laptops, personal computers or personal computers

The Role of MIDI Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process of Flute Practice at ISI Yogyakarta

429

(PCs) or tablets. All of these technologies are

currently very supportive of being able to use MIDI

technology. Apart from the technological capabilities

of the hardware or hardware, software or software is

also growing very rapidly and increasingly

intelligent.

MIDI will feel strange and confusing in applying

for musical activities at first. Indeed, a little

knowledge of technology needs to be attached to the

joints of life, especially MIDI technology. Although

computer technology is not a foreign item, there are

still many people or art teachers who do not

understand how to apply digital computer technology.

This phenomenon also appears in using technology

that is enabled in the learning process of music. Not

many teachers know that MIDI technology will

provide many benefits to the learning process.

Questions in using MIDI technology applications

provide author references as part of the problem

addressed in this article. Also, the issue of utilising

digital computer technology in this case MIDI

technology is included in the author's research on the

phenomenon of MIDI utilisation used in the flute

practice process at the Music Department of the

Performing Arts Faculty of the Yogyakarta Institute

of Arts in 2017-2018. In this study revealed how the

process and application of MIDI technology to

students practice the flute. Through this research, it

was revealed that MIDI provides a significant benefit

in the learning process of flute practice. Students who

will learn a piece of music are helped by the music

that will be delivered. Also, students can learn

independently with MIDI technology using various

electronic media that have MIDI technology support.

Students can use smartphone technology to play the

music that has been converted into MIDI digital data.

Also, students can use digital musical instruments

that have MIDI technology support, such as keyboard

synthesisers, laptops, personal computers or personal

computers (PCs) or tablets. All of these technologies

are currently very supportive of being able to use

MIDI technology. Apart from the technological

capabilities of the hardware or hardware, software or

software is also growing very rapidly and

increasingly intelligent.

Some applications for personal computers, such

as Sibelius Music Note, Finale, Encore, and all

computer programs based on analogue and digital

sound processing have supported MIDI technology.

Electronic music devices such as keyboard

synthesisers and Sound Modules are also supported

by MIDI technology. By the development of digital

technology, electronic devices for music are

increasingly compact or portable. Namely, a digital

electronic music device that can be carried

everywhere and lightly. Unlike the previous musical

instrument technology. Technology that is easily

found at this time is smart technology or smart

technology. This means that with small hardware in it

there are quite complete facilities. Tablets or

smartphones have very often encountered every

human activity. So that using MIDI technology is

certainly not complicated. As explained above, MIDI

technology already exists, both in terms of hardware

and software. However, MIDI technology does not

work if the user or user does not know or use the

technology, so it cannot use the MIDI technology.

Various music education institutions have used MIDI

technology for the learning and teaching process like

Yamaha music education institutions and other non-

formal music education institutions that have utilised

the technology.

2.1 Computer Music Education

Applications

Computer programs that are used to help in the

teaching and learning process are very many. Before

presenting an educational music program, of course,

need to know the music program group. Computer

programs for music can be grouping into several

groups, among others, computer music programs for

processing notations or making music arrangements,

composing music, for processing print printing

notations, namely Sibelius, Encore, Finale, Music

Score. A group of music programs for processing

sound, recording, audio editing, making musical

illustration works, namely Pro Tools, Cakewalk Pro

Audio, Cubase, Nuendo. A group of music computer

programs used for education, namely screening,

SmartMusic, and many more. Computer programs for

music made almost all using MIDI technology. Some

computer programs that are often used for music

activities are the notation writing application

program, namely Sibelius and a sound processing

program (Wahyu Widodo, 2015). The following

division in computer programs for music according to

the author through observation in various literature

and based on users in general.

Figure 2. Chart of the division of computer programs

All computer music programs are supported by MIDI

technology, so exchanging files between computer

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

430

programs with different manufacturers is still legible.

Computer programs for music also not only

developed for a personal computer but also extended

to smartphone or smartphone technology. Various

forms and functions of music application programs

already exist. Just keep in mind that the music

application program on a smartphone is not as good

as a personal computer. The functions of music

programs are on smart telephones on average as

music players, simple sound recorders, and

straightforward information applications. The

computer programs on smartphones include: music

player groups: Music Player, MP3Player, JOOX,

SoundCloud, MIDI Player; audio processing group:

WavePad Audio Editor, SingPlay, n-Track Studio;

educational group: Guitar Offline chord, RealDrum,

RealGuitar, Tuner, Metronome, Flute, Midi Sheet

Music, MIDI Sequencer, and many more.

Reviewing MIDI technology as a teaching

medium refers to the development of computational

technology, which is currently developing very

rapidly. The learning process and the current model

are not free from the effects of computing technology.

Computational technology, which has digital

technology with a high level of intelligence is

increasingly easy to use. Through computer

technology that has high capabilities, it is very

necessary to be used for the process of learning

music, especially the practice of musical instruments

such as flutes. Current computer technology in MIDI

already exists in various electronic devices.

Electronic devices have digital computer technology

on musical instruments, such as keyboards, electric

pianos, MIDI wind instruments, and others.

MIDI technology, as part of a tool in the learning

process in both formal and informal education

institutions, is already underway like the Yamaha

educational institutions. MIDI technology, as a tool

or tool, has an impact on effectiveness in the learning

process (Reese, 2002). Also, according to Reese,

MIDI can be used for creative students to compose

music. This becomes interesting if students can learn

musical instruments, such as making musical

accompaniment according to their skills. The

reference sources for the study in using MIDI

technology refer to various literature studies such as

journals, books, literature, seminar results or research

at home and abroad. In this case, the results of studies

or research that publish about the process of music

practice. Along with the development of digital

computer culture and technology, the learning

process developed. The process of learning music

practice, which was initially based manually into a

more interactive and communicative for the learning

process. The process of learning to use computer

technology media is still a lot with the slogan learn by

doing. Learn by doing is meant that every computer

user always learns from using self-taught MIDI

computer technology. MIDI technology is

fundamental to do because learning the art of music

is not only learning in conjunctive but motoric and

effective.

2.2 Technology in Educations

Learning related to technology can indeed be

measured, among others, through performance in

terms of understanding (understanding), mastering

theory, analytical skills and problem-solving, skills in

using tools and understanding routine work

procedures, ability to research natural resources, and

communication skills (Djanali, 2005). Social science,

including music, cannot be separate from Supeno

Djanali's thoughts. Through computing technology

students who take practical lessons can more easily

understand, master and be skilled in using computer

technology to assist in the process of learning music

practice. In the New Paradigm of Higher Education in

Indonesia (2005) also shows that the learning process

must be innovative and follow the latest technological

developments, namely using the CAL (Computer

Aided Learning) system (Naiming, Shudong, Ye, &

Liming, 2009). It is intended that utilising computer

technology and software to assist the learning process

of the practice of musical instruments.

A prospective musician needs a sound source to

get a picture of the shape of musical artwork. Through

computing technology, Peter Manning in the book

Electronic and Computer Music explained that

computing technology which currently has good

artificial intelligence, it is not difficult to realise

sounds that are similar to the original (Manning,

2004). So the sound becomes the primary and

important source in this research. Through sound

sources that are digitally processed, it will make it

easier for a musician or group of musicians. The ease

shown by digital sound is explained a lot in the mind

of Peter Manning.

3 DISCUSSION

The learning model uses computer technology

through a preliminary study that starts from the

problems of each student in the learning process on

accompanying or accompanying instruments.

Companion instruments are usually called

accompaniment instruments. Accompaniment

The Role of MIDI Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process of Flute Practice at ISI Yogyakarta

431

instruments are needed in various activities playing

musical instruments. However, the need for

accompaniment instruments cannot meet every

student in obtaining accompaniment instruments.

Case studies of difficulties in using accompaniment

instruments are generally used when students carry

out exam assignments in instrument practice courses.

Every student must fight to get the best piano

accompaniment instruments. Getting a good piano

player is very difficult. There are not many students

in classical piano instruments. Seeing these problems

certainly must get a solution for the needs of

accompaniment instruments. The fulfilment of

accompaniment instruments is also not only when

students carry out music practice examination

assignments, but also the need for accompanying

instruments to practice routine music practice. This

encourages an idea of how to use technology that is

currently developing very rapidly and is balanced

with artificial intelligence, namely computational

technology. The use of computational technology

makes it possible to answer the problems experienced

by students, even though MIDI technology from the

computing technology section still has weaknesses.

MIDI technology is a system in computer

technology that has the ability as a communication

channel between digital electronic instruments that

currently exist in various electronic musical

instruments (Loy, 1985). Using MIDI technology will

undoubtedly provide a solution to the problems that

arise. MIDI technology can be processed into a

companion instrument so that every music player can

take advantage of the practice of the instrument to the

show. This is shown from the writings of Yoemun

Yun and Si-Ho Cha in a Designing Journal Virtual

Instruments for Computer Music. MIDI has a

fundamental principle that is universal and easy to

develop so that a composer and music player can be

helped in the process of creativity in creating music

(Yun & Cha, 2013: 172).

Utilising and applying MIDI technology in the

music teaching process will certainly be complicated.

This happens if we do not know MIDI technology yet.

Studying technology is certainly the most thing and

rarely pays attention to reading manuals or manuals.

A phenomenon occurs when studying technology

usually applies legal trial and error learning. This

method often occurs and is done by every user of

computing technology today. Behaviour encountered

by the author in using smart technology, one of which

uses computer programs such as laptops, tablets and

smartphones. The use of technology by trial and error

is also not wrong, but it would be better if using MIDI

technology a little to understand the basic concepts of

MIDI technology. To find out the basic concepts of

MIDI has also been briefly presented in the

introduction to this article. The process of chasing in

making musical arrangements using application

programs or software in articles written by the author

shows that MIDI serves as a teaching media and

provides an illustration that MIDI can be used for

teaching media (Wahyu Widodo, 2015). The

connection of MIDI technology with computer

application software programs has been integrated

into it.

The realisation of the role of MIDI and its

function in utilising MIDI technology is supported by

data from studies conducted by the author relating to

the teaching process of the practice of flute

instruments. Refusing from the teaching process, the

practice of music found various problems in

providing teaching materials in music practice,

especially flute training. The most emerging problem

is the instrument that accompanies it in each exercise.

To get a complete musical accompaniment is not

easy. Music material is needed by players who have

higher skills than the instruments that will be

accompanied. Departing the problem of assistance in

the process of teaching music practice requires a

solution that can help in activities. Data that can be

taken using MIDI technology for learning media,

namely students who take lectures on the practice of

flute instruments consisting of several students by

presenting musical works that vary according to the

level of ability of students. The data obtained is to use

student responses at the end of the teaching process

before and after using MIDI technology (Wahyu

Widodo, 2017).

MIDI technology is a digital technology that is

currently easy to find. Since the development of

digital technology has grown rapidly, almost all MIDI

technologies are embedded in electronic media.

Today's electronic media is not only on keyboard

instruments but also on many other instruments, such

as wind instruments, guitars, pianos, computers,

smartphones, and much more. MIDI technology that

is easily found in the educational environment, it will

be very supportive in the teaching process.

The teaching process using electronic media that

has MIDI technology requires stages. These stages

will be constructive in music practice activities.

Every music practice certainly requires planning

activities to practice flute music, such as teaching

materials. Using MIDI technology in the learning

process of flute instrument practice becomes a tool

for instructors and trainees to be able to understand

the material of the music to be learned. Through this

technology, it also raises quite a large number of class

ICONARTIES 2019 - 1st International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts and Humanities

432

actions that have been done manually, which are then

carried out interactively. This can be shown in an

article by Petri Toiviainen, which states that MIDI

technology provides a positive reputation for

education (Toiviainen, 1998). This opinion also

supports the research of MIDI functions in the flute

practice teaching process.

MIDI is a technology that changes the activity of

music art. Music activities that allow from music

activity manually. Of course MIDI technology also

still has disadvantages. A composer or songwriter has

yet to get a vote from work made manually, but

through MIDI technology a composer can answer the

problem. The form of sound that can be heard is from

one of the advantages of MIDI technology. Through

MIDI technology that can carry messages on

electronic devices to transmit stored sound and

control electronic music instruments. MIDI is silent,

but only messages are instructed from users to

electronic instruments, then electronic instruments

display messages. The sound contained in electronic

instruments is audio recording converted to digital

audio. Analog sound that is converted into digital

sound becomes the primary medium for music

activity. The advantages of digital sound are sounds

that can be processed in such a way as the user

desires. Digital noise carried out through instructions

from MIDI messages is very small audio files

capacity, so MIDI data has a small capacity. Besides

that, MIDI also has several channels that function as

sound lines that are located. MIDI consists of 16

channels consisting of 15 channels for melodic digital

sound and channel number 10 used for percussion

sounds. Also, MIDI has data control facilities, such as

volume, Pan, Velocity, and others.

The results of MIDI data provide excellent

benefits to help those in the music field. This is also

used in MIDI as a teaching medium. Through the

research conducted by the author, the role of MIDI

technology in the process of practising flute music is

very supportive in discussing the role and function of

MIDI as a teaching medium. Students who take part

in the research also give a good response, which

utilises MIDI technology is very helpful in the

process of practising musical instruments. Another

benefit of MIDI technology as instrumental

accompaniment is that students can control the level

of difficulty of the work to be played. The level of

difficulty in a musical instrument is usually referred

to as a class. Music works that are converted in the

form of digital data can be easily controlled, that is by

adjusting the speed or level of the metronome. This

metronome is also a function of MIDI technology.

When associated with teaching media, an instructor

will be assisted in supervising and guiding students to

play music. Tempo can be arranged easily without

significant difficulties. A teacher only needs

supporting electronic media such as personal

computers, laptops, or smartphones, and active

speakers. Also, the MIDI function is a medium to

accompany musical instrument practices. MIDI

technology that is a partner in the practice of playing

musical instruments is already quite widely used —

non-formal schools such as Yamaha, Suzuki, and

other music education institutions. The MIDI

function as a teaching medium and acts as a

companion in the teaching and learning process has

also been carried out by the author in the teaching

process to date. Besides MIDI technology plays a role

in the learning process of the practice of musical

instruments, which are used in the learning process of

teaching music theory, solfeggio, making

arrangements or composition, and other musical

activities. Utilisation in MIDI technology provides a

solution or helps in a variety of musical activities;

therefore, MIDI has a role and function that is good

when used as a medium of teaching.

4 CONCLUSIONS

MIDI has small data but has sophisticated

capabilities. MIDI does not only function to exchange

data between electronic musical instruments, but the

role of MIDI is very supportive in music activities.

Music activities cannot only accompany, but MIDI

can also function as a teaching medium. MIDI

capabilities that can be processed in such a way as

voice data so that instructors will easily use this

technology. Then adjusting the speed of sound of a

piece of music using MIDI technology provides a

significant role for the flexibility of the user to

function as a medium of teaching. MIDI technology

can also bring up music data in the form of written

notation so that if used for teaching and learning the

making of compositions or musical arrangements is

very supportive. MIDI data can be opened using a

program to write notations. Through the above

explanation as a whole, MIDI technology is very

useful if it is used for the teaching and learning

process both at the elementary level to the college

level. The suggestion in this article is that

increasingly sophisticated technology now needs to

function positively to support teaching and learning

activities, such as utilising MIDI technology in the

learning process. It takes the role of educational

institutions to support every teacher using MIDI

technology to be very important.

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433

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writing of this article is based on the results of

research and funding from the Kemenristekdikti

DRPM in 2017-2018.

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